研究生: |
趙憶菁 Yi-jing Jessica Zhao |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
臺語KA字句之第一語言習得 L1 Acquisition of the Taiwanese KA Construction |
指導教授: |
陳純音
Chen, Chun-Yin |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
英語學系 Department of English |
論文出版年: | 2009 |
畢業學年度: | 97 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 124 |
中文關鍵詞: | 第一語言習得 、臺語 、KA 、處置式 、保守理論 |
英文關鍵詞: | L1 Acquisition, Taiwanese, KA, disposal construction, Conservativism |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:194 下載:11 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
摘要
本研究探討閩南語ka字句的第一語言習得。目的是要了解閩南語ka字句的四大屬性,ka名詞組的指涉性、ka名詞的省略性、ka動詞的動作性,以及現在進行標誌的使用在學齡前兒童母語習得中所扮演的角色。主要的研究議題包含屬性效應、副屬性效應、題型效應、非典型作答模式,以及年齡效應。本研究共設計兩個測驗:文法判斷測驗與看圖回答測驗。研究參與者為64位以閩南語為母語的人士,包含48位平均年齡為4至6歲的兒童及16位成人。
研究結果顯示,不同的屬性、副屬性、題型及年齡,皆影響閩南語ka字句的習得。ka字句的四大屬性對實驗對象而言難易程度有所不同:ka動詞的動作性最簡單,ka名詞組的指涉性次之,現在進行標誌的使用再次之,ka名詞的省略性難度最高。此次序可用Pinker (1989)的保守理論來解釋。在副屬性效應方面,本研究結果支持ka字句的理論性研究,實驗參與者在一般指涉和定指名詞表現優於非定指名詞、非狀態動詞優於狀態動詞、無目的性動詞優於有目的性動詞。根據這些結果,我們更進一步發展Pinker (1989)的保守理論,提出在習得區別出可出現和不可出現在某特定句型的元素的過程中,本研究之學齡前兒童似乎歷經三個發展階段:階段1: 無區別階段2: 部分區別階段3: 完全區別。在題型效應方面,基本上受試者在文法判斷測驗表現優於看圖回答測驗,支持理解先於口語能力的看法 (Oviatt 1980, Brown 1987, Gerken and Shady 1996)。最後,觀察各個年齡層的表現,我們發現5歲是閩南語ka字句的轉變階段,然而直到6歲時,ka字句發展才達到完全成熟。
ABSTRACT
The present study aims to explore children’s acquisition of the Taiwanese ka construction. Four major constraints, i.e., Referentiality, Omission, Dynamicity, and Progressive, were examined in the present study. Property effects, sub-property effects, task effects, age effects and other related patterns were investigated in this pioneer research. A comprehension task (Grammaticality Judgment task, the GJ task) and a production task (a Picture-cued Production task, the PP task) were employed. Forty-eight preschoolers in Xinying City, Tainan County and sixteen adults were asked to participate in the experiment. The preschoolers were further divided into three age groups, ranging from 4 to 6.
The findings suggested that main properties, sub-properties, tasks, and age were all crucial factors in the acquisition of the Taiwanese ka construction. The four constraints were found to impose a different degree of difficulty on the subjects: Dynamicity > Referentiality > Progressive > Omission (from easy to difficult). The hierarchical sequence supports Pinker’s (1989) Theory of Conservativism. Concerning the sub-property effects, the present results argued for the previous theoretical analyses in that our subjects did prefer Nonstative to Stative, Definite/Generic to Indefinite, and Atelic to Telic. The above findings showed that in acquiring the contrast between elements permitted and prohibited in a certain construction, our children seemed to go through three developmental stages: Stage 1: No ContrastStage 2: Partial ContrastStage 3: Full Contrast. Moreover, it was found that our children performed better on the GJ task than on the PP task, supporting the view that comprehension is prior to production (Oviatt 1980, Brown 1987, Gerken and Shady 1996). In addition, it was found that age 5 was a transitional point for the acquisition of the Taiwanese ka construction and age 6 was the cutting age where our children achieved an adult-like grammar.
REFERENCES
Bates, E., L. Benigni, I. Bretherton, L. Camaioni, and V. Volterra. 1979. The
Emergence of Symbols: Cognition and Communication in Infancy. New York:
Academic Press.
Bates, E., I. Bretherton, and L. Snyder. 1988. From First Words to Grammar:
Individual Differences and Dissociable Mechanisms. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Bates, E., V. Marchman, D. Thal, L. Fenson, P. Dale, S. Reznick, J. Reilly, and J.
Hartung. 1994. Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of
early vocabulary. Journal of Child Language, 21(1): 85-124.
Babyonyshev, Maria, Jennifer Ganger, David Pesetsky, and Kenneth Wexler. 2001. The maturation of grammatical principles: evidence from Russian unaccusatives.
Linguistic Inquiry, 32: 1-44.
Benedict, Helen. 1979. Early lexical development: comprehension and production.
Journal of Child Language, 6: 183-200.
Bennett-Kastor, Tina. 1988. Analyzing Children’s Language: Methods and Theories.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Berko, J. 1958. The child’s learning of English morphology. Word, 14: 150-177.
Bloom, L. 1970. Language Development: Form and Function in Emerging Grammars. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Borer, H. and K. Wexler. 1987. The maturation of syntax. Parameter Setting, eds. by
T. Roeper, and E. Williams, 123-172. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.
Borer, H., and K. Wexler. 1992. Bi-unique relations and the maturation of
grammatical principles. Natural Linguistic and Linguistic Theory, 10: 147-189.
Brown, Roger. 1973. A First Language: the Early Stages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. London:
Longman.
Chang, Chia-ying Nancy. 2008. An Empirical Study of Hakka-Speaking Children's
Acquisition of Passives. MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Chang, Miao-hsia Tammy. 1991. The Discourse Functions of Mandarin
Sentence-Final Particles: A Longitudinal Case Study of a Child from
Twenty-seven Months through Three Years Old. MA Thesis, National Taiwan
Normal University.
Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. University of California Press.
Chen, C.-Y. D. 1990. Serialization in Mandarin. Paper presented at the second
North-Eastern Conference on Chinese Linguistics, Philadelphia.
Cheng, Ya-yin. 1995. The Acquisition of Relative Clauses in Chinese. MA Thesis,
National Taiwan Normal University.
Cheng, Ying, and Feng-fu Tsao. 1995. Minnan-yu “ka” yongfa zhi-jian de guanxi.
Papers from the 1994 Conference on Language Teaching and Linguistics in
Taiwan, vol.1: Southern Min, eds. by Feng-fu Tsao, and Mei-hui Tsai, 23-45.
Taipei: Crane.
Cheung, Hintat. 1992. The Acquisition of BA in Mandarin. Ph.D. Dissertation,
University of Kansas.
Cheung, Hung-nin Samuel. 1973. A comparative study in Chinese grammars: the ba
construction. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1(3): 343-382.
Choi, S., and A. Gopnik. 1995. Early acquisition of verbs in Korean: a cross-linguistic
study. Journal of Child Language, 22(3): 497-529.
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
Chomsky, Noam. 1982. Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of
Government and Binding. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1986a. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use. New
York: Praeger.
Chomsky, Noam. 1986b. Barriers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clark, E. 1971. On the acquisition of the meaning of “before” and “after”. Journal of
Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10(3): 266-275.
Clashen, Harald. 1992. Learnability theory and the problem of development in
language acquisition. Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition: Continuity
and Change in Development, eds. by J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck, and R.
Thomas, 53-76. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Crain, S. 1991. Language acquisition in the absence of experience. Behavioral and
Brain Sciences, 14: 597-612.
Crain, S., and M. Nakayama. 1987. Structure dependence in grammar formation.
Language, 63: 522-543.
Crain, Stephen, and Rosalind Thornton. 1998. Investigations in Universal Grammar:
a Guide to Experiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
de Villiers, Peter A., and Jill G. de Villiers. Early judgments of semantic and syntactic
acceptability by children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1(4): 299-310.
Donaldson, M., and G. Balfour. 1968. Less is more: a study of language
comprehension in children. British Journal of Psychology, 59: 461-472.
Donaldson, M., and R. J. Wales. 1970. On the acquisition of some relational terms.
Cognitive and the development of language, ed. by J. R. Hayes. New York:
Wiley.
Eisenberg, S., and H. S. Cairns. 1994. The development of infinitives from three to
five. Journal of Child Language, 21: 713-734.
Erbaugh, Mary. 1982. Coming to Order: Natural Selection and the Origin of Syntax
in the Mandarin Speaking Child. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Berkeley.
Erreich, S. 1984. Learning how to ask: patterns of inversion in yes/no and
wh-questions. Journal of Child Language, 11: 579-592.
Fahn, R. S. 1993. The Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese Ba Construction. Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of Hawaii.
Felix, S. 1992. A maturational process. Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition,
eds. by Jurgen Weissenborn, Helen Goodluck, and Thomas Roeper, 25-33. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gao, Qian. 1997. Resultative verb compounds and ba-construction in Chinese.
Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 25(1): 84-130.
Gerken, LouAnn, and Michele Shady. 1996. The picture selection task. Methods for
Assessing Children's Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen
Smith Cairns, 257-285. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Goldin-meadow, Susan, Martin Seligman, and Rochel Gelman. 1976. Language in the
two-year-old. Cognition, 4: 189-202.
Gopnik, A., and Choi, S. 1990. Do linguistic differences lead to cognitive differences?
A cross-linguistic study of semantic and cognitive development. First Language,
10: 199-215.
Gopnik, A., and Choi, S. 1995. Names, relational words, and cognitive development
in English and Korean speakers: nouns are not always learned before verbs.
Beyond Names for Things: Young Children’s Acquisition of Verbs, eds by M.
Tomasello, and W. Merriman. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gropen, J., S. Pinker, M. Hollander, and R. Goldberg. 1991. Affectedness and direct
objects: the role of lexical semantics in the acquisition of verb argument structure. Cognition, 41(1-3): 153-195.
Hakes, D. T. 1980. The Development of Metalinguistic Abilities in Children. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag.
Huang, Ya-wei. 2007. The Use of Count and Mass Classifiers in Chinese
Preschoolers. MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Hung, Su-chen. 1995. A Study of the Taiwanese Preposition KA and its
Corresponding Mandarin Prepositions. M.A Theses, National Tsing Hua
University.
Hyams, Nina. 1986. Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht,
Reidel.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1987. The status of thematic relations in linguistic theory. Linguistic
Inquiry, 18(3): 369-412.
Jakubowicz, Celia. 1996. Crosslinguistic investigation. Methods for Assessing
Children's Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen Smith
Cairns, 257-285. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. 1979. A Functional Approach to Child Language. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Kuo, Fang-ting. 1995. Children’s Use of the Chinese Passive. MA Thesis, National
Taiwan Normal University.
Lenneberg, Eric Heinz. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language. New York: John
Wiley and Sons.
Li, Chi-chang Roy. 2008. L1 Acquisition of Manner and Causal Questions by
Examining Zenme with the Modal Hui. MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal
University.
Li, Charles, and Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference
Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Jia-wen Frances. 1995. On the Disposal Ka in Taiwanese. MA thesis, National
Taiwan Normal University.
Li, Y.-H. Audrey. 1990. Order and Constituent in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht:
Kluwer.
Li, Y.-H. Audrey. 2001. The ba construction. Site:
http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ealc/chinling/audreyli.htm
Li, Ying-che. 1974. What does disposal mean? Features of the verb and noun in
Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 2: 200-218.
Lin, Huei-ling. 2007. Gei in Mandarin Chinese vs. ka in Taiwan Southern Min.
Paper Presented in the Fifth Conference of the European Association of Chinese
Linguistics (EACL-5), MPI, Leipzig (Germany), September 4-7, 2007.
Lin, Tzong-hong Jonah. 2001. Lignt Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase Structure.
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine.
Liu, Feng-his. 1997. An aspectual analysis of ba. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 6:
51-99.
Lust, Barbara. 1999. Universal grammar: the strong continuity hypothesis in first
language acquisition. Handbook of Child Language Acquisition, eds. by William C. Ritchie, and Tej K. Bhatia, 111-155. San Diego, London: Academic Press.
Mao, Hoi-lam. 2008. A Study on Cantonese Restrictive and Additive Focus Final
Particles in Child Acquisition. MA Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
McDaniel, Dana, and Helen Smith Cairns. 1990. The child as informant: eliciting
intuitions from young children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 19:
331-344.
McDaniel, Dana, and Helen Smith Cairns. 1996. Eliciting judgments of
grammaticality and reference. Methods for Assessing Children's Syntax, eds. by
Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen Smith Cairns, 233-254. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Miller, W. R. 1963. The acquisition of formal features of language. American Journal
of Orthopsychiatry, 34: 862-867.
Naigles, Letitia. 1991. Book reviews Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of
Argument Structure by Steven Pinker. Language and Speech, 34(1): 63-79.
Oviatt, Sharon. 1980. The emerging ability to comprehend language: an experimental
approach. Child Development, 51: 97-106.
Pinker, Steven. 1984. Language Learnability and Language Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pinker, Steven. 1989. Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Radden, Günter, and René Dirven. 2007. Cognitive English grammar. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub.
Ringbom, H. 1992. On L1 transfer in L2 comprehension and L2 production.
Language Learning, 42: 85-112.
Ross, Claudia. 1991. Coverbs and category distinctions in Mandarin Chinese. Journal
of Chinese Linguistics, 19(1): 79-114.
Schlisselberg, G. 1988. Development of Selected Conservation Skills and the Ability
to Judge Sentence Well-formedness in Young Children. Ph.D. Dissertation, City
University of New York.
Slobin, Dan Isaac. 1985. The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Smith, Carlota. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Smith-Lock, K. M. 1993. Morphological analysis and the acquisition of morphology
and syntax in specially language-impaired children. Haskins Laboratories Status
Report on Speech Research, SR-114. Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Conn.
Stromswold, Karin. 1990. Learnability and the Acquisition of Auxiliaries. Ph.D.
Dissertation, MIT.
Stromswold, Karin. 1996. Analyzing children’s spontaneous speech. Methods for
Assessing Children's Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen
Smith Cairns, 257-285. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Tardif, T. 1996. Nouns are not always learned before verbs: evidence from Mandarin
speakers’ early vocabularies. Developmental Psychology, 32(3): 492-504.
Tardif, T., M. Shatz, and L. Naigles. 1996. The influence of caregiver speech on
children’s use of nouns versus verbs: a comparison of English, Italian and
Mandarin. Abstracts of the VIIth International Congress for the Study of Child
Language, Istanbul.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1975. A Semantic Study of Transitivity Relations in Chinese.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1977. A Basic Course in Chinese Grammar: a Graded Approach
through Conversational Chinese. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1982. Disposal structures in Amoy. Bulletin of the Institute of
History and Philology, in Memory of the Late Yuen Ren Chao, 53: 331-352.
Thompson, Sandra A. 1973. Transitivity and some problems with the ba construction
in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1: 208-221.
Thornton, Rosalind. 1990. Adventures in Long-Distance Moving: The Acquisition of
Complex Wh-questions. Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Thornton, Rosalind. 1996. Elicited production. Methods for Assessing Children's
Syntax, eds. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen Smith Cairns, 77-102. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Tsao, Feng-fu. 1987. A topic-comment approach to the ba construction. Journal of
Chinese Linguistics, 15(1): 1-54.
Tsao, Feng-fu. 2003. Taiwan minnan-yu de ka zi ju. Hanyu Fangyiang Yufa Yajiu he
Tansuo, ed. by Zhao-ming Dai, 114-136. Harbin: Heilongjiang Renmin
Chubanshe.
Tsao, Feng-fu, and Cing-cing Lu. 1990. Ka as a source marker and a patient marker in
Taiwanese. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Chinese
Language and Linguistics: 351-396.
Tse, K. P., Ting-chi Tang, Yu-huei Shih, and Cherry Y. Li. 1991. Chinese
Children’s Language Acquisition and Development. Taipei: National Science
Foundation.
Tyack, Dorothy, and David, Ingram. 1977. Children’s production and comprehension
of questions. Journal of Child Language, 4: 211-224.
Van Kleeck, A. 1982. The emergence of linguistic awareness: a cognitive framework.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28: 237-265.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Yang, Chung-yu Barry. 2006. Syntactic structure of ka-construction in Taiwanese
Southern Min. USTWPL, 2: 141-171.
Wang, Li. 1957. Hanyu shigao. Peiking: Science Publishing Company.
Weissenborn, J., H. Goodluck, and T. Roeper. 1992. Introduction: old and new
problems in the study of language acquisition. Theoretical Issues in Language
Acquisition, eds. by J. Weissenborn, H. Goodluck, and T. Roeper, 1-51. Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Wen, X., and B. Wu. 1997. Pro-drop and foreign language acquisition. English
Teaching and Learning, 23: 65-78.
Wexler, Kenneth. 1999. Maturation and growth of grammar. Handbook of Child
Language Acquisition, eds. by William C. Ritchie, and Tej K. Bhatia, 55-109.
San Diego, London: Academic Press.
Wu, Chi-hua. 2001. An Experimental Study of the Ba Construction in Second
Language Acquisition of Chinese. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal
University.
Wu, Hsiao-hui. 2006. The Acquisition of the Bei-construction in Mandarin Chinese: A Rule-Based or an Item-Based Way. MA Thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Zhang, Wang-xi. 1991. Analysis on the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features
about ba-sentence. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies, 1:79-91.