簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 洪瑟勵
Hung, Se-li
論文名稱: 音樂治療活動對國中階段中重度智障學生社會技能之影響
The effects of music therapy activities on social skills of junior high school students with moderate to severe mental retardation
指導教授: 姚世澤
Yao, Shey-Tzer
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 音樂學系
Department of Music
論文出版年: 2000
畢業學年度: 88
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 194
中文關鍵詞: 音樂治療活動中重度智障學生社會技能
英文關鍵詞: Music Therapy Activities, Moderate to Severe Mental Retardation, Social Skills
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:255下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 摘 要
    本研究旨在探究音樂治療活動對國中階段中重度智障學生社會技能之影響。首先透過文獻與理論分析,探討音樂治療之相關理論基礎。繼之針對受試對象之行為問題,訂定出表達與溝通、參與活動、合作三項必須改善之社會技能。並根據文獻理論基礎,研擬音樂治療活動內容,進行實驗研究。
    本研究採用單一受試(個案)實驗設計中跨行為的多基線設計模式,研究對象為四名台北市金華國中啟智班中重度智障學生,經為期八週,十六次之實驗教學後,以研究者自編之評量表得分進行統計分析,研究結果發現:
    1.音樂治療活動能增進中重度智障學生表達與溝通能力。
    2.音樂治療活動能提昇中重度智障學生之參與意願。
    3.音樂治療活動能培養中重度智障學生之合作態度。
    4.歌曲對唱及節奏問答兩項音樂治療活動能增進表達與溝通能力。
    5.強烈節奏之音樂律動與遊戲化的音樂治療活動能提昇參與意願。
    6.動態之團體音樂治療活動能培養智障學生之合作態度。
    研究者根據研究結果與發現加以討論,且提出建議,以作為實
    施音樂治療活動,及後續相關研究之參考依據。
    關鍵字:音樂治療活動、中重度智障學生、社會技能

    Abstract
    The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of music therapy activities on social skills of junior high school students with moderate to severe mental retardation. The social skills include communication and expression, participation, and cooperation.
    First, the theoretical basis of music therapy was discussed through literature review and analysis. Next, the three sets of social skills were defined to target the experiment test group. Music therapy activities and teaching materials were designed according to the theories methods of music therapy, and experiments were conducted.
    The study is based on multiple baseline design across behaviors of single case experimental designs. The experimental subjects consist of 4 students with moderate to severe mental retardation of Gin-Hwa junior high school in Taipei.
    After sixteen sessions conducted over eight weeks, the results indicated:
    1. Music therapy activities could improve the communication and expression abilities of students with mental retardation.
    2. Music therapy activities could increase the desire to participate of students with mental retardation.
    3. Music therapy activities could alter the cooperative behavior of students with mental retardation.
    4. Antiphonal singing and rhythm call-and–response activities could improve the expression and communication abilities.
    5. Eurhythmics and music games could increase their desire to participate.
    6. The active group activities could alter the cooperative behavior.
    Results of this study on the mentally retarded were discussed and future research were also suggested.
    Key Words: Music Therapy Activities, Moderate to Severe Mental Retardation, Social Skills.

    中文摘要......................................................i 英文摘要.....................................................ii 第一章 緒論.................................................1 第一節 研究動機.............................................2 第二節 研究目的.............................................4 第三節 研究問題的敘述.......................................4 第四節 研究範圍與限制.......................................5 第五節 名詞釋義.............................................5 第二章 文獻探討..............................................7 第一節 音樂對人類行為的影響.................................7 壹、音樂對生理的影響.......................................7 貳、音樂對情緒的影響......................................11 參、音樂與人類行為........................................12 第二節 音樂治療的理論背景..................................14 壹、音樂治療之理論基礎 ...................................14 貳、音樂治療之基本概念 ...................................27 參、音樂治療實施步驟 ...................................34 第三節 音樂治療在啟智教育的應用............................43 壹、智能障礙的定義........................................43 貳、音樂治療在啟智教育之價值與功能........................50 參、音樂治療在啟智教育的應用..............................60 第四節 音樂治療對智障學生社會技能之影響....................69 壹、社會技能的意義與類別..................................69 貳、音樂治療對智障學生社會技能之影響......................71 參、增進社會技能之音樂治療活動實施策略....................80 第三章 研究方法與步驟 ......................................88 第一節 研究架構............................................88 第二節 研究對象............................................92 第三節 活動設計............................................93 第四節 研究程序............................................98 第五節 評量工具與資料處理方式.............................100 第四章 結果與討論..........................................105 第一節 個別受試輔導結果與討論.............................105 第二節 音樂治療活動回饋與分析.............................118 第三節 結果與討論.........................................131 第五章 結論與建議..........................................139 第一節 結論...............................................139 第二節 建議...............................................144 參考書目 一、中文部分...............................................148 二、英文部分...............................................151 附錄 附錄一 音樂治療評估表實施程序..............................165 附錄二 音樂治療評估表......................................169 附錄三 個案資料摘要........................................175 附錄四 音樂治療--社會技能評量表............................179 附錄五 音樂治療活動之感受回饋問卷..........................181 附錄六 音樂治療活動內容....................................182 附錄七 社會效度評量表......................................194

    參 考 書 目
    一、中文部份
    王文科(民84):特殊教育導論。台北市:心理出版社。
    內政部(民80):殘障福利法施行細則。台北市:內政部。
    江上秋(民79):弱智兒童的音樂治療。陽明園地,23期,頁46-
    47。
    沈建軍(民76)。音樂與智力。武昌:華中學院出版社。
    李德芬(民86):音樂治療對燒燙傷病患換藥疼痛反應之探討。台
    灣精神醫學,11卷,1期,頁28-39。
    李選(民79):音樂治療與應用。長庚護理,1卷,1期,62-71。
    (民82):音樂治療對改善住院精神病患精神症狀與人記互動
    之成效。護理研究,1卷,2期,頁145-157。
    吳永怡(民71):音樂治療法簡介。國教輔導,21卷,6期,頁7-
    8。
    吳武典(民76):特殊教育的理念與做法。台北市:心理出版社。
    林美和(民81):智能不足研究。台北市:師苑圖書出版部。
    林貴美(民76);談音樂治療與其在智能不足兒童教學上之應用。
    國小特殊教育,7期,頁22-31。
    (民77):音樂治療—音樂在殘障兒童教育與治療之應用。
    省立台北師範學院特殊教育叢書第23輯,。
    (民80):音樂活動介入對中重度智能不足兒童之學習不專
    注行為與語文學習成就的影響。台灣省立台北師範學院特殊教
    育叢書第36輯。
    (民81):音樂治療在特殊教育上之應用。國立花蓮師範學
    院特殊教育叢書第10輯。
    (民82):音樂治療與教育手冊—音樂治療與教育的基本概
    念與活動設計。台北市:心理出版社。
    林鎮昆(民85):音樂治療與自閉症兒童。高市文教,58期,頁62-65。
    林寶山(民81):特殊教育導論。台北市:五南圖書出版公司。
    林寶貴(民73):特殊兒童心理與教育新論。台北市:五南圖書出
    版公司。
    林麗雲(民75):涼涼的歌是一帖藥—有關音樂治療。張老師月刊,
    106期,頁23-29。
    邵義強編著(民88):親子名曲欣賞。台南市:祥一出版社。
    姚世澤(民82):音樂教育論述集。台北市:偉文圖書股份有限公
    司。
    洪振耀(民84):語言治療與音樂治療。聽語會刊,11期,頁1-18。
    展桂馨(民85):諾朵夫-羅賓斯創造性音樂療法之探究。國立台灣
    師範大學音樂研究所碩士論文。
    胡寶林(民75):音樂韻律身心平衡。台北市:遠流出版公司。
    省立新竹師範專科學校(民72):啟智班藝能學科教材。高雄市:
    復文圖書出版社。
    教育部(民63):特殊兒童鑑定及就學輔導標準。台北:教育部。
    教育部社會司(民70):特殊兒童鑑定及就學輔導標準。台北:教
    育部。
    教育部(民76):特殊教育法施行細則。台北:教育部。
    (民84):特殊教育法。台北:教育部。
    許天威(民78):智能不足者之教育與復健。高雄市:復文圖書出
    版社。
    郭生玉(民75):單一受試(或小N)的實驗設計。中國測驗學會
    測驗年刊,33期,頁143-161。
    郭美女(民87):音樂治療與傳達。國教之聲,31期,頁26-31。
    康裕(民78):淺談音樂治療。陽明園地,19期,頁29-37。
    黃榮真(民83):國小啟智班兒童音樂治療研究。特教園丁,10卷,
    1期,頁25-33。
    黃榮真,林怡伸(民83):國小啟智班學童音樂治療研究。國立花
    蓮師範學院特數教育叢書,26輯。
    陳榮華(民81):智能不足研究。台北市:師大書苑。
    陳惠齡(民78):成長中的小豆芽。台北市:奧福教學法研究推廣
    中心。
    (民83):從音樂治療—談奧福教學法在特殊教育上的應用。
    奧福教育年刊,1期,頁64-78。
    國立台南師院特教中心(民83):啟智班音樂教材彙編。國立台南
    師院特教叢書第22輯。
    葛守真(民82):特殊教育的音樂治療。台中市:書恒出版社。
    (民83):特殊教育之音樂治療。國立花蓮師範學院社會科
    教育學報,2期,頁173-209。
    傅靜慧(民82):音樂治療的理論基礎。當代醫學,20卷,1期,
    頁86-88。
    葉英昭(民83):淺談中重度啟智班兒童的音樂教學。國立台南師
    院特殊教育叢書,22輯,頁49-53。
    張玉珍(民76):音樂治療對低自我概念兒童自我知覺之影響。國
    立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    張初穗(民83):殘障嬰幼兒的音樂治療。音樂治療研究會訊,2
    期,頁3-8。
    (民86):兒童音樂治療法。台北市:天同出版社。
    張英鵬(民80):背景音樂對中重度智能不足者及普遍學生反覆性
    工作組合工作之影響。國立台灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士
    論文。
    張馨之(民74):音樂治療在諮商中的運用。國教之聲,19卷,1
    期,頁18-23。
    蔡美良(民82):「音樂治療」對國民中小學中重度兒童之學習行
    為與語文學習成就影響之研究。新竹縣特殊教育叢書第一輯。
    錢麗安(民85):用音符與潛意識密談—音樂治療在台灣。表演藝
    術,40期,頁66-69。
    蕭聖音(民77):淺談音樂治療。護理雜誌,35卷,4期,頁83-85。
    劉焜輝(民83):音樂治療理論與實施。諮商與輔導,107期,頁
    27-33。
    渡邊茂夫著,鄭清清譯(民83):音樂讓你快活度日。台北市:生
    命潛能文化事業有限公司。
    Campbell,D.著,林珍如,夏荷立譯(民88):莫札特效應—音樂
    身心靈療法。台北市:先覺出版社。
    Storms,G.著,申元譯(民87):兒童音樂遊戲101。台北市:世界
    文物出版社。
    Storr,A.著,張嚶嚶譯(民88):音樂與心靈。台北市:知英文化
    事業有限公司。
    Tawney,J.W. & Fast,D.L.著,杜正治譯(民83):單一受試研究
    法。台北市,心理出版社。

    二、英文部份
    AAMR(1992). Definition,classfication and systems of supports.
    Washington, DC : American Association on Mental Retardation.
    Alley, J. M.(1977). Education for the severely handicapped:
    The role of music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 14
    (2), 50-59.
    Alley, J. M.(1979). Music in the IEP: Therapy/Education.
    Journal of Music Therapy, 16(3), 111-127.
    Alvin, J.(1965). Music for handicapped children. New York:
    Oxford University Press.
    Alvin, J.(1966). Music therapy. London: Hutchinson.
    Alward, E. & Rule, B.(1960). An experiment in musical
    activities with disturbed children. Lawrence, KS: Allen
    Press.
    Anshel, A. & Kipper, D. A.(1988). The influence of group
    singing on trust and cooperation. Journal of Music Therapy,
    25, 145-155.
    Benenzon, R. O.(1981). Music therapy manual. Springfield, IL:
    Charles C Thomas.
    Benigno, J.(1985). Settlement music school advances music for
    the handicapped. Music Educator’s Journal, 71(6), 22-25.
    Bennis, J.(1969). The use of music as a therapy in the special
    education classroom. Journal of Music Therapy, 6(1), 15-18.
    Berkowitz, G.(1987). Social skills training. In C. R. Reynolds,
    & L. Mann(Ed.). Encyclopedia of Special Education(1457-
    1458). N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1987.
    Biller, J. D., & Olson, P. J., & Breen, T.(1974), The effect of
    “happy” versus “sad” music and participation on anxiety.
    Journal of Music Therapy, 11, 68-73.
    Bland, G. A.(1974). Encouraging communication skills in the
    institutionalized mentally handicapped. London:Rouledge.
    Bonny, H. L., Cistrunk, M., Makuch, R., Stevens, E., & Tally,
    J.(1965).Some effects of music on verbal interaction in
    groups. Journal of Music Therapy, 2, 61-63.
    Borling, J. E.(1981). The effects of sedative music on alpha
    rhythms and focused attention in high-creative and low-
    creative subjects. Journal of Music Therapy, 18, 101-108.
    Boxill, E. H.(1985). Music therapy for the developmentally
    disabled.Texas:Austin.
    Braithwaite, M. & Sigafoos, J.(1998). Effects of social versus
    musical antecedents on communication responsiveness in five
    children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Music
    Therapy, 35(2), 88-104.
    Brewer, J.(1955) Music therapy for the mentally deficient.
    Proceedings of the National Association for Music Therapy,
    113-116.
    Brickman, H. R.(1950). Psychiatric implications of functional
    music for education, Educator’s Journal, 36, 29-30.
    Brown, L., Nisbet, J., Ford, A., Sweet, M., Shiraga, B., York,
    J., & Loomis, R.(1983). The critical need for nonschool
    instruction in education programs for severely handicapped
    students. Journal of the Association for the Severely
    Handicapped, 8, 71-77.
    Brusia,K.E.(1987). Improvisational Models of Music Therapy.
    Illinois:Thomas.
    Bunt, L.(1994). Music therapy: an art beyond words. London:
    Rouledge.
    Capurso, A.(1952). The Capurso study. New York: Liveright.
    Carter, S. A.(1995). Music therapy for handicapped children:
    Mentally retarded. Lawrence, KS: National Association for
    Music Therapy.
    Cassidy, J. W.(1992). Communication disorders: Effect on
    children’s ability to label music characteristics. Journal
    of Music Therapy, 29, 113-124.
    Cassity, M. D.(1976). The influence of a music therapy activity
    upon peer acceptance, group cohesiveness, and interpersonal
    relationships of adult psychiatric patients. Journal of
    Music Therapy, 13(2), 66-76.
    Cassity, M. D.(1981). The influence of a socially valued skill
    on peer acceptance in a music therapy group. Journal of
    Music Therapy,18(3), 148-154.
    Coates, P.(1987). “Is it functional?” A question for music
    therapists who work with the institutionalized mentally
    retarded. Journal of Music Therapy, 14(3), 170-175.
    Cohen, N. S.(1992). The effect of singing insturction on the
    speech production of neruologically impaired persons. Journal
    of Music Therapy, 29, 87-102.
    Colwell, C.(1991, ). Effect of contingent music on the
    behaviors of an austistic shild. Quodlibet, 5-11.
    Cook, R. B.(1973). Left-right differences in the perception of
    dichotically presented music stimuli. Journal of Music
    Therapy,10, 59-63.
    Critchley, M.(1977). Music and the Brain. London: Heinemann
    Medical Books.
    Dainow, E.(1977). Physical effects and motor responses to
    music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 25, 211-221.
    Decker-Voigt, H. H.(1983). The separation of music therapy from
    music education- status . West-Germany: Eres.
    Dervan, N.(1982). Building Orff ensemble skills with mentally
    handicapped adolescents. Music Educator’s Journal, 68(8),
    35-36,
    Diserens, C. & Fine, H.(1939). A psychology of music.
    Cincinnati: College of music.
    Dolan, M. S.(1973). Music therapy: An explanation. Journal of
    Music Therapy, 10, 172-176.
    Doll,E.A.(1941). The essentials of an inclusive concept of
    mental deficiency. American Journal of Mental Deficiency,
    46, 214-219.
    Dorow, L. G.(1976). Televised music lessons as educational
    reinforcement for correct mathematical responses with the
    educable mentally retarded. Journal of Music Therapy, 13, 77-
    86.
    Drabes, A., & Shrift, D.(1957). The effect of music therapy on
    three groups of hospitalized psychotic patients as measured
    by some clinical and observationalmethods. Journal of Music
    Therapy, 6,7-8.
    Duerksen, G. L. & Darrow, A. A.(1991). Music class for the at-
    risk: A music therapist‘s perspective. Music Educator’s
    Journal, 78(3), 46-49.
    Eidson, C. E.(1989). The effect of behavioral music therapy on
    the generalization of interpersonal skills from sessions to
    the classroom by emotionally handicapped middle school
    students.Journal of Music Therapy, 26(4), 206-221.
    Eisenstein, S. R.(1974). Effect of contingent guitar lessons on
    reading behavior. Journal of Music Therapy, 11, 138-146.
    Etaugh, C. & Michal, D.(1975). Effects on reading comprehension
    of preferred music and frequency of studying to music.
    Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, 553-554.
    Ewing, L. P.(1978). The social skills basis of psychopathology:
    Alternatives to abnormal psychology and psychiatry. New York:
    Grune & Stratton.
    Feder, E., & Feder, B.(1981). The expressive arts therapies.
    Englewood : Prentice Hall.
    Fisher, S. & Greenberg, R. P.(1972). Selective effects upon
    women of exciting and calm music. Perceptual and Motor
    Skills, 34, 987-990.
    Fraser, L.(1961). The use of music in teaching writing to the
    retarded child. Proceedings of the National Association for
    Music Therapy, 86-89.
    Gaffney, J. M.(1982). The use of music therapy to decrease
    state anxiety in immobilized patients. Iowa. City:
    University of Iowa.
    Gaston, E. T.(1951). Dyanmic music factors in mood change.
    Music Educator’s Journal, 37, 42-44.
    Gaston, E. T.(1968). Music in therapy. New York. Macmillan.
    Gaston, E. T.(1968). The evolution of aesthetic need. American
    Music Teacher, 17, 16-17.
    Gallizio, M., & Hendrick, C.(1972). Effect of musical
    accompaniment on attitude: The guitar as a prop for
    persuasion. Journal of Applied social Psychology, 2, 350-
    359.
    Goffman, E.(1961). Essays on the social situation of mental
    patients and other inmates . Garden City: Anchor Books.
    Goll, H.(1985). Music therapy for people with mental handicaps.
    Frankfurt, West-Germany: Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitat.
    Goll, H. H.(1994). Special educational music therapy: With
    persons who have severe/profound retardation: Theory and
    methodology.New York:Fankfurt .
    Graham, R. M.(1958). Procedures for conducting rhythmic
    activities on wards of chronic and regressed mental
    patients. Music Therapy,
    8, 157-161.
    Grant, R. E., & LeCroy, S.(1986). Effects of sensory mode input
    on the Performance of rhythmic perception tasks by mentally
    retarded subjects. Journal of Music Therapy, 13(1), 2-9.
    Greenberg, R. P., & Fisher, S.(1971). Some differential effects
    of music on projective and structured psychology tests.
    Psychological Reports, 28, 817-818.
    Groeneweg, G., Stan, E. A., Celser, A., MacBeth, L., & Vrbancic
    (1988). The effect of background music on the vocational
    behavior of mentally handicapped adults. Journal of Music
    Therapy, 15(3), 118-134.
    Grossman, H. J. (Ed) (1973). Manual on terminology and
    class classification in mental retardation. Washington, DC
    : American Association on Mental Deficiency.
    Grossman, H. J. (Ed) (1983). Classification in mental
    retardation. Washington, DC : American Association on Mental
    Deficiency.
    Gunsberg, A.(1988). Improvised musical play: A strategy for
    fostering social play between developmentally delayed and
    nondelayed preschool children. Journal of Music Therapy, 25
    (4), 178-191.
    Haines, J. H.(1989). The effects of music therapy on the self-
    esteem of emotionally disturbed adolescents. Music Therapy, 8
    (1), 78-91.
    Hairston, M. J. P.(1990). Analyses of responses of mentally
    reartded autistic and mentally retarded nonautistic children
    to art therapy and music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy.
    27(3), 137-150.
    Hanser, S. B.(1985). Music therapy and stress reduction
    research. Journal of Music Therapy. 22(4), 193-206.
    Handford, C. V.(1982). The effectiveness of music therapy
    versus music recreation in increasing self-concept in four
    year old children. Unpublished master’s thesis, The Florida
    State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
    Hanser, S. B.(1983). Music therapy: A behavioral perspective.
    Behavior Therapist, 6(1), 5-8.
    Harbert, W. K.(1957). Treatment of emotionally disturbed
    children in A music therapy chlinic. In E. T. Gaston (Ed.),
    Music therapy ,1956. Lawrence: Allen Press, 156-164.
    Hardsell, N.(1974). A sociological theory and approach to music
    therapy with adult psychiatric patients. Journal of Music
    Therapy,11, 113-124.
    Harrer, G. & Harrer, H.(1977). “Music, emotion and autonomic
    function”, in music and the brain, edited by Critchley, M.
    and Henson, R. A.(London: Heinemann Medical Books), pp. 202-
    216.
    Harvey, A. W.(1980). The therapeutic role of music in special
    education: Historical perspectives. Creative Child and Adult
    Quarterly, 5(3), 196-204.
    Heal, M. & Wigram, T.(1993). Music therapy in health and
    education.London:Philadelphia.
    Henderson, S. M.(1983). Effects of a music therapy program upon
    awareness of mood in music, group cohesion, and self-este
    among hospitalized adolescent patients. Journal of Music
    Therapy,20, 14-20.
    Hoskins, C.(1988). Use of music to increase verbal response and
    improve expressive language abilities of preschool language
    delayed children. Journal of MusicTherapy, 15(2), 73-84.
    Howe, S. G.(1972). On the causes of idiocy. New York: Arno
    Press.
    Howery, B. I.(1968). Music therapy for the severely retarded.
    In E.T.Goston (Ed), Music in Therapy. Now York: MacMillan.
    Humphrey, T.(1981). Selection of music therapy activities by
    mentally retarded young adults of low, moderate, and high
    activity.Perecptual and Motor Skells,53(3), 905-906.
    Humpal, M.(1990). Early intervention: The implications for
    music therapy. Music Therapy Perspectives, 8, 30-35.
    Isern, B.(1964). Music in special education. Journal of Music
    Therapy,1(4), 139-142.
    Janet D. C.(1986). Music as an intervention in the oncology
    setting.Cancer Nursing,9(1), 23-28.
    Jellison, J. A.(1979). The music therapist in the educational
    setting:Developing and implementing curriculum for the
    handicapped.Journal of Music Therapy, 16(3), 128-137.
    Jellison, J. A.(1983). Functional value as criterion for
    selection and prioritization of nonmusic and music
    educational objectives in music therapy. Music Therapy
    Perspectives, 1(2), 17-22.
    Johnson, E. R.(1981). The role of objective and concrete
    feedback in self-concept treatment of juvenile delinquents
    in music therapy.Journal of Music Therapy, 18, 137-147.
    Jordon, T. E.(1961). The mentally retarded. Columbus, Ohio:
    Charles.E. Merrill Books, Inc.
    Jorgenson, H., & Parnell, M. K.(1970). Modifying social
    behaviors of mentally retarded children in music activities.
    Journal of Music Therapy, 7, 83-87.
    Kartman, L. L.(1984). Music has charms. Journal of Nursing, 10
    (6),20-24.
    Kelly, J. A.(1982). Social-skills training: a practical guide
    for interventions. New York: Springer.
    Kerr, W. A.(1942). Psychological effects of music as reported
    by 162 defense trainers. Psychological Record, 5, 205-210.
    Kivland, J. J.(1986). The use of music to increase self-esteem
    in a conduct disordered adolescent. Journal of Music
    Therapy, 23, 25-29.
    Krebs, B.(1978). Music education for the mentally handicapped:
    A summary of selected related literature with conclusions
    recommendations. Council for Research in Music Education
    Bulletin, 57, 11-22.
    Krout,R(1986).Music Therapy in Special Education/ Developing
    and MaintainingSocial Skills Necessary for Mainstreaming.
    Washington DC : MMB Music, INC.
    Landreth, J., & Landreth, F.(1974). Effects of music on
    psychological response. Journal of Reseach in Music
    Education, 22, 4-12.
    Lathom, W.(1964). Music therapy as a means of changing the
    adaptive behavior levelof retarded children. Jorunal of
    Music Therapy,1(4), 132-134.
    Lathom, W.(1963). The effect of certain action songs on body
    concept.In E. H. Schneider (Ed.) Music therapy 1962.
    Lawrence: Allen Press, 115-121.
    Lathom, W. & Eagle, C. T.(1982). Music for the severely
    handicapped. Music Educator’s Journal, 68(8), 30-31.
    Lathom, W. B. & Eagle, C. T.(1995). Music therapy for
    handicapped children for the emotionally disturbed, mentally
    retarded speech impaired. Washington: Cushing- Malloy, Ann
    Arbor, Michigan.
    Levin, G. M. & Leven, H. D.(1972). Instrumental music: A great
    ally in promoting self-image. Music Educator’s Journal, 58
    (8), 31-34.
    Lindecker, J. M.(1954). Music therapy in a juvenile detention
    home. In E. T. Gaston (Ed.), Music in Therapy 1952 (pp. 108-
    114).
    Love, R. E.(1953). The use of music with disturbed children. In
    E. G.Gilliland (Ed.), Music Therapy 1952 (pp. 181-182).
    Loven, M. A.(1956). Value of music therapy for mentally
    retarded children. Journal of Music Therapy, 6, 105-171.
    Luria, A. R.(1973). The working brain. translated by Basil
    Haigh(London: AllenLane), pp. 142-143.
    Luria, A. R.(1973). The man with a shattered world, translated
    by Lynn Solotaroff (London: Cape), pp. 154-155.
    Madsen, C. K., & Forsythe, J. L.(1973). Effect of contingent
    music listening on increases of mathematical responses.
    Journal of Research in Music Education, 21, 176-181.
    Madsen, C. K., & Alley, J. M.(1979). The effect of
    reinforcement on attentiveness: Acomparison of behaviorally
    trained music therapists and other professionals with
    implications for competence-based academic preparation.
    Journal of Music Therapy, 16, 70-82.
    Madsen, C. K.(1983). Idea versus behavior: Comparisons of
    children and adults'ablity to specify measurable behavior.
    Journal of Music Therapy, 10, 170-178.
    Manro, S. & Mount, B.(1978). Music therapy in palliative care,
    CMA Journal, 119, 1029-1034.
    Maranville, S. A.(1983). The effect of a music activity versus
    a non- music activity on group interaction. Unpublished
    master' these, The Florida State University, Tallahassee,
    Florida.
    McGuire, M. G.(1984). The music therapist: Musician or
    therapist? Design for Arts inEducation, 19(5), 2-6.
    McMahon, T.(1978). Music therapy for training and growth,
    Australian NursesJournal, 7(11), 5-6.
    McNiff, S.(1986). Educating the creative arts therapist. A
    profile of the profession. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
    McTaggart, D. M.(1978). The effect of a group music activity
    versus a group non-music activity on verbalization, length
    of stay during sessions, and enjoyment level of shizophrenic
    patients in an institutionalized psychiatic setting.
    Unpublished master‘s these,The Forida State University,
    Tallahassee, Florida.
    Metzler, R. K. The use of music as a reinforcer to increase
    imitative behavior in severely and profoundly retarded
    female residents.Journal of Music Therapy,11(2), 97-110.
    Mezzano, J., & Prueter, B.(1974). Background music and
    counseling interaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21
    (1), 84-86.
    Michel, D. E.(1985). Music therapy: an introduction to therapy
    and special education through music. Springfield, Ill.: C.
    C. Thomas.
    Michel, D. & Martin, D.(1970). Music an self-esteem research
    disavantaged problem boys in an elementary school. Journal
    of Music Therapy, 7, 121-127.
    Montello, L. & Coons, E. E.(1998). Effects of active versus
    passive group music therapy on preadolescents with
    emotional, learning, and behavioral disorders. Jorunal of
    Music Therapy, 35(1), 49-67.
    Moreno, J. J.(1987). The music therapist as contemporary
    shaman.Holistic world traditions of music and healing, 2,
    108-123.
    Nelson, D., Anderson, V., & Gonzales, A.(1984). Music
    activities as therapy forchildren with autism and other
    pervasive developmental isorders. Journal of Music Therapy,
    21, 100-117.
    Nisbet, J., Brown, L., Ford, A., Sweet, M., Shiraga, B.,
    Johnson, F., & Loomis, R.(1982). The critical need for
    nonschool instruction in education programs forseverely
    handicapped students.Unpublished manuscript. University of
    Wisconsin, Madison, and Madison Metropolian School Destrict.
    Nordoff, P., & Robbins, C.(1971). Therapy in music for
    handicapped children.London, GB: Gollanz.
    Oden, S., & Asher, S. R.(1977). Coaching children in social
    skills for friendship making. Child Development, 48, 495-506.
    Paul, R. & Staudt, V. M.(1958). Music therapy for the mentally
    ill: I. A. historical Sketch and a brief review of the
    literature on the physiological effects and an analysis of
    the elements of music. Journal of General Psychology, 59,
    167-176.
    Paul, D. W.(1982). Music therapy for handicapped children:
    Emotionally disturbed.Washington, DC: National Association
    for Music Therapy, Inc.
    Parriott, S.(1969). Music as therapy. American Journal of
    Nursing,69(8), 1723-1726.
    Pavlicevic, M.(1997). Music therapy in context: music, meaning
    and relationship. London; Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley.
    Peretti, P. O.(1975), Changes in galvanic skin response as
    affected by Musical selection, sex and academic discipline.
    Journal of Psychology, 89, 183-187.
    Peters, M., L.(1970). A comparison of the musical sensitivity
    of mongoloid and normal children. Journal of Music Therapy,
    7, 113-123.
    Pickerell, K., Metzger, J., Wilde, N. J., Broadkent, T. R., &
    Edwards, B.(1954). The use and therapeutic value of music in
    the hospital and operation room. In E. Podolsky (Ed.) Music
    Therapy, New York: Philosophical.
    Pigantiello, M., Camp, C. J., Elder, S. T., & Raser, L.
    A.(1989). A psychophysiological comparison of the velten and
    music mood induction techniques. Journal of Music Therapy,
    26(3), 140-154.
    Plach, T.(1980). Creative use of music in group therapy.
    Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
    Plach, T.(1996). The creative use of music in group therapy.
    Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.
    Podolsky, E.(1954). Music therapy. New York: philosophical
    library.
    Pumpian, I.(1988). Severe multiple handicaps. In: E. W. Lynch &
    R. B. Lewis (Eds.), Exceptional children and adults. An
    introduction to special education. Golenview, IL: Scott,
    Foresman.
    Purvis, J., & Samet S.(1976). Music in developmental therapy.
    Baltimore: University Park Press.
    Reardon, D. M., & Bell, G.(1970). Effects of sedative and
    stimulative music on activity levels of severely retarded
    boys. American Journal of Mental Deficiency,75, 156-159.
    Reid, D. H., Hill, B. K., Rawers, R. J., & Montegar, C.
    A.(1975). The use of contingent music in teaching social
    skills to a nonverbal, hyperactive boy. Journalof Music
    Therapy, 12(1), 2-18.
    Rice, H. K., McDaniel, M. W, Stallings, V. D., & Gatz, M.
    J.(1967). Operant behavior in vegetative patients II.
    Psychological Record, 17, 449-460.
    Ruud, E.(1980). Music therapy and its relationship to current
    treatment theories. St. Louis: Magnamusic-Baton.
    Saperston, B.(1973). The use of music in establishing
    communication with an autistic mentally retarded child.
    Journal of Music Therapy, 10, 184-188.
    Shafer, R. M.(1977). The tuning of the world. New York: Knopf .
    Schalkwijk, F. W.(1994). Music and people with developmental
    disabilities: music therapy, remedial music making, and
    musical activities. London: Jessica Kingsley.
    Schattner, R(1967). Creative dramatics for handicapped
    children. New York: John Day.
    Schneider, E. H.(1954). The use of music with the brain
    damaged child. In E. T. Gaston (Ed.), Music Therapy 1953 ,
    95-98.
    Schulberg, C. H.(1981). The music therapy sourcebook.New
    York:Henry Schuman.
    Schwabe, C.(1978). Methodology of music therapy and its
    theoretical foundations. Leipzig, East-Germany: Volks-Verlag.
    Schwartz, E. K.(1982). Music and the mainstreamed child: A
    practical approach. Arts in Special Education Project of
    Pennsylvania. New York:Harrisburg.
    Schweer, U.(1978). Music therapy for mentally retarded children
    and adolescents. (ed.By W. Bachmann). Oberbiel, West-
    Germany: Jarick.
    Sears, W. W.(1968). Process in music therapy. In E. T. Gaston
    (Ed.) Music in Therapy. New York: Macmillan Company, 30-44.
    Shpizer, S.(1975). The influence of music on cooperation and
    trust.Unpublished master‘s thesis, The University of
    Kansas, Lawrence.
    Skinner, B. F.(1968). The technology of teaching. New York:
    Appleton-Century- Crofts.
    Smith, C. A., & Morris, L. W.(1976). Effects of stimulative and
    sedative music on cognitive and emotional components of
    anxiety.Psychology Reports, 38, 1187-1193.
    Smith, C. A.(1982). Promoting the social development of young
    children: strategies and activities. Palo Alto California:
    Mayfied Publishing Company.
    Steele, A. L.(1968). Programmed use of music to alter
    uncooperative problem behavior. New York:MMB Music.
    Steele, A. L., & Jorgenson, H. A.(1971). Music Therapy: An
    effective solution to problems in related disciplines.
    Journal of Music Therapy, 8, 131-145.
    Steele, A. L., Vaughan, M., & Dolan, C.(1976). The school
    support program: Music therapy for adjustment problems in
    elementary schools. Journal of Music Therapy, 13(2), 87-100.
    Steele, A. L.(1977). The application of behavioral research
    techniques to community music therapy. Journal of Music
    Therapy, 14, 102-115.
    Stephens, T. M., Hartman, A. C., & Lucas, V. H.(1982). Teaching
    children basic skills-a curriculum handbook. New York:Oxford.
    Stratton, V. N., & Zalanowsli, A. H.(1984a), The effect of
    background music on verbal interaction in groups. Journal
    of Music Therapy, 21(1), 16-26.
    Stevens, E., & Clark, F.(1969). Music therapy in the treatment
    of autistic children. Journal of Music Therapy, 6, 93-104.
    Stevens, E. A.(1971). Some effects of tempo changes on
    stereotyped rocking movements of low-level mentally retarded
    subjects. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 76, 76-81.
    Stokes, T. T., & Baer, D. M.(1977). An implicit technology of
    generalization. Journalof Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 349-
    367.
    Storr, A.(1992). Music and the Mind. New York: The Free Press.
    Swassing, C. S.(1984). Helping your child adjust to jr.
    high school: A home-school contingency plan. The Pointer, 29
    (1), 4-7.
    Telford, C. W., & Sawrey, J. M.(1977). The exceptional
    individual .Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Ulrich, R., Stachnik, T., & Mabry, J.(1966). Principles and
    control of social behavior. Glenview: Scott.
    Valletutti, P. J.(1984). Severely and profoundly handicapped
    students. Their natureand needs. Baltimore: Brookes.
    Van de Wall, W.(1946). Music in hospitals. New York: Russell
    Sage Foundation.
    Vogel,B.(1987). A therapy approach for the severely and
    multiply handicapped. Music Therapy Journal: 8(3), 202-224.
    Wagner, M. J.(1975), Effects of music and biofeedback on alpha
    brainwave rhythm and attentiveness. Journal of Research in
    Music Education, 23, 3-13.
    Watson, D.(1979). Music as reinforcement in increasing
    pontaneous speech among autistic children. Cited in D.
    Nelson, V. Anderson, & A. Gonzales, Music activities as
    therapy for children with autism and other pervasive
    developmental disorders. Journal of Music Therapy, 21, 100-
    117.
    Watson, D.(1979). Music as reinforcement in increasing
    spontaneous speech among autistic children. Missouri Journal
    of Research in Music Education, 4, 8-20.
    Weidenfeller, E. W., & Zimny, G. H.(1962), Effect of music upon
    GSR of children. Child Development, 33, 891-896.
    Weigl, V.(1959). Functional music, a therapeutic tool in
    working with the mentally retarded. American Journal of
    Mental Deficiency, 63, 672-678.
    Weigl, V.(1969). Music for the retarded. Music Journal, 1, 56-
    70.
    Wells, N. F., & Stevens, T. S.(1984). Music as a stimulus for
    creative fantasy in group psychotherapy with young
    adolescents. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 11, 71-76.
    Weiner, B.(1980). Human motivation. New York: Holt, Rinehart, &
    Winston.
    Williams, C.(1975). An observational study of mannerisms in the
    deaf-blind child. Unpublished doctoral dissertation
    University of Birmingham.
    Yolom, I. D.(1975). The theory and practice of group
    psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
    Zimny, G. H., & Weidenfeller, E. W.(1963), Effects of music
    upon GSR and heart-rate. American Journal of Psychology, 76,
    311-314.

    無法下載圖示
    QR CODE