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研究生: 莊雲翔
Yun-hsiang Chuang
論文名稱: 台灣地區國語跟字的語意及句法研究
A Semantic and Syntactic Study of gen in Taiwan Mandarin
指導教授: 黃美金
Huang, Mei-Jin
齊莉莎
Elizabeth Zeitoun
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 131
中文關鍵詞: 語法化多功能使用連接詞介系詞伴同關係交互關係單向關係動詞語義連續線語意特徵語意角色
英文關鍵詞: grammaticalization, multi-functional usages, conjunction, preposition, comitativity, reciprocity, unidirectionality, verbal semantics, continuum, semantic features, thematic role
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 台灣地區所使用的國語中,「跟」字因經歷了「語法化」(grammaticalization)過程,已衍生成為一個具有多義、多功能的詞彙:從最初意指「跟部」的名詞,到表達「跟隨」意義的動詞,逐漸又衍生出表伴同關係(comitativity)、交互關係(reciprocity)及單向關係(unidirectionality)的介系詞,最後到表示兩個名詞組間在詞組層次(phrasal level)以及句子層次(sentential level)平行對等關係(coordination)的連接詞。
    本研究認為上述「跟」字之多重用法,乃因受到謂語的動詞語義及修飾語的句法位置之影響而成。有鑑於此,本論文主要嘗試著提出一個「連續線」(continuum)的模式,透過動詞語義的釐清及修飾語的句法位置,進而解釋「跟」字各種不同的功能。本論文將指出在此連續線的一端,「跟」字的用法最為單純,只能作為連接詞使用;在連續線另一個端點的「跟」字,其用法最為複雜,可作為動詞、介系詞或連接詞;在兩個端點間所出現的「跟」字,則可當介系詞及連接詞使用。
    此外,在建立此「連續線」的解釋模式之前,本論文試著先對「跟」字當動詞、介系詞、連接詞等之句法分佈及語意解釋做一完整的陳述,進而探討在「跟」字兩旁出現的指示對象(referent)之語意特徵及語意角色(thematic role),以俾本文提出之「連續線」模式的建立。

    Chinese gen ‘with, and’ has undergone grammaticalization processes and has come to display multi-functional usages, namely, (i) forming part of a nominal compound meaning ‘heel’, (ii) functioning as a verb denoting ‘to follow’, (iii) serving as a preposition marking comitativity, reciprocity, unidirectionality and (iv) serving as a conjunction coordinating two noun phrases at the phrasal level and at the sentential level.
    This thesis assumes that each of the above-mentioned functions and interpretations of gen is influenced by some semantic as well as syntactic factors. The main purpose of the thesis is thus to establish a “continuum” whereby verbal semantics and the syntactic position of modifying elements interact closely and give rise to the different behaviors of gen. This study shows that (i) at one end of the posited continuum, the behavior of gen is unitary and it always functions as a conjunction, (ii) at the other end, the behavior of gen is complex and it can be analyzed as a verb, a preposition or a conjunction, and (iii) between the two ends, gen can be a preposition and a conjunction.
    Though the “continuum” notion is the focus of this thesis, a comprehensive study on the syntactic distribution and semantic interpretations of gen as a verb, as a preposition, and as a conjunction is first pursued. Besides, a thorough investigation of the semantic features and thematic roles of the referents that appear adjacent to gen in each function also helps us to establish the continuum model.

    Table of Contents Chinese Abstract i English Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vii Tables and Figures x List of Abbreviations xi Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Literature Review 5 2.1 Typological perspective 5 2.1.1 Haspelmath (2004): Coordinating constructions 5 2.1.2 Stassen (2000): AND-languages and WITH-languages 8 2.2 Previous analyses on Chinese gen 9 2.2.1 Liu and Peyraube (1994): Grammaticalization of verbs into prepositions and prepositions into conjunctions 10 2.2.2 Tang (1979): Defining the parts of speech of gen 11 2.2.3 Teng (1970): Comitative construction versus phrasal coordinating construction 14 2.2.3.1 Gen as a conjunction 14 2.2.3.2 Gen as a phrasal conjunction 15 2.2.3.3 Gen as a preposition marking comitativity 16 2.2.3.4 Other interpretations of gen as a preposition 20 2.2.4 Gu (2000): A more fine-grained analysis of the interpretations of gen as a preposition 21 2.2.5 Paris (2005a): A comparison between French et/avec and Mandarin gen 22 2.2.5.1 The comitative and coordinative constructions in French 22 2.2.5.2 The case of Chinese gen 24 2.3 Summary and further issues 27 2.3.1 Summary 27 2.3.2 Issues to be further considered 28 Chapter Three: Syntactic Distribution and Semantic Interpretations of gen 29 3.1 Distribution of gen 29 3.1.1 Distribution of gen as a verb 29 3.1.2 Distribution of gen as a preposition 31 3.1.3 Distribution of gen as a conjunction 33 3.1.4 Summary 34 3.2 Types of NPs in the [N1 IE gen N2] and [N1 gen N2] structure 36 3.2.1 Types of NPs in the [N1 IE gen N2] structure 36 3.2.2 Types of NPs in the [N1 gen N2] structure 37 3.2.3 Summary 41 3.3 Semantic interpretations of gen 42 3.3.1 Semantic interpretations of gen as a verb 42 3.3.2 Semantic interpretations of gen as a preposition 43 3.3.3 Semantic interpretations of gen as a conjunction 44 3.3.4 Summary 47 3.4 Nature of referents adjacent to gen 47 3.4.1 Nature of referents co-occurring with gen as a verb 48 3.4.2 Nature of referents preceding and following gen as a preposition 49 3.4.2.1 Comitative relationship 49 3.4.2.2 Reciprocal relationship 50 3.4.2.3 Source orientation 51 3.4.2.4 Goal orientation 51 3.4.3 Nature of referents conjoined by gen 52 3.4.4 Summary 54 3.5 Ambiguous behaviors of gen 56 3.5.1 Gen between verb and preposition 56 3.5.2 Gen between preposition and phrasal conjunction 58 3.5.3 Gen between phrasal and sentential conjunction 59 3.5.4 Summary 59 Chapter Four: Verbal Semantic Framework Proposed in This Study 61 4.1 Previous studies on verb classification 61 4.1.1 English verb classification 61 4.1.1.1 Vendler’s (1967) classification of English verbs 61 4.1.1.2 Levin’s (1993) English verb classification 63 4.1.2 Chinese verb classification 64 4.1.2.1 Chao’s (1968) Chinese verb classification 64 4.1.2.2 Teng’s (1975) Chinese verb classification 66 4.1.2.3 Her’s (1990) Chinese verb classification 69 4.2 Inadequacies in the previous analyses 70 4.3 Our own verb classification framework 74 4.3.1 Verbal semantics 75 4.3.1.1 Stative/Non-stative verbs 75 4.3.1.2 Reciprocal/Non-reciprocal verbs 77 4.3.1.3 Motion/Non-motion verbs 78 4.3.1.4 Summary 80 4.3.2 Verb subcategorization 80 4.3.3 Aspectual variations 82 4.3.4 Elaboration on our verbal semantic framework 83 Chapter Five: Multifunctional Usages of gen: A Semantic and Syntactic Perspective 85 5.1 A first look 85 5.1.1 The factor of verbal semantics 85 5.1.2 The factor of syntactic position 86 5.1.3 Phrasal vs. sentential conjunction 87 5.2 The application of our own verbal semantic framework with respect to the behavior of gen 88 5.2.1 Gen co-occurring with stative verbs 88 5.2.1.1 Gen co-occurring with stative copula shi 89 5.2.1.2 Gen co-occurring with stative intransitive verbs 91 5.2.1.3 Gen co-occurring with stative transitive verbs 93 5.2.1.4 Gen co-occurring with stative reciprocal verbs 96 5.2.1.5 Summary 99 5.2.2 Gen co-occurring with non-stative verbs 100 5.2.2.1 Gen co-occurring with non-stative reciprocal verbs 101 5.2.2.2 Gen co-occurring with non-stative non-reciprocal verbs 105 5.2.2.2.1 Gen co-occurring with motion verbs 105 5.2.2.2.2 Gen co-occurring with non-motion verbs 108 5.2.2.2.3 Gen co-occurring with unidirectional verbs 109 5.2.2.3 Summary 111 5.3 A binary-distinction analysis at two levels 113 5.4 The continuum model 115 Chapter Six: Conclusion 121 6.1 A summary of previous chapters 121 6.2 Issues to be further considered 123 6.2.1 The phonetic issue 123 6.2.2 Comparison with other markers 124 References 128

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