簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 趙憶菁
Yi-jing Jessica Zhao
論文名稱: 臺語KA字句之第一語言習得
L1 Acquisition of the Taiwanese KA Construction
指導教授: 陳純音
Chen, Chun-Yin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2009
畢業學年度: 97
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 124
中文關鍵詞: 第一語言習得臺語KA處置式保守理論
英文關鍵詞: L1 Acquisition, Taiwanese, KA, disposal construction, Conservativism
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:213下載:11
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 摘要
    本研究探討閩南語ka字句的第一語言習得。目的是要了解閩南語ka字句的四大屬性,ka名詞組的指涉性、ka名詞的省略性、ka動詞的動作性,以及現在進行標誌的使用在學齡前兒童母語習得中所扮演的角色。主要的研究議題包含屬性效應、副屬性效應、題型效應、非典型作答模式,以及年齡效應。本研究共設計兩個測驗:文法判斷測驗與看圖回答測驗。研究參與者為64位以閩南語為母語的人士,包含48位平均年齡為4至6歲的兒童及16位成人。
    研究結果顯示,不同的屬性、副屬性、題型及年齡,皆影響閩南語ka字句的習得。ka字句的四大屬性對實驗對象而言難易程度有所不同:ka動詞的動作性最簡單,ka名詞組的指涉性次之,現在進行標誌的使用再次之,ka名詞的省略性難度最高。此次序可用Pinker (1989)的保守理論來解釋。在副屬性效應方面,本研究結果支持ka字句的理論性研究,實驗參與者在一般指涉和定指名詞表現優於非定指名詞、非狀態動詞優於狀態動詞、無目的性動詞優於有目的性動詞。根據這些結果,我們更進一步發展Pinker (1989)的保守理論,提出在習得區別出可出現和不可出現在某特定句型的元素的過程中,本研究之學齡前兒童似乎歷經三個發展階段:階段1: 無區別階段2: 部分區別階段3: 完全區別。在題型效應方面,基本上受試者在文法判斷測驗表現優於看圖回答測驗,支持理解先於口語能力的看法 (Oviatt 1980, Brown 1987, Gerken and Shady 1996)。最後,觀察各個年齡層的表現,我們發現5歲是閩南語ka字句的轉變階段,然而直到6歲時,ka字句發展才達到完全成熟。

    ABSTRACT
    The present study aims to explore children’s acquisition of the Taiwanese ka construction. Four major constraints, i.e., Referentiality, Omission, Dynamicity, and Progressive, were examined in the present study. Property effects, sub-property effects, task effects, age effects and other related patterns were investigated in this pioneer research. A comprehension task (Grammaticality Judgment task, the GJ task) and a production task (a Picture-cued Production task, the PP task) were employed. Forty-eight preschoolers in Xinying City, Tainan County and sixteen adults were asked to participate in the experiment. The preschoolers were further divided into three age groups, ranging from 4 to 6.
    The findings suggested that main properties, sub-properties, tasks, and age were all crucial factors in the acquisition of the Taiwanese ka construction. The four constraints were found to impose a different degree of difficulty on the subjects: Dynamicity > Referentiality > Progressive > Omission (from easy to difficult). The hierarchical sequence supports Pinker’s (1989) Theory of Conservativism. Concerning the sub-property effects, the present results argued for the previous theoretical analyses in that our subjects did prefer Nonstative to Stative, Definite/Generic to Indefinite, and Atelic to Telic. The above findings showed that in acquiring the contrast between elements permitted and prohibited in a certain construction, our children seemed to go through three developmental stages: Stage 1: No ContrastStage 2: Partial ContrastStage 3: Full Contrast. Moreover, it was found that our children performed better on the GJ task than on the PP task, supporting the view that comprehension is prior to production (Oviatt 1980, Brown 1987, Gerken and Shady 1996). In addition, it was found that age 5 was a transitional point for the acquisition of the Taiwanese ka construction and age 6 was the cutting age where our children achieved an adult-like grammar.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS CHINESE ABSTRACT i ENGLISH ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF ABBREBIATIONS x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Theoretical Background 3 1.2.1 Theory of Conservativism 3 1.2.2 Age Effects 5 1.2.3 Task Effects 6 1.2.4 The Semantic Feature Hypothesis 7 1.2.5 Vendler’s (1967) Classification of Verbs 8 1.3 Research Questions 9 1.4 Significance of the Study 10 1.5 Organization of the Thesis 11 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND LINGUISTIC PROPERTIES OF TAIWANESE KA 2.1 Theoretical Studies of Taiwanese Ka 12 2.1.1 Teng (1982) 12 2.1.2 Li (1995) 16 2.1.3 Hung (1995) 21 2.1.4 Cheng and Tsao (1995) 25 2.1.5 Summary 27 2.2 A Comparison between Taiwanese Ka and Mandarin Ba 28 2.3 Properties of Ka in Taiwanese 31 2.3.1 Referentiality Constraint on the Ka-NP 31 2.3.2 Omission Constraint on the Ka-NP 32 2.3.3 Dynamicity Constraint on the Ka-Verb 33 2.3.4 Progressive Constraint on the Ka-Verb 33 2.3.5 Summary 35 2.4 Experimental Studies of the Ba construction 35 2.4.1 Cheung (1992) 35 2.4.2 Fahn (1993) 40 2.4.3 Summary 43 2.5 Summary of Chapter Two 43 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 Subjects 45 3.2 Methods and Materials 46 3.2.1 Materials of the Grammaticality Judgment Task 48 3.2.2 Materials of the Picture-cued Production Task 49 3.3 Procedures 50 3.3.1 Pilot Study 50 3.3.2 The Study 52 3.3.3 Scoring and Statistical Analysis 56 3.4 Summary of Chapter Three 56 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Property Effects 57 4.2 Sub-Property Effects 65 4.3 Task Effects 76 4.4 Other Patterns Elicited 83 4.5 Age Effects 89 4.6 Summary of Chapter Four 91 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of the Major Findings 92 5.2 Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for Future Research 94 REFERENCES 95 Appendix A: Task Design 105 Appendix B: Scenarios Used in the PP Task 108 Appendix C: Test Items Used in the GJ Task 115 Appendix D: Statistic Data 117

    REFERENCES
    Bates, E., L. Benigni, I. Bretherton, L. Camaioni, and V. Volterra. 1979. The
    Emergence of Symbols: Cognition and Communication in Infancy. New York:
    Academic Press.
    Bates, E., I. Bretherton, and L. Snyder. 1988. From First Words to Grammar:
    Individual Differences and Dissociable Mechanisms. New York: Cambridge
    University Press.
    Bates, E., V. Marchman, D. Thal, L. Fenson, P. Dale, S. Reznick, J. Reilly, and J.
    Hartung. 1994. Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of
    early vocabulary. Journal of Child Language, 21(1): 85-124.
    Babyonyshev, Maria, Jennifer Ganger, David Pesetsky, and Kenneth Wexler. 2001. The maturation of grammatical principles: evidence from Russian unaccusatives.
    Linguistic Inquiry, 32: 1-44.
    Benedict, Helen. 1979. Early lexical development: comprehension and production.
    Journal of Child Language, 6: 183-200.
    Bennett-Kastor, Tina. 1988. Analyzing Children’s Language: Methods and Theories.
    Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
    Berko, J. 1958. The child’s learning of English morphology. Word, 14: 150-177.
    Bloom, L. 1970. Language Development: Form and Function in Emerging Grammars. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Borer, H. and K. Wexler. 1987. The maturation of syntax. Parameter Setting, eds. by
    T. Roeper, and E. Williams, 123-172. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.
    Borer, H., and K. Wexler. 1992. Bi-unique relations and the maturation of
    grammatical principles. Natural Linguistic and Linguistic Theory, 10: 147-189.

    Brown, Roger. 1973. A First Language: the Early Stages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
    University Press.
    Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. London:
    Longman.
    Chang, Chia-ying Nancy. 2008. An Empirical Study of Hakka-Speaking Children's
    Acquisition of Passives. MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
    Chang, Miao-hsia Tammy. 1991. The Discourse Functions of Mandarin
    Sentence-Final Particles: A Longitudinal Case Study of a Child from
    Twenty-seven Months through Three Years Old. MA Thesis, National Taiwan
    Normal University.
    Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. University of California Press.
    Chen, C.-Y. D. 1990. Serialization in Mandarin. Paper presented at the second
    North-Eastern Conference on Chinese Linguistics, Philadelphia.
    Cheng, Ya-yin. 1995. The Acquisition of Relative Clauses in Chinese. MA Thesis,
    National Taiwan Normal University.
    Cheng, Ying, and Feng-fu Tsao. 1995. Minnan-yu “ka” yongfa zhi-jian de guanxi.
    Papers from the 1994 Conference on Language Teaching and Linguistics in
    Taiwan, vol.1: Southern Min, eds. by Feng-fu Tsao, and Mei-hui Tsai, 23-45.
    Taipei: Crane.
    Cheung, Hintat. 1992. The Acquisition of BA in Mandarin. Ph.D. Dissertation,
    University of Kansas.
    Cheung, Hung-nin Samuel. 1973. A comparative study in Chinese grammars: the ba
    construction. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1(3): 343-382.
    Choi, S., and A. Gopnik. 1995. Early acquisition of verbs in Korean: a cross-linguistic
    study. Journal of Child Language, 22(3): 497-529.

    Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1982. Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of
    Government and Binding. Cambridge: MIT Press.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1986a. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use. New
    York: Praeger.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1986b. Barriers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Clark, E. 1971. On the acquisition of the meaning of “before” and “after”. Journal of
    Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10(3): 266-275.
    Clashen, Harald. 1992. Learnability theory and the problem of development in
    language acquisition. Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition: Continuity
    and Change in Development, eds. by J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck, and R.
    Thomas, 53-76. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Crain, S. 1991. Language acquisition in the absence of experience. Behavioral and
    Brain Sciences, 14: 597-612.
    Crain, S., and M. Nakayama. 1987. Structure dependence in grammar formation.
    Language, 63: 522-543.
    Crain, Stephen, and Rosalind Thornton. 1998. Investigations in Universal Grammar:
    a Guide to Experiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics. Cambridge,
    MA: MIT Press.
    de Villiers, Peter A., and Jill G. de Villiers. Early judgments of semantic and syntactic
    acceptability by children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1(4): 299-310.
    Donaldson, M., and G. Balfour. 1968. Less is more: a study of language
    comprehension in children. British Journal of Psychology, 59: 461-472.
    Donaldson, M., and R. J. Wales. 1970. On the acquisition of some relational terms.
    Cognitive and the development of language, ed. by J. R. Hayes. New York:
    Wiley.
    Eisenberg, S., and H. S. Cairns. 1994. The development of infinitives from three to
    five. Journal of Child Language, 21: 713-734.
    Erbaugh, Mary. 1982. Coming to Order: Natural Selection and the Origin of Syntax
    in the Mandarin Speaking Child. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Berkeley.
    Erreich, S. 1984. Learning how to ask: patterns of inversion in yes/no and
    wh-questions. Journal of Child Language, 11: 579-592.
    Fahn, R. S. 1993. The Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese Ba Construction. Ph.D.
    Dissertation, University of Hawaii.
    Felix, S. 1992. A maturational process. Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition,
    eds. by Jurgen Weissenborn, Helen Goodluck, and Thomas Roeper, 25-33. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Gao, Qian. 1997. Resultative verb compounds and ba-construction in Chinese.
    Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 25(1): 84-130.
    Gerken, LouAnn, and Michele Shady. 1996. The picture selection task. Methods for
    Assessing Children's Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen
    Smith Cairns, 257-285. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Goldin-meadow, Susan, Martin Seligman, and Rochel Gelman. 1976. Language in the
    two-year-old. Cognition, 4: 189-202.
    Gopnik, A., and Choi, S. 1990. Do linguistic differences lead to cognitive differences?
    A cross-linguistic study of semantic and cognitive development. First Language,
    10: 199-215.
    Gopnik, A., and Choi, S. 1995. Names, relational words, and cognitive development
    in English and Korean speakers: nouns are not always learned before verbs.
    Beyond Names for Things: Young Children’s Acquisition of Verbs, eds by M.
    Tomasello, and W. Merriman. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Gropen, J., S. Pinker, M. Hollander, and R. Goldberg. 1991. Affectedness and direct
    objects: the role of lexical semantics in the acquisition of verb argument structure. Cognition, 41(1-3): 153-195.
    Hakes, D. T. 1980. The Development of Metalinguistic Abilities in Children. Berlin:
    Springer-Verlag.
    Huang, Ya-wei. 2007. The Use of Count and Mass Classifiers in Chinese
    Preschoolers. MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
    Hung, Su-chen. 1995. A Study of the Taiwanese Preposition KA and its
    Corresponding Mandarin Prepositions. M.A Theses, National Tsing Hua
    University.
    Hyams, Nina. 1986. Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht,
    Reidel.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 1987. The status of thematic relations in linguistic theory. Linguistic
    Inquiry, 18(3): 369-412.
    Jakubowicz, Celia. 1996. Crosslinguistic investigation. Methods for Assessing
    Children's Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen Smith
    Cairns, 257-285. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. 1979. A Functional Approach to Child Language. New
    York: Cambridge University Press.
    Kuo, Fang-ting. 1995. Children’s Use of the Chinese Passive. MA Thesis, National
    Taiwan Normal University.
    Lenneberg, Eric Heinz. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language. New York: John
    Wiley and Sons.
    Li, Chi-chang Roy. 2008. L1 Acquisition of Manner and Causal Questions by
    Examining Zenme with the Modal Hui. MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal
    University.
    Li, Charles, and Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference
    Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Li, Jia-wen Frances. 1995. On the Disposal Ka in Taiwanese. MA thesis, National
    Taiwan Normal University.
    Li, Y.-H. Audrey. 1990. Order and Constituent in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht:
    Kluwer.
    Li, Y.-H. Audrey. 2001. The ba construction. Site:
    http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ealc/chinling/audreyli.htm
    Li, Ying-che. 1974. What does disposal mean? Features of the verb and noun in
    Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 2: 200-218.
    Lin, Huei-ling. 2007. Gei in Mandarin Chinese vs. ka in Taiwan Southern Min.
    Paper Presented in the Fifth Conference of the European Association of Chinese
    Linguistics (EACL-5), MPI, Leipzig (Germany), September 4-7, 2007.
    Lin, Tzong-hong Jonah. 2001. Lignt Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase Structure.
    Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine.
    Liu, Feng-his. 1997. An aspectual analysis of ba. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 6:
    51-99.
    Lust, Barbara. 1999. Universal grammar: the strong continuity hypothesis in first
    language acquisition. Handbook of Child Language Acquisition, eds. by William C. Ritchie, and Tej K. Bhatia, 111-155. San Diego, London: Academic Press.
    Mao, Hoi-lam. 2008. A Study on Cantonese Restrictive and Additive Focus Final
    Particles in Child Acquisition. MA Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
    McDaniel, Dana, and Helen Smith Cairns. 1990. The child as informant: eliciting
    intuitions from young children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 19:
    331-344.

    McDaniel, Dana, and Helen Smith Cairns. 1996. Eliciting judgments of
    grammaticality and reference. Methods for Assessing Children's Syntax, eds. by
    Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen Smith Cairns, 233-254. Cambridge,
    MA: MIT Press.
    Miller, W. R. 1963. The acquisition of formal features of language. American Journal
    of Orthopsychiatry, 34: 862-867.
    Naigles, Letitia. 1991. Book reviews Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of
    Argument Structure by Steven Pinker. Language and Speech, 34(1): 63-79.
    Oviatt, Sharon. 1980. The emerging ability to comprehend language: an experimental
    approach. Child Development, 51: 97-106.
    Pinker, Steven. 1984. Language Learnability and Language Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Pinker, Steven. 1989. Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Radden, Günter, and René Dirven. 2007. Cognitive English grammar. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub.
    Ringbom, H. 1992. On L1 transfer in L2 comprehension and L2 production.
    Language Learning, 42: 85-112.
    Ross, Claudia. 1991. Coverbs and category distinctions in Mandarin Chinese. Journal
    of Chinese Linguistics, 19(1): 79-114.
    Schlisselberg, G. 1988. Development of Selected Conservation Skills and the Ability
    to Judge Sentence Well-formedness in Young Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, City
    University of New York.
    Slobin, Dan Isaac. 1985. The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition.
    Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Smith, Carlota. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Smith-Lock, K. M. 1993. Morphological analysis and the acquisition of morphology
    and syntax in specially language-impaired children. Haskins Laboratories Status
    Report on Speech Research, SR-114. Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Conn.
    Stromswold, Karin. 1990. Learnability and the Acquisition of Auxiliaries. Ph.D.
    Dissertation, MIT.
    Stromswold, Karin. 1996. Analyzing children’s spontaneous speech. Methods for
    Assessing Children's Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen
    Smith Cairns, 257-285. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Tardif, T. 1996. Nouns are not always learned before verbs: evidence from Mandarin
    speakers’ early vocabularies. Developmental Psychology, 32(3): 492-504.
    Tardif, T., M. Shatz, and L. Naigles. 1996. The influence of caregiver speech on
    children’s use of nouns versus verbs: a comparison of English, Italian and
    Mandarin. Abstracts of the VIIth International Congress for the Study of Child
    Language, Istanbul.
    Teng, Shou-hsin. 1975. A Semantic Study of Transitivity Relations in Chinese.
    Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Teng, Shou-hsin. 1977. A Basic Course in Chinese Grammar: a Graded Approach
    through Conversational Chinese. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center.
    Teng, Shou-hsin. 1982. Disposal structures in Amoy. Bulletin of the Institute of
    History and Philology, in Memory of the Late Yuen Ren Chao, 53: 331-352.
    Thompson, Sandra A. 1973. Transitivity and some problems with the ba construction
    in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1: 208-221.
    Thornton, Rosalind. 1990. Adventures in Long-Distance Moving: The Acquisition of
    Complex Wh-questions. Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

    Thornton, Rosalind. 1996. Elicited production. Methods for Assessing Children's
    Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen Smith Cairns, 77-102. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Tsao, Feng-fu. 1987. A topic-comment approach to the ba construction. Journal of
    Chinese Linguistics, 15(1): 1-54.
    Tsao, Feng-fu. 2003. Taiwan minnan-yu de ka zi ju. Hanyu Fangyiang Yufa Yajiu he
    Tansuo, ed. by Zhao-ming Dai, 114-136. Harbin: Heilongjiang Renmin
    Chubanshe.
    Tsao, Feng-fu, and Cing-cing Lu. 1990. Ka as a source marker and a patient marker in
    Taiwanese. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Chinese
    Language and Linguistics: 351-396.
    Tse, K. P., Ting-chi Tang, Yu-huei Shih, and Cherry Y. Li. 1991. Chinese
    Children’s Language Acquisition and Development. Taipei: National Science
    Foundation.
    Tyack, Dorothy, and David, Ingram. 1977. Children’s production and comprehension
    of questions. Journal of Child Language, 4: 211-224.
    Van Kleeck, A. 1982. The emergence of linguistic awareness: a cognitive framework.
    Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28: 237-265.
    Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    Yang, Chung-yu Barry. 2006. Syntactic structure of ka-construction in Taiwanese
    Southern Min. USTWPL, 2: 141-171.
    Wang, Li. 1957. Hanyu shigao. Peiking: Science Publishing Company.
    Weissenborn, J., H. Goodluck, and T. Roeper. 1992. Introduction: old and new
    problems in the study of language acquisition. Theoretical Issues in Language
    Acquisition, eds. by J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck, and T. Roeper, 1-51. Hillsdale,
    NJ: Erlbaum.
    Wen, X., and B. Wu. 1997. Pro-drop and foreign language acquisition. English
    Teaching and Learning, 23: 65-78.
    Wexler, Kenneth. 1999. Maturation and growth of grammar. Handbook of Child
    Language Acquisition, eds. by William C. Ritchie, and Tej K. Bhatia, 55-109.
    San Diego, London: Academic Press.
    Wu, Chi-hua. 2001. An Experimental Study of the Ba Construction in Second
    Language Acquisition of Chinese. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal
    University.
    Wu, Hsiao-hui. 2006. The Acquisition of the Bei-construction in Mandarin Chinese: A Rule-Based or an Item-Based Way. MA Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
    Zhang, Wang-xi. 1991. Analysis on the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features
    about ba-sentence. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies, 1:79-91.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE