研究生: |
莊雲翔 Yun-hsiang Chuang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
台灣地區國語跟字的語意及句法研究 A Semantic and Syntactic Study of gen in Taiwan Mandarin |
指導教授: |
黃美金
Huang, Mei-Jin 齊莉莎 Elizabeth Zeitoun |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
英語學系 Department of English |
論文出版年: | 2007 |
畢業學年度: | 95 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 131 |
中文關鍵詞: | 語法化 、多功能使用 、連接詞 、介系詞 、伴同關係 、交互關係 、單向關係 、動詞語義 、連續線 、語意特徵 、語意角色 |
英文關鍵詞: | grammaticalization, multi-functional usages, conjunction, preposition, comitativity, reciprocity, unidirectionality, verbal semantics, continuum, semantic features, thematic role |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:240 下載:24 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
台灣地區所使用的國語中,「跟」字因經歷了「語法化」(grammaticalization)過程,已衍生成為一個具有多義、多功能的詞彙:從最初意指「跟部」的名詞,到表達「跟隨」意義的動詞,逐漸又衍生出表伴同關係(comitativity)、交互關係(reciprocity)及單向關係(unidirectionality)的介系詞,最後到表示兩個名詞組間在詞組層次(phrasal level)以及句子層次(sentential level)平行對等關係(coordination)的連接詞。
本研究認為上述「跟」字之多重用法,乃因受到謂語的動詞語義及修飾語的句法位置之影響而成。有鑑於此,本論文主要嘗試著提出一個「連續線」(continuum)的模式,透過動詞語義的釐清及修飾語的句法位置,進而解釋「跟」字各種不同的功能。本論文將指出在此連續線的一端,「跟」字的用法最為單純,只能作為連接詞使用;在連續線另一個端點的「跟」字,其用法最為複雜,可作為動詞、介系詞或連接詞;在兩個端點間所出現的「跟」字,則可當介系詞及連接詞使用。
此外,在建立此「連續線」的解釋模式之前,本論文試著先對「跟」字當動詞、介系詞、連接詞等之句法分佈及語意解釋做一完整的陳述,進而探討在「跟」字兩旁出現的指示對象(referent)之語意特徵及語意角色(thematic role),以俾本文提出之「連續線」模式的建立。
Chinese gen ‘with, and’ has undergone grammaticalization processes and has come to display multi-functional usages, namely, (i) forming part of a nominal compound meaning ‘heel’, (ii) functioning as a verb denoting ‘to follow’, (iii) serving as a preposition marking comitativity, reciprocity, unidirectionality and (iv) serving as a conjunction coordinating two noun phrases at the phrasal level and at the sentential level.
This thesis assumes that each of the above-mentioned functions and interpretations of gen is influenced by some semantic as well as syntactic factors. The main purpose of the thesis is thus to establish a “continuum” whereby verbal semantics and the syntactic position of modifying elements interact closely and give rise to the different behaviors of gen. This study shows that (i) at one end of the posited continuum, the behavior of gen is unitary and it always functions as a conjunction, (ii) at the other end, the behavior of gen is complex and it can be analyzed as a verb, a preposition or a conjunction, and (iii) between the two ends, gen can be a preposition and a conjunction.
Though the “continuum” notion is the focus of this thesis, a comprehensive study on the syntactic distribution and semantic interpretations of gen as a verb, as a preposition, and as a conjunction is first pursued. Besides, a thorough investigation of the semantic features and thematic roles of the referents that appear adjacent to gen in each function also helps us to establish the continuum model.
Chafe, Wallace L. 1970. Meaning and the Structure of
Language. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Chao, Yuan-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1999. Coding of the reciprocal
function: Two solutions. In Reciprocals: Form and
Function, ed. by Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Traci S.
Curl, 179-194. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing Company.
Gu, Chuan-yu. 2000. Semantic orientations of gen and the
cognitive explanation. Language Teaching and Research
3:37-44. [In Chinese]
Haspelmath, Martin. 2004. Coordinating constructions: An
overview. Coordinating Constructions, ed. by Martin
Haspelmath, 3-39. Typological Studies in Language 58.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2005. Nominal and verbal conjunction.
World Atlas of Language Structures, ed. by Matthew S.
Dryer, Martin Haspelmath, David Gil and Bernard
Comrie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Her, One-Soon. 1990. Grammatical Functions and Verb
Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: The
Crane Publishing Co. Ltd.
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2003.
Grammaticalization. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, George and Stanley Peters. 1967. Phrasal
conjunction and symmetric predicates. Modern Studies
in English, ed. by David A. Reibel and Sanford A.
Schane, 113-142. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Levin, Beth. 1993. English Verb Classes and Alternations: A
Preliminary Investigation. Chicago and London: The
University of Chicago Press.
Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1973. Coverbs in
Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics
2.3:257-278.
Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1974. An explanation
of word order change: From SVO to SOV. Foundations of
Language 12: 201-214.
Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1975. The semantic
function of word order. Word Order and Word Order
Change, ed. by C. Li, 163-196. Texas: University of
Texas Press.
Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 2005. Mandarin
Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Taipei: The
Crane Publishing Company.
Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1994. Reflexives and reciprocals.
The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguisitcs, ed. by
R.E. Asher and J.M.Y.Simpson, 3504-3509. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1999. Reciprocals without
reflexives. In Reciprocals: Form and Function, ed. by
Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Traci S. Curl, 31-62.
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing
Company.
Liu, Jian and A. Peyraube. 1994. History of some
coordinative conjunctions in Chinese. Journal of
Chinese Linguistics 22:179-201.
Liu, Mei-chun. 1999. Reciprocal marking with deictic verbs
come and go in Mandarin. Reciprocals: Forms and
Functions, ed. by Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Traci S.
Curl, 123-131. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing Company.
Paris, Marie-Claude. 2005a. Mandarin “GEN” and
French “ET” / “AVEC”. Another look at
distributivity and collectivity. Paper presented at
the 3rd International Conference in Contrastive
Semantics and Pragmatics, Shanghai International
Studies University.
Paris, Marie-Claude. 2005b. L’intéraction entre gen et la
négation en chinois contemporain. CLAIX N 20, Aix-en-
Provence.
Ross, John. 1967. Constraints on Variables in Syntax. MIT
Dissertation, Cambridge.
Ross, Malcolm. 2002. Takia. The Oceanic Languages, ed. by
John Lynch, Malcolm Ross and Terry Crowley, 216-248.
Richmond: Curzon.
Stassen, Leon. 2000. AND-languages and WITH-languages.
Linguistic Typology 4.1:1-54.
Tang, Ting-chi. 1975. A Case Grammar Classification of
Chinese Verbs. Taipei: Hai-guo Book Company.
Tang, Ting-chi. 1979. Studies in Chinese Syntax. Monographs
on Modern Linguistics. Taipei: Student Book Company.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1970. Comitative versus phrasal
conjunction. Papers in Linguistics 2.2:315-358.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1975. A Semantic Study of Transitivity
Relations in Chinese. Monographs on Modern
Linguistics. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguisitcs in Philosophy. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press.
Voorhoeve, C. L. 1965. The Flamingo Bay Dialect of the
Asmat Language. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Webpages:
Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese
http://www.sinica.edu.tw/SinicaCorpus/
Archives and Linguistic Representations of Spoken Taiwan Mandarin
http://mmc.sinica.edu.tw/