研究生: |
王等元 Teng-Yuan Wang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
網路輔助成人遠距學習者互動性距離動態模型研究 The Study on a Dynamic Model of Web-assisted Adult Learners' Perception of Transactional Distance |
指導教授: |
黃明月
Hwang, Ming-Yueh 吳正己 Wu, Cheng-Chih |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
社會教育學系 Department of Adult and Continuing Education |
論文出版年: | 2003 |
畢業學年度: | 91 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 176 |
中文關鍵詞: | 互動性距離理論 、成人學習 、現代系統理論 、網路學習 、網路輔助學習 |
英文關鍵詞: | Transactional Distance Theory, Adult Learning, Modern System Theroy, Web-based Learning, Web-assisted Learning |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:291 下載:27 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
摘 要
遠距學習(Distance learning)做為人類教育活動的一種實踐,與其他教育實踐相較,在時空上顯然具備了空間距離感及時間非同步之特性。這種特殊的時空性既是遠距學習的發展條件,亦是其限制條件。
尤其近年來網路科技在遠距學習之應用日益普遍,網路學習已是全球化行動,遠距教育者確有必要重新檢視「互動性距離理論」。
面對遠距學習的質變,在研究典範上亦應適時調整,在傳統的問卷調查、迴歸分析等量化方法之外,本研究試圖打開另外一扇窗,採用演化觀點進行系統動態研究,期能觀照學習互動的動態過程。
因此,本研究之目的為:(一)以成人網路輔助學習者為研究對象進行本土性研究,檢視「互動性距離理論」的適合性;(二)以表徵轉換方法建立「互動性距離理論」的動態模型,以補靜態觀點之不足;(三)本研究所建立之動態模型可供實務工者做為學習診斷及系統評估之用。
本研究首先對研究個案進行量化的實証研究,根據結果建立「互動性距離」因果模型。然後再依據因果模型進行表徵轉換,建立其動態模型,並以現代系統理論對模型行為進行詮釋分析。
本研究之發現為:(一)「互動性距離」動態模型本身即是一個耗散結構系統;(二)其演化行為是一不可逆演化過程;(三)各子系統間存在著非線性的回饋作用;(四)各系統變數間存有動態因果關係;(五)系統行為型態反映出時間滯延效應。
本研究之限制為:(一)在研究對象方面,只以成人非同步網路輔助學習者進行個案研究,故在研究成果之外推適用(即外部效度)上有其限制;(二)在研究方法方面,因礙於研究者主客觀條件之限制,資料蒐集未能輔以質性方法,故後續研究者可兼採質量方法。
關鍵字:互動性距離理論、成人學習、現代系統理論、網路輔助學習
ABSTRACT
As a praxis of educational activities, the space separation and time asynchronization are the major characteristics that distinguishes distance education from other forms of education. These features are both potential chances and limitations for distance education development.
Especially, for recent years, distance education has used information technology and Internet to deliver its programs widely, and Web-based or Web-assisted adult learning has also become a global action. So, as a result of these changes, distance educators have a need for reexamining Moore’s Transactional Distance Theory.
Facing the recent changes in the field of distance education, it is time for us to rethink the possibility and necessary of research paradigm shift. As regards to research methods, except for quantitative approaches, this study tries to adopt an evolutionary paradigm to do a system dynamics research to understand the dynamic process of interaction profoundly.
The purpose of this study is :(1)to explore the applicability of Transactional Distance Theory to the study of web-assisted adult learning in Taiwan;(2)to build a system dynamic model based upon a web-assisted adult learner’s transactional distance perceptions;(3)Based upon the results of this study, to provide recommendations for further research and practice in distance education.
According to the purposes mentioned above, this study conducted a survey and produced a causal model first, and then built a system dynamic model of the causal model, and finally interpreted the dynamic model from a Modern System Theory perspective.
The major findings of this study include:(1)the transactional distance system itself is a dissipative structure system;(2)its evolutionary behavior is a irreversible process;(3)there are nonlinear feedbacks between the components of the transactional distance system;(4)there is a dynamic casual relationship between the system variables;(5)the behaviors of the transactional distance system reflect the time-delay effect.
There are some limitations in this study, first, by a relatively small group of research subjects. So, the results of this research may have limited generalization to other populations and settings. Second, this study only employed quantitative methods to collect data, further studies might employ both quantitative and qualitative approaches to get data.
Keywords: Transactional Distance Theory, Adult learning, Modern System Theory, Web-based learning, Web- assisted learning.
參考書目
一、中文部分
毛治國(2003)。決策。台北市:天下文化。
王文科(1999)。教育研究法。台北市:五南。
王奇偉(2001)。從周易看現代管理。台北市:尼羅河。
王政彥(1997)。建構隔空教育理論的議題論辯,成人教育學刊,1:1-17。
王政彥(2000)。增進新興網路大學對成人隔空學習的效益,成人教育,57:19-27。
王美文(1997)。教師對成人學生的分類與互動策略:一個國小補校班級的質性研究。社會教育學刊,26:235-260。
王榮麟、王超群譯(民86)。建構實在論。〔Wallner, F. (1995). Constructive Realism. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumuller〕台北市:五南。
朱伯崑(1996)。易學漫步。台北市:台灣學生。
何秀煌(1982)。從方法論的觀點看社會科學研究的中國化問題。載於國樞、文崇一主編,社會及行為科學研究的中國化。台北市:中央研究院民族所。
吳明清(民80)。教育研究—基本觀念與方法之分析。台北市:五南。
吳信賢(2000)。非同步網路教學系統之發展及學習歷程檔案。國立臺灣師大學資訊教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
吳慧珍(2000)。探討學生透過網際網路進行合作學習對其科學過程技能的影響。國立臺灣師大學地球科學教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
吳芝儀、李奉儒譯(民84)。質的評鑑與研究。新店市:桂冠。
吳瓊恩(民81)。行政學的範圍與方法。台北市:五南。
李金泉(2001)。非同步式網路輔助教學之研究—以技職校院工業安全課程為例。國立彰化師大學工業教育學系博士論文(未出版)。
李啟龍(2000)。網路上的合作探究學習。國立臺灣師大學資訊教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
李淑芬(1997)。超文本網路合作學習環境中互動之研究。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
沈清松 (1996)。哲學學門規劃專題研究後續計劃成果報告。行政院國科會專題研究報告,NSC84-2745-H-004-003。
沈清松(1997)。「建構實在論」評介。哲學雜誌,22:224-239。
沈清松(民83)。現代哲學論衡。台北市:黎明文化。
沈清松(民83)。現代哲學論衡。台北市:黎明文化。
周德海(1999)。論愛因斯坦的實在概念。自然辯證法研究,15(12):15-19。
林和譯 (1995)。混沌:不測風雲的背後。〔Gleick, J.(1987). Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Viking〕台北市:天下文化。
林振春(2000)。心智模式與學習型組織,成人教育,53:18-26。
邱皓政(2001)。量化研究與統計分析。台北市:五南。岳修平(2001)。非同步教學網頁輔助學習成效之研究,教學科技與媒體,55:27-35。胡寶玉(2001)。非同步網路教學單元課程實施之個案研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所,碩士論文,未出版。
洪榮昭、劉明洲(1997)。影響多媒體電腦輔助學習認知因素之探討,教育研究資訊,5(4):119-125。
高宣揚(民87)。當代社會理論。台北市:五南。
張基成、唐宣蔚(2001)。大學網路學習社群之教學實施策略及相關問題研究,教學科技與媒體, 56:50-64。
張雅萍(2000)。摘要策略對網路化學習成效之研究。國立臺灣師大學資訊教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
張履揆、梁朝雲(1998)。國內外遠距教學專案之特色介紹與系統分析。視聽教育,39(5):23-40。
張簡玲娟(2002)。以系統動力學模擬國中生行為特質形成中途輟學之模式研究。樹德科技大學資訊管理學系碩士論文(未出版)。
教育部(1999)。專科以上學校及中小學校遠距教學。http://www.edu.tw/moecc/index.htm
許麗玲(1999)。認知風格在虛擬實境遠距學習遷移之影響。國立高雄師範大學工業科技研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
郭生玉(民79)。心理與教育研究法。台北市:精華。
郭進隆譯 (1994)。第五項修練:學習型組織的藝術與實務。台北市:天下文化。【原著:Perter M.Senge(1990).The fifth discipline:the art and practice of the learning organization.】
陳伯璋 (1996)。教育學門內容規劃之研究。行政院國科會專題研究計畫,計畫編號:NSC-84-2745-H-026-001。
陳姚真、黃惠仙(2002)。網路合作學習的互動歷程與學習者角色分析—個案研究,教育研究,95:97-112。
陳姚真(2001)。網路大學與成人學習,成人教育,59:30-39。
陳姚真(2000)。全球資訊網學習環境中成人自我導向式教學系統設計與成效之研究,課程與教學,3(4):73-100。
陳姚真 (1999) 互動性距離、學習結果得先決變項及其因果效應之研究,隔空教育論叢,11:63-128。
陳姚真 (1999)。中美視訊會議學習環境中互動性距離,滿意與學習結果之關係,教學科技與媒體,45:40-53。
陳朝福(2003)。組織轉型研究-新科學典範的創造性演化觀點。國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文(未出版)。
陳煥彬(1999)。網路合作學習系統之規劃、建置與評估。國立台南師範學院資訊教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)
陳嘉彌 (1997)。網路互動式遠距教學策略之構念與其可行性(上)、(下),教學媒體與科技,34&35:47-54。
陶在樸 (1999)。系統動態學。台北市:五南。
傅雲龍、柴尚金(2002)。易學的思維。台北市:大展。
舒煒光、邱仁宗(民80)。當代西方科學哲學述評。台北市:水牛。
黃永和(民90)。科學典範的後現代轉向及其課程意涵之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文,未出版。
黃光國(2001)。社會科學的理路。台北市:心理。
黃明月(1992)。 隔空教育中教學互動方法之探討。社會教育學刊,21:209-231。
黃明月(1994)。成人教育教學互動行為之研究。社會教育學刊,23:81-107。
黃明月(1996)。網路線上教育規劃之探討。載於隔空教育論叢,第八輯。台北縣:國立空中大學研究處。
黃含綿(1997)。全動視訊會議之系統互動模式與互動行為:以視訊會議遠距教學為例。國立交通大學傳播研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
黃瑞祺(民85)。批判社會學 – 批判理論與現代社會學。台北市:三民。
彭懷恩(1999)。政治學 : 比較的觀點。台北市:風雲論壇。
楊家興(1999)。虛擬學校:資訊網路下整合性的教學環境。教學科技與媒體,47:12-3。
楊國賜 (民74)。系統分析在教育革新上的應用。台北市:水牛。
楊國德 (1996)。成人教育發展策略。台北市:師大書苑。
楊國德 (2000)。成人應用網路學習的發展趨勢與策略,成人教育,56:22-30。
楊國德 (2000)。網路學習在成人高等教育上的應用,成人教育,57:11-18。
楊國樞等(民67)。社會及行為科學研究法(上冊)。台北市:東華。
鄔昆如(2002)。現代哲學趣談。台北市:東大。
趙美聲、陳姚真譯 (1999)。遠距教育—系統觀。台北市:松崗。〔原著:M. G. Moore & G. Kearsley (1996). Distance Education: A System View.〕
趙敦華(1988)。維根斯坦。台北市:遠流。
劉蓁蓁(1997)。國小實施遠距教學的教學策略、學習行為及互動情形。國立台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
蔡伸章譯 (1986)。 轉捩點 – 科學、社會與新興文化。〔Capra, F. (1982). The turning point: Science, Society, and the rising culture. New York: Simon and Schuster.〕台北市:牛頓。
蔡怡君 (1997)。以系統思考為基礎的分析法之研究。東海大學工業工程研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
鄭晉昌、施郁芬(1994)。交談模式在社會學習環境下之研究(I)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告(NSC82-0111-S-032-005)。
謝慶綿編(1989)。現代西方哲學評介。廈門:廈門大學。
韓 釗 (2000)。面對動態性複雜系統:二十一世紀政府必須具備的能力,思與言,38(1):123-146。
豐佳燕(1999)。特教師資班學員認知型態對使用網路互動式遠距學習系統之影響。國立臺灣師大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
顏澤賢 (1993)。現代系統理論。台北市:遠流。
魏宏森、曾國屏(1995)。系統論─系統科學哲學。北京:清華大學。
蘇倫伸(1999)。遠距教學中程發展計畫。
< ttp://www.edu.twltanet/introduction.htm/ >
蘇懋康(1991)。系統動力學原理及應用。上海市:交通大學。
二、英文部分
Apps, J. W. (1991). Mastering the teaching of adults. Florida: Malabar.
Baath, J.(1982).Distance students’ learning-empirical findings and heoretical deliberations. Distance Education, 3(1):6-27.Barker, L.L. and Barker, D.A.(1993). Communication. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice Hall. Baron,R.M., & Kenny,D.A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variabledistinction in social psychological research:conceptual,strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6):1173-1182.Barsum, Rita.(2001).Computer Mediated Conferencing, E-Mail, Telephone: A Holistic Approach to Meeting Students’ Needs. Journal of Library
Administration, 31(3/4): 31- 44.
Bates, A. W. (1991). Third generation distance education: The challenge of new technology. Research in Distance Education, 3 (2), 10-15.
Bates, A. W. (1995). Technology, open learning and distance education. New York: Routledge.
Bates, A. W.(1997). The impact of technological change on open and distance learning , Distance Education, 18 (1):93-109.
Belton, B. (1994). A pilot study of interactions between teachers and senior students at the brisbane school of distance education. Townsville, Queensland, Australia: Proceedings of an International Conference Held by the Rural Education Research and Development Centre. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 390 611).
Bertalanffy, L.V.(1968). General system theory : Foundations, development, applications. New York : G. Braziller .
Bischoff, W.R.(1993). Transactional distance, interactive television, and electronic mail communication in graduate public health and nursing course: implications for professional education. Unpublished dissertation. The University of Hawaii.
Bischoff, W.R., Bisconer, S.W., Kooker, B.M., & Woods, L.C. (1996). Transactional Distance and Interactive Television in the Distance Education of Health Professionals. The American Journal of Distance Education,10 (3):4-19.
Boud, D. (eds.) (1988). Developing student autonomy in learning. London: Kogan Page.
Boyd, R. A., Apps, J. W. & Associates (1980). Redefine the discipline of adult education. CA: Jossey-Bass.
Brande, L. V. (1993). Flexible and distance learning. New York : John Wiley & Sons.
Braxton, B.N.(2000). Empirical comparison of technical and non-technical distance education courses to drive a redefined transactional distance theory as the framework for a utilization-focused evaluation tool. Unpublished dissertation. North Carolina State University.
Braybrooke, D. (ed.)(1966). Philosophical Problems of the Social Sciences. New Youk: Macmillan.
Brookfield, S. (1986). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. CA: Jossey-Bass.
Buchanan, E.A.(1999). Articulating a web-based pedagogy:a qualitative examination. Unpublished Dissertation. The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Bunker, E., Gayol, Y., Nti, N., & Reidell, P.(1996). A study of transactional distance in an international audioconferencing course. Procedings of Seventh International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education, 40-44. Phoenix, Arizona.
Cahoon, B. (1998). Adult learning and the internet. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, No.78 . CA: Jossey-Bass.
Carswell, A.(2002). Learner outcomes in an asynchronous distance education environment. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,56(5):475-495.
Chen, Y. J. (2002). The Development of CyberLearning in Dual-Mode Higher Education Institutions in Taiwan.International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 2(2). [ http://www.irrodl.org/content/v2.2/chen.html ]
Chen, Y. J. (2001).Transactional Distance in the WWW Learning Environment.Innovations in Education and Training International, 38(4):327-338.
Chen, Y. J. (2001). Dimension of Transactional Distance in the World Wide Web Learning Environment: A Factor Analysis. Britiish Journal of Educational Technology, 32(4):459-470.
Chen, Y. J., & Willits. F. K. (1999). Dimensions of educational transactions in a videoconferencing learning environment. The American Journal of Distance Education, 13(1):45-59.
Chen, Y. J. (1997). The Implications of Moore’s Theory of Transactional Distance in a Videoconferencing Learning Environment. Unpublished Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: meaning and Perspective in the research process. London: sage.
Daniel, J. and Marquis, C.(1979).Interaction and independence :getting the mixture right . Teaching at a Distance , 15:25-44.
Davis,F.D.(1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3):319-340..
Delling,R.M.(1966). Versuch der grundlegung zueiner systematischen theorie des fernunterricht, In Sroka, L.(ed.)Fernunterricht 1966,Festschrift zum 50 geburtstag von walter schultz-rahe. Hamburg:Hamburger Fernlehr-institut.
Delling,R.M.(1968). Protokoll des I brief-sympositions uber fernunterrich und fernstudium. Epistoldidaktika, 1(Sonderheft):1-6.
Delling, R.M.(1978).Briefwechsel als bestandteil und vorlaufer des fernstudiums(Ziff papiere 19). Hagen:FeU(ZIFF).
Doll, W.E. (1993). A post-modern perspective on curriculum. New York: Teachers College.
Driver, M.(2002). Exploring student perceptions of group interaction and class satisfaction in the web-enhanced classroom. Internet & Higher Education, 5(1):35-46 .
Eastmond, D.V.(1994). Adult distance study through computer conferencing. Distance Education, 15(1):128-152.
Eftekhar, N., & Strong, D.R. (1999). Dynamic modeling of a learning process. 《http://www.ijee.dit.ie/articles/999995/article.htm》(available on 2002/9/28)
Forrester, J.W.(1961). Industrial dynamics. MA:Combridge Productivity Press.
Forrester, J.W.(1968). Principles o f systems . MA:MIT Press.
Forrester,J.W.(1992).Policies, Decisions and Information Sources for Modeling . European Journal of Operational Research , 59 (1):42-63.
Frank, M.(2003). Respecting the human needs of students in the development of e-learning. Computers & Education,40(1):57-72.
Fulford, C. P., & Zhang, S. (1993). Perception of interaction: The critical predictor in distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 7 (3):8-21.
Garrison, D. R. (1989). Understanding distance education: a framework for the future. New York: Routledge.
Gunawardena, C. (1995). Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferencing. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1(2-3):147-166.
Haga, H.(2002). Combining video and bulletin board systems in distance education systems. Internet & Higher Education,5(2):119-130.
Ham,M.K.(2002). Students’ perceptions of Web-based distance learning course.Unpublished dissertation. The University of Arizona.
Harasim, L.M.(1990). Online education:an environment for collaboration and intellectual amplification. In Linda Harasim(ed.)Online education, 67-98.New York:Praeger.
Hodgson, V. E. (eds.) (1987). Beyond distance teaching towards open learning. PA: Open University.
Holmberg, B.(1983).Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In Sewart et al., Distance education:international perspectives, 114-122. London:Croom Helm.
Holmberg, B. (1989). Theory and practice of distance education. New York: Routledge.
Holmberg, B. (1993). Key issues in distance education: an academic viewpoint. In keith Harry, Magnus John and Desmond Keegon (eds.) Distance education: new perspectives,78-94. London: Routledge.
Huang, H.M.(2000). Moore’s theory of tranactional distance in an online mediated environment: student perceptions on the online courses. Unpublished dissertation. The Seattle Pacific University.
Jarvis, P.(1993). The education of adults and distance education in late modernity. In D. Keegan(eds), Theoretical Principles of distance education. New York: Routledge.
Jehen, J.C.(1997). The psycho-social presses and cognitive effects of peer-based collaborative interactions with computer. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 19 (1):19-46.
Jonassen, D. H. (1996). Computers in the classroom. NJ: Prentice Mall.
Kazuo, W., Matti, H.,& Andrew, B.W.(1995). An internet collaborative distance learning system: CODILESS. Computer Education, 24 (3):141-155.
Keegan, D. (1983). Six distance education theorists. Hagen: Fern University.
Keegan, D. (1986). The foundations of distance education, London: Croom Helm.
Keegan, D.(1990). A theory for distance education. In M. G. Moore (Ed.) , Contemporary issues in american distance education. London: Routledge.
Keegan, D. (1993). Theoretical principles of distance education. London: Routledge.
Kelly, G. A.(1995). The psychology of personal constructs. New York:Routledge.
LERN (Learning Resources Network) (1998). Online education: Growing pains. Lifelong Learning Today, 6 (1):57.
Lockwood, F. (eds.) (1995). Open and distance learning today. New York: Routledge.
Long, H. B. (1980). Changing approaches to studying adult education. CA: Jossey-Bass.
Mason, R. ,& Kaye, A. (eds) (1989). Mindweave: communication, computers and distance education. New York: Pergamon.
McDonald, J. and Chere Campbell Gibson(1998). Interpersonal dynamics and group development in computer conferencing. The American Journal of Distance Education, 12(1):7-25.
Moore, M.G.(1972). Learner autonomy:The second dimension of independent learning. Convergence(Fall):76-88.
Moore, M.G.(1973).Toward a theory of independent learning and teaching . Journal of Higher Education, 44:661-679.
Moore, M.G.(1989).Three types of interaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2):1-6.
Moore, M. G. (eds.)(1990). Contemporary Issues in American Distance Education.CA:Wadsworth.
Moore, M.G.(1991).Distance education theory. The American Journal of Distance Education, 5(3):1-6.
Moore, M. G. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.) , Theoretical principles of distance education. New York: Routledge.
Moore, M.G. (1995). The 1995 Distance Education Research Symposium: A Research Agenda. The American Journal of Distance Education, 9 (2): 1-6.
Moore, M.G. ,& Kearsley, G.(1996). Distance education: A system view. CA:Wadsworth.
Negroponte, N. P. (1995). Being Digital. New York: Vintage Books.
Oliver, R., Omari, A., & Herrington, J.(1998). Exploring student interactions in collaborative Word wide web computer-based learning environments. Journal of Educational Multimedia and hypermedia, 7 (2/3):263-287.
Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace. CA: Jossey-Bass.Pergamon Press.
Patton, M.Q.(1990).Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, Calif:Sage Publications.
Peters,O.(1983). Distance teaching & industrial production:a comparative interpretation in outline , In Sewart et al., Distance education:international perspectives,95-113. London:Croom Helm.
Peters, O.(2000). Digital Learning Environments:New Possibilities and Opportunities, International Review of Research in Opan and Distance Learning, 1 (1):1-9.
Pietras, C.M.(1994).The development of cognitive models planning for use in the design of project management systems. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 40(1):5-30.
Rogoff, B.(1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. New York: Cambridge University press.
Rollins,J.E.(2002). An investigation of the connections between adult student success,satisfation,andlearning preferences and usable interface design of Web-based deucational resources.Unpublished dissertation. Drexel University.
Rumble,G.(1986). The Planning and Management of Distance Education.London:Croom Helm.
Saba, F. , & Twitchell, D. (1988). Research in distance education: A system modeling approach. The American Journal of Distance Education, 2 (1):9-24.
Saba, F. ,& Shearer, R. L. (1994). Verifying the key theoretical concepts in a dynamic model of distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 8 (1): 36-59.
Saba, F.(2000). Research in Distance Education: A Status Report, International Review of Research in Opan and Distance Learning, 1 (1):1-9.
Senge, P. M. (1990) .The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. London: Random House.
Slavin, R.E.(1995). Cooperative learning: theory, research, practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Smith, R. M. (1990). Learning how to learn: Applied theory for adults. Milton keynes: Open University.
Stake, R.E. (1994). Case studies. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. CA:Sage.
Sewart, D.(1980). Providing an information base for students studying at a distance. Distance Education, 1(2):171-187.
Smith, K.C.(1979). External studies at New England:a silver jubilee review. Armidale:UNE.
Stewart, R. D. (1995). Distance Learning Technology. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 67:11-18.
Sutherland, P (eds.) (1997). Adult learning: a reader. London: Kagan Page.
Tsui, A. B. M., & Ki, W. W. (1996). An analysis of conference interactions on TeleNex -- A computer network for ESL teachers. Educational Technology Research and Development, 44 (4):23-44.
Thompson, M. M. & Chute, A. G. (1998). A vision for distance education: Networked learning environments. Open Learning, 13(2), 4-11.
Turoff, M.(1990). Foreword. In Linda M. Harasim (eds.) Online education: perspectives on a new environment. New York : Praeger.
UFI (2000). Introduction. http://www.ufiltd.co.uk/front.htm/
Vygotsky, L. S.(1978).Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wedemeyer, C. A.(1981). Learning at the back-door. Madison:University of Wisconsin.
Whiting, J. ,& Bell, D. A. (eds.) (1987). Tutoring and monitoring facilities for European open learning. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.