簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 葉一慧
Yeh, Yi-Huey
論文名稱: 歌唱教學法併遊戲式評量對線上學習華語成效之研究
The Effect of Singing-based Teaching with Game-based Assessment on the Online Learning of Chinese
指導教授: 洪榮昭
Hong, Jon-Chao
口試委員: 林建宏
Lin, Chien-Hung
蔡雅薰
Tsai, Ya-Hsun
洪榮昭
Hong, Jon-Chao
口試日期: 2021/06/24
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 華語文教學系海外華語師資數位碩士在職專班
Department of Chinese as a Second Language_Online Continuing Education Master's Program of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language
論文出版年: 2021
畢業學年度: 109
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 107
中文關鍵詞: 歌唱教學法認知負荷學習興趣學習金字塔互相教學5E探究教學模型
英文關鍵詞: Singing-based teaching, cognitive load, learning interest, learning pyramid, reciprocal teaching, 5E inquiry-based instructional model
研究方法: 個案研究法
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100689
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:202下載:27
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 根據語言學習的結合左右腦運作(全腦運作)理論,運用右腦來驅動語言學習的節奏,運用左腦來發揮語言學習的功能,「歌唱教學法」被視為一種有效的語言教學策略。因此,本研究使用線上教材及電子書為教學工具,為三位學生設計了歌唱與協作式學習華語的二語習得方法。本研究的三名學生包括兩名韓國青少年和一名柬埔寨青少年,他們學習中文的動機較低。為了激勵他們並提高他們的學習效率,本研究應用【5E探究教學模型】(即參與、探索、解釋、闡述和評價)探究式學習模式,設計了一系列以歌唱學習中文為基礎的課程,並在柬埔寨生命國際學校的中文線上課程中相互教學。經過對三名學生進行訪談後,結果表明,參與者在三個興趣層次上的喜歡程度、享受程度和參與程度都很高;以及在這些基於歌唱類型的學習中有很高水平的心流體驗。此外,在三位學生的訪談中,他們表現出低水平的學習焦慮和認知負荷;並且他們認為歌唱式與5E探究式學習都具有很高的學習價值。由此可證,改變教育方式,就可以改變學生普遍認為中文是「困難的語文」的觀點。在進行互相教學和協作學習的九個月後,通過線上遊戲測試歌詞的學習保留率高達78%,這表明基於歌唱的協作學習在教外國人華語這方面是非常可行和有效的。希望本研究之教學策略可以供華語老師作為日後線上課程教案設計之參考。

    Reliance on the right brain to drive the rhythm in language learning and on the left brain to function linguistic learning is widely recognized as a pedagogical approach. To address the combination of right and left functions in language learning, "Singing-based teaching” has been regarded as an effective teaching strategy in language teaching. Thus, the present study designs a Singing-based approach for three students who used online materials and e-book to collaboratively learning Chinese as a second language. Three participants of this study included two Korean and one Cambodian teenagers who had a low level of motivation to learn Chinese. To motivate them and improve their learning effectiveness, the present study applied a 5E (i.e., engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration, and evaluation) inquiry-based instructional model to design a series of singing-based plans with reciprocal teaching in Life International School’s Chinese learning program. After interviewing three students, the results indicated that participants have a high level of likeness, enjoyment, and engagement as three levels of interest; and a high level of flow experience in these types of Singing-based learning. Moreover, they expressed low levels of learning anxiety and cognitive load; and they perceived singing-based with 5E inquiry-based instructional model as a very high learning value. In addition, it can be concluded that changing the instructional method could change the students' views that Chinese was a "difficult language". Additionally, nine months after the implementation of reciprocal teaching and singing practice, the retention rate of learning through online game testing was as high as 78%, indicating Singing-based collaborative learning is very feasible and effective in teaching foreigners to learn Chinese. Expectedly, it is hoped that the teaching strategies of this study can be used by Chinese teachers to design singing-based Chinese online learning courses.

    第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機 2 第三節 研究問題 3 第四節 研究範圍與限制 3 第五節 名詞解釋 4 一、教學系統設計 4 二、5E探究教學模型 4 三、互相教學法 4 四、協作學習 4 五、學習興趣 5 六、認知負荷 5 第貳章 文獻探討 6 第一節 歌唱教學與二語習得之關係 6 第二節 歌唱教學與認知負荷的關係 9 第三節 歌唱教學與學習興趣的關係論 12 第四節 互相教學與合作學習 16 第五節 遊戲評量與學習焦慮的關係 18 第六節 學習價值 20 第七節 學習保留率論 21 第八節 文獻分析小結 23 第叁章 研究方法 25 第一節 設計概念 25 第二節 研究方法與步驟 25 第三節 教案設計 27 一、教學設計的理論基礎 27 二、九個月教學計畫 31 三、教學時程 34 四、課程規劃 34 五、教案設計,以第一堂課為範例 35 六、教學工具 37 七、遊戲式評量用於聽說讀方面的測驗 38 八、教學評量標準 40 第四節 研究對象 40 第五節 訪談研究的設計 42 一、訪談研究設計的要點 42 二、研究工具 43 三、訪談進行方式 44 第肆章 研究發現 45 第一節 歌唱教學的學習保留率分析 45 一、多元化評量 45 二、成果發表 48 第二節 訪談結果分析 50 一、訪談結果分析步驟 50 二、歌唱教學及遊戲式評量影響華語學習的四個面向 50 第三節 討論 74 第伍章 結論與建議 78 參考文獻 81 附錄一、一對一訪談問卷 101 附錄二、遊戲式評量的題目範例 105

    王贊育、陳振宇(2015)。統計學習機制在語言習得中的角色及其對第二語教學的可能啟發。華語文教學研究, 12(4), 11-44. http://www.AiritiLibrary.com/Publication/Index/18118429-201512-201512310006-201512310006-11-44
    何嘉雯, 李芃娟(2003)。 交互教學法對國小閱讀理解困難學生教學成效之研究。國立臺南師範學院特殊教育學系。特殊教育與復健學報,民92,11期,101∼125頁
    林啟超 、謝智玲(2017)。高職學生知覺教師心理支持、情境興趣、個人興趣與課業投入間關係之探究。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊,2017 年,10 卷 2 期,1-32 頁
    周宜彤(2008)。中學生學習興趣與相關因素之探討。國立屏東科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士論文。民97/7/10。
    洪榮昭(2005)。遊戲的教育意義。國民教育。民94/2。45卷3期。
    洪榮昭、詹瓊華(2018)。共變推理遊戲:遊戲自我效能與後設認知 影響遊戲中的焦慮、興趣及表現之研究/教育科學研究期刊 第六十三卷第三期,2018 年,63(3),131-162 doi:10.6209/JORIES.201809_63(3).0005
    陳振宇(2013)。學語言學到了什麼?從語言的多面向樣貌探討語言教學的新路徑。臺灣華語教學研究。第七期 Vol.7 (2013.12):1-11
    陳宜男(2019)。透過做中學,嬰幼兒學習的記憶保留率竟可達75%!?親子天下雜誌117期https://www.parenting.com.tw/article/5080044
    郭泰(2018)。聽音樂邊做事、練習左手寫字...善用「5個腦袋」工作,企劃高手思考力比一般人強10倍。商業週刊https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/careers/blog/23494
    張映芬(2017)。探索學習興趣的世界。科學發展 2017 年 11 月│ 539 期 https://ejournal.stpi.narl.org.tw/sd/download?source
    張瑞祥(2015)。 應用華語歌曲及錄音軟體於華語教學之課程設計。國立台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文。 
    張英琦、林建隆、鄭孟斐、張誌原(2017)。多面向概念改變架構融入 5E 探究式教學策略對概念改變成效的探討 - 以轉動與力矩單元為例。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊。2017 年,10 卷 3 期,87-117 頁。
    傅秀媚(2003)。融合班級中教學策略之應用(二)-交互教學法與過程本位教學法。特殊教育論文集,167-180頁。臺中市,國立臺中師範學院。ws3.ntcu.edu.tw
    鄭瑞洲、洪振方、黃台珠(2011)。情境興趣--制式與非正式課程科學學習的交會點。科學教育月刊第340期。
    韓瑋, 程琦(2015)。「 學習金字塔理論」在高校教學模式改革實踐中的可行性分析。科技與創新。 2015,000(007):110-111。
    齊鵬、茹畫、高凌雲、張小兵、周天舒、田語、Nitish Thakor、Anastasios Bezerianos、李勁松、孫煜(2019)。《前沿研究丨心理疲勞的神經機制:腦連接組的新見解》。本文選自中國工程院院刊《Engineering》2019年第2期。
    華人百科: https://www.itsfun.com.tw/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96/wiki-8022951-8785051

    References (English)
    Abdorahimzadeh, S. (2014). Gender differences and EFL reading comprehension: Revisiting topic interest and test performance. System, 42, 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2013.11.008
    Abraham, M. R. (1997). The learning cycle approach to science instruction (Research matters - To the science teacher, No. 9701). Columbia, MO: The National Association for Research in Science Teaching.
    Abraham, M. R., & Renner, J. W. (1986). The sequence of learning cycle activities in high school chemistry. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 23(2), 121-143.
    AbuSeileek, A. (2012). The effect of computer-assisted cooperative learning methods and group size on the EFL learners’ achievement in communication skills. Computers & Education, 58, 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.07.011
    Alisaari, J., & Heikkola, L. M. (2016). Increasing fluency in L2 writing with singing. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(2), 271-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.2.5
    Alisaari, J., & Heikkola, L. M. (2017). Songs and poems in the language classroom: Teachers' beliefs and practices. Teaching and Teacher Education, 63, 231-242.
    Anderson, J.R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Arigita-García, A., Sanchez-Cabrero, R., Barrientos-Fernandez, A., Manoso-Pacheco, L., & Pericacho-Gomez, F. J. (2021). Pre-eminence of determining factors in second language learning: An educator’s perspective from Spain. Heliyon, 7, e06282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06282
    Atkin, J. M., & Karplus, R. (1962). Discovery or invention? The Science Teacher, 29(5), 45-51.
    Atkinson, D. (2014). language Learning in mind-body world: A socio-cognitive approach to second language acquisition. Language Teaching, 47, 467-483.
    Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405.
    Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Barthes, R. (1977). Image/music/text. New York: Hill and Wang.
    Beckmann, J.F. (2010). Taming a beast of burden - On some issues with the conceptualization and operationalization of cognitive load. Learning and Instruction, 20, 250–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.02.024.
    Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2005). When high-powered people fail: Working memory and “choking under pressure”. Psychological Science, 16(2), 101–105. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00789.
    Bonk, W. (2000). Second language lexical knowledge and listening comprehension. International Journal of Listening, 14(1), 14-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2000.10499033
    Brandmo, C., & Bråten, I. (2018). Investigating relations between beliefs about justification for knowing, interest, and knowledge across two socio-scientific topics. Learning and Individual Differences, 62, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.01.010
    Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. (Eds.). (1999). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    Branson, R. K. (1978). The interservice procedures for instructional systems development. Educational Technology, March, 11-14.
    Bybee, R. (1997). Achieving scientific literacy: From purposes to practices. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Publications.
    Bybee, R. W. (2009). The BSCS 5E instructional model and 21st-century skills. Springs, CO: BSCS.
    Bybee, R. W., & Landes, N. M. (1990). Science for life & living: An elementary school science program from biological sciences curriculum study. The American Biology Teacher, 52(2), 92-98.
    Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991). Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 8(4), 293–332. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2.
    Chen, C. H. (2018). The impacts of peer competition-based science gameplay on conceptual knowledge, intrinsic motivation, and learning behavioral patterns. Educational Technology Research & Development, 67, 179–198 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9635-5.
    Chen, C. H., & Law, V. (2016). Scaffolding individual and collaborative game-based learning in learning performance and intrinsic motivation. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 1201–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.010.
    Chen, C. H., Law, V., & Chen, W.-Y. (2017). The effects of peer competition-based science learning game on secondary students' performance, achievement goals, and perceived ability. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(2), 235-244, https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2017.1300776.
    Chen, C. H., Wang, K. C., & Lin, Y. S. (2015). The comparison of solitary and collaborative modes of game-based learning on students' science learning and motivation. Educational Technology & Society, 18(2), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/t09161-000.
    Chen, C.-M., & Wu, C.-H. (2015). Effects of different video lecture types on sustained attention, emotion, cognitive load, and learning performance. Computers & Education, 80, 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.015.
    Chen, O., Kalyuga, S., Sweller, J. (2017). The expertise reversal effect is a variant of the more general element interactivity effect. Educational Psychological Review, 30, 29, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9359-1.
    Chitman-Booker, L., & Kopp, K. (2013). The 5Es of inquiry-based science. Teacher created materials. Huntington Beach, CA: Shell Education.
    Choi, H.-H., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (2014). Effects of the physical environment on cognitive load and learning: Towards a new model of cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 26(2), 225–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9262-6.
    Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., & Bunting, M. F. (2001). The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196169.
    Cottrell, N. B. (1972). Social facilitation. In C. G. McClintock (Ed.). Experimental social psychology (pp. 185–236). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
    Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Science, 24, 87–114, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003922.
    Coyne, E., Grafton, E., & Reid, A. (2016). Strategies to successfully recruit and engage clinical nurses as participants in qualitative clinical research. Contemporary Nurse, 52(6), 669–676.
    DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B.F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314–321.
    Dornyei, Z. (2003). Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning: Advances in theory, research, and applications. Language Learning, 53(S1), 3-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.53222
    Downes, S. (2010). Learning networks and connective knowledge. In H. H. Yang, & S. C. Yuen (Eds.), Collective intelligence and e-learning 2.0: Implications of web-based communities and networking. IGI global.
    Downes, S. (2012). Connectivism and connective knowledge: Essays on meaning and learning networks. Ottawa, ON: National Research Council Canada. http://www.downes.ca/files/Connective_Knowledge-19May2012.pdf.
    Duncan, M. (2004). The operatic scandal of the singing body: voice, presence, performativity. Cambridge Opera Journal, 16(3), 283–306.
    Duran, L. B. (2003). Investigating brine shrimp. Science Activities, 40(2), 30-34.
    Duran, L. B., & Duran, E. (2004). The 5E instructional model: A learning cycle approach for inquiry-based science teaching. Science Education Review 3(2), 49-58.
    Elabdali, R. (in press). Are two heads really better than one? A meta-analysis of the L2 learning benefits of collaborative writing. Journal of Second Language Writing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2020.100788
    Elliot, A. J. (1999). Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. Educational Psychologist, 34(3), 169-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3.
    Engh, D. (2013). Why use music in English language learning? A survey of the literature. English Language Teaching, 6(2), 113-127.
    Etheredge, S., & Rudnitsky, A. (2003). Introducing students to scientific inquiry: How do we know what we know? New York: Pearson Education.
    Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6(6), 409–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02699939208409696.
    Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336.
    Feltovich, P. J., Spiro, R. J., Coulson, R. L., & Feltovich, J. (Eds.). (1996). Collaboration within and among minds: Mastering complexity, individuality and in groups. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    Gerjets, P., Scheiter, K., & Schorr, T. (2003). Modeling processes of volitional action control in multiple-task performance: How to explain effects of goal competition and task difficulty on processing strategies and performance within ACT-R. Cognitive Science Quarterly, 3, 355–400.
    Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Gomes-Junior, R. C. (2020). Instanarratives: Stories of foreign language learning on Instagram. System, 94, 102330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102330
    Good, A. J., Russo, F.A., & Sullivan, J. (2014). The efficacy of singing in foreign-language learning. Psychology of Music, 43(5), 627-640.
    Graham, C. (1992). Singing, chanting, telling tales: Arts in the language classroom. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Green, J. M. (1993). Student attitudes toward communicative and non-communicative activities: Do enjoyment and effectiveness go together? The Modern Language Journal, 77(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01938.x.
    Guerin, B. (1993). European monographs in social psychology. Social facilitation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
    Hallam, S., Price, J., & Katsarou, G. (2002). The effects of background music on primary school pupils' task performance. Educational Studies, 28(2), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03055690220124551
    Hampel, R., & Hauck, M. (2006). Computer-mediated language learning: Making meaning in multimodal virtual learning spaces. JALT CALL Journal, 2(2), 3-18.
    Hidi, S., & Renninger, K. A. (2006). The four-phase model of interest development. Educational Psychologist, 41, 111–127.
    Hidi, S., Renninger, K. A., & Krapp, A. (2004). Interest, a motivational variable that combines affective and cognitive functioning. In D. Y. Dai, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on intellectual functioning and development (pp. 89–115). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
    Hirsh, D., & Nation, P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689-696.
    Hofmann, S. G., Moscovitch, D. A., & Kim, H. J. (2006). Autonomic correlates of social anxiety and embarrassment in shy and non-shy individuals. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61, 134 – 142. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.09.003
    Hofstein, A., & Mamlok-Naaman, R. (2007). The laboratory in science education: The state of the art. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8(2), 105-107.
    Holme, R. (2009). Cognitive linguistics and language teaching. Basingstoke (Hampshire), UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
    Hong, J. C., Chen, M. L., Wang, C. M., Ye, J. N., & Ye, J. H. (2020). Relationship between the urban and rural students’ cooperative attitude, creative task engagements, and competition value in participating a STEAM co-creation contest. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(12), 873-881.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y.*, Tai, K. H., & Lin, P. C. (2015). Self-efficacy relevant to competitive anxiety and gameplay interest in the one-on-one competition setting. Educational Technology Research & Development, 63, 791-807.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., & Tai, K. H. (in press). Effects of gamifying questions on English grammar learning mediated by epistemic curiosity and language anxiety. Computer Assisted Language Learning, https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Hsu, C. H., Tai, K. H., & Kuo, Y. C. (2015). Belief in dangerous virtual communities as a predictor of continuance intention mediated by general and online social anxiety: The Facebook perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 663-670.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Liu, Y. T., Lin, P. H., & Chen, Y. L. (2016). The role of pre-game learning attitude in the prediction to competitive anxiety, perceived utility of pre-game learning of game and gameplay interest. Interactive Learning Environment, 24(1), 239-251.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Szeto, S. Y. E., Tsai, C. R., Kuo, Y. C., & Hsu, W. Y. (2016). Internet cognitive failure relevant to self-efficacy, learning interest, and satisfaction with social media learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 214-222.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Tai, K. H., & Chen, Y. L. (2014). Using calibration to enhance students’ self-confidence in English vocabulary learning relevant to their judgment of over-confidence and predicted by smartphone self-efficacy and English learning anxiety. Computers & Education, 72, 313-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.11.011
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Tai, K. H., & Lin, P. H. (2019). Improving cognitive certitude with calibration mediated by cognitive anxiety, online learning self-efficacy, and interest in learning Chinese pronunciation. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(3), 597-615.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Tai, K. H., Lin. P. H., & Lin, P. C. (2020). Learning progress in a Chinese order of stroke game: The effects of intrinsic cognitive load and gameplay interest mediated by flow experience. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(4), 842-862.
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Tai, K. H., Lin. P. H., & Lin, P. C. (2020). Learning progress in a Chinese order of stroke game: The effects of intrinsic cognitive load and gameplay interest mediated by flow experience. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(4), 842-862. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1614068
    Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Tsai, C. R., Tai, K. H., & Wu, Y. F. (2020). The effect of social dilemma on flow experience: Prosociality relevant to collective efficacy and goal achievement motivation. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 18, 239-258.
    Hong, J.C., Lin, M.P., Hwang, M.Y.*, Tai, K. H., & Kuo, Y. C. (2015). Comparing animated and static modes in educational gameplay on user interest, performance and gameplay anxiety. Computers & Education, 88, 109-118.
    Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j. 1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x.
    Hu, M., & Nation, P. (2000). Unknown vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 13(1), 403-430.
    Huron, D. (2006). Sweet anticipation: Music and the psychology of expectation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    Hwang, M. Y., Hong, J. C., Tai, K. H., Chen, J. T., & Timothy, G. (2020). The relationship between online social anxiety, perceived information overload and fatigue, and job engagement in civil servant users of LINE. Government Information Quarterly, 37(1), 101423.
    Ivins, J. E. (1986). A comparison of the effects of two instructional sequences involving science laboratory activities. Dissertation of University of Cincinnati.
    James, C. J. (Ed.). (1985). The ACTFL foreign language education series: Foreign language proficiency in the classroom and beyond. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company
    Jeong, H., & Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2016). Seven affordances of computer-supported collaborative learning: How to support collaborative learning? How can technologies help? Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 247–265.
    Jewitt, C. (2012). Technology, literacy, learning: A multimodal approach. London: Routledge.
    Jiang, D., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Collaborating with ‘familiar’ strangers in mobile-assisted environments: The effect of socializing activities on learning EFL writing. Computers & Education, 150, 103841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103841
    Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R., & Holubec, E. (1993). Circles of learning (4th ed.). Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company.
    Kalyuga, S., & Plass, J. L. (2017). Cognitive load as a local characteristic of cognitive processes. In R. Zheng (Ed.), Cognitive load measurement and application: A theoretical framework for meaningful research and practice (pp. 1477–1884). New York: Routledge.
    Kirschner, S., & Tomasello, M. (2010). Joint music making promotes prosocial behavior in 4-year-old children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31(5), 354-364.
    Kop, R., & Hill, A. (2008). Connectivism: Learning theory of the future or vestige of the past? International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9(3), 1-13. http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/523/1137
    Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Viberg, O. (2018). Mobile collaborative language learning: State of the art. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12580
    Kyongho, H., & Nation, P. (1989). Reducing the vocabulary load and encouraging vocabulary learning through reading newspapers. Reading in a Foreign Language, 6(1), 323-335
    Lake, R. (2003). Enhancing acquisition through music. The Journal of the Imagination in Language Learning, 7, 98-107.
    Laufer, B. (2013). Lexical thresholds for reading comprehension: What they are and how they can be used for teaching purposes. TESOL Quarterly, 47(4), 867e872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tesq.140
    Lewkowich, D. (2020). Affect, alienation, and awkwardness: Why I sing to my students (a non-representational consideration). Emotion, Space and Society, 34, 100649.
    Li, M., & Lam, B. (2005). Cooperative learning. Retrieved from http://www.ied.edu.hk/aclass/Theories/cooperativelearningcoursewriting_LBH%2024June.pdf.
    Loingsigh, D. N., & Mozzon-McPherson, M. (2020). Advising in Language Learning in a new speaker context: Facilitating linguistic shifts. System, 95, 102363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102363
    Lu, Y., & Hsu, C. F. (2008). Willingness to communicate in intercultural interactions between Chinese and Americans. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 37(2), 75-88.
    Ludke K. M. (2018). Singing and arts activities in support of foreign language learning: an exploratory study. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 12(4), 371-386.
    Ludke, K. M., Ferreira, F., & Overy, K. (2014). Singing can facilitate foreign language learning. Memory and Cognition, 42, 41-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0342-5.
    MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Language anxiety: Its relationship to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. Language Learning, 41(4), 513-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00691.x.
    McComas III, W. F. (1992). The nature of exemplary practice in secondary school science laboratory instruction: A case study approach (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Iowa, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(12),4284A.
    McIntyre, M. M., & Graziano, W. G. (2016). Seeing people, seeing things: Individual differences in selective attention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 1258–1271.
    McIntyre, M. M., Gundlach, J. L., & Graziano, W. G. (2021). Liking guides learning: The role of interest in memory for STEM topics. Learning and Individual Differences, 85, 101960. doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101960
    Mehrabian, A. (1996). Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament. Current Psychology, 14, 261-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686918
    Melero, J., Hernández-Leo, D., & Manatunga, K. (2015). Group-based mobile learning: Do group size and sharing mobile devices matter? Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.078
    Mesghina, A., & Richland, L. E. (2020). Impacts of expressive writing on children’s anxiety and mathematics learning: Developmental and gender variability. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 63, 101926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101926
    Molenda, M. (2003). In search of the elusive ADDIE model. Performance Improvement, 42(5), 34-37. http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1678782/
    Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 59-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.63.1.59.
    Nation, P. (2003). The role of the first language in foreign language learning. Asian EFL Journal, 5(2), 1-8. http://www.videa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/The-role-of-the-first-language-in-foreign-language-learning.pdf
    National Science Foundation. (2019). What does the S&E job market look like for U.S. graduates?” Retrieved from https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201/u-s-s-e-workforce.
    Ngu, B.H., Phan, H.P., Yeung, A.S., & Chung, S.F. (2018). Managing element interactivity in equation solving. Educational Psychological Review, 30, 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9397-8.
    Northern S. (2019), The 5 E’s of inquiry-based learning: Knowledge quest. Retrieved from https://knowledgequest.aasl.org/the-5-es-of-inquiry-based-learning.
    Oga-Baldwin, W. L. Q (2019). Acting, thinking, feeling, making, collaborating: The engagement process in foreign language learning. System, 86, 102128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2019.102128
    Ogden, J., & Cornwell, D. (2010). The role of topic, interviewee, and question in predicting rich interview data in the field of health research. Sociology of Health & Illness, 32 (7), 1059–1071.
    Ormrod, J. E. (2016). Human learning (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
    Oxford, R. L., Griffiths, C., Longhini, A., Cohen, A., Macaro, E., & Harris, V. (2014). Experts’ personal metaphors and similes about language learning strategies. System, 43(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.01.001
    Paas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994). Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks. Educational Psychology Review, 6(4), 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02213420.
    Paas, F., Tuovinen, J.E., Tabbers, H., Van Gerven, P.W.M. (2003). Cognitive load measurement as a means to advance cognitive load theory. Educational Psychology, 38, 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3801_8.
    Palmer, C., & Kelly, M. (1992). Linguistic prosody and musical meter in song. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 525-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90027-U.
    Parasleva, F., Mysirlaki, S., & Papagianni, A. (2010). Multiplayer online games as educational tools: Facing new challenges in learning. Computers & Education, 54, 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.001
    Parkinson, M., & Dinsmore, D. (2019). Understanding the developmental trajectory of strategies in second language acquisition using the model of domain learning. System, 86, 102125. DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2019.102125
    Purnell-Webb, P., & Speelman, C. (2008). Effects of music on memory for text. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106, 958-962.
    Rassaei, E. (2015). Oral corrective feedback, foreign language anxiety and L2 development. System, 49, 98-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2015.01.002
    Reber, R., Canning, E. A., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2018). Personalized education to increase interest. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 449–454.
    Reed, J. M., & Ferdig, R. E. (2021). Gaming and anxiety in the nursing simulation lab: A pilot study of an escape room. Journal of Professional Nursing, 37, 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.01.006
    Richardson,W., & Mancabelli, R. (2011). Personal learning networks: Using the power of connections to transform education. Bloomington: Solution Tree Press.
    Saviola, F., Pappaianni, E., Monti, A., Grecucci, A., Jovicich, J., & De Pisapia, N. (2020). Trait and state anxiety are mapped differently in the human brain. Scientific Reports, 10, 11112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68008-z.
    Schmitt, N., Jiang, X., & Grabe, W. (2011). The percentage of words known in a text and reading comprehension. The Modern Language Journal, 95(1), 26-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01146.x.
    Schunk, D. H., Meece, J. L., & Pintrich, P. R. (2014). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications (4th ed.). Colombus, OH: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
    Siemens, G., & Tittemberger, P. (2009). Handbook of emerging technologies for learning. University of Manitoba.
    Skuballa, I. T., Xu, K. M., & Jarodzka, H. (2019). The impact of Co-actors on cognitive load: When the mere presence of others makes learning more difficult. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 30–41.
    Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1970). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for adults-manual. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden, Inc.
    Spychiger, M., Patry, J., Lauper, G., Simmermann, E., & Weber, E. (1995). Does more music teaching lead to a better social climate? In R. Olechowski, & G. Khan-Svik (Eds.), Experimental research on teaching and learning (pp. 322-336). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
    Stæhr, L. (2008). Vocabulary size and the skills of listening, reading and writing. The Language Learning Journal, 36(2), 139-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09571730802389975
    Stahl, B., Kotz, S. A., Henseler, I., Turner, R., & Geyer, S. (2011). Rhythm in disguise: Why singing may not hold the key to recovery from aphasia. Brain, 134, 3083-3093.
    Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning, Cognitive Science, 12, 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4.
    Sweller, J. (2010). Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Educational Psychological Review, 30, 22, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9128-5.
    Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994). Why some material is difficult to learn. Cognition and Instruction, 12, 185–233, https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532690xci1203_1.
    Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory. New York: Springer.
    Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J. J., & Paas, F.G. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychological Review. 10, 251–296 .1040.726X/98/0900-0251S15.00/0.
    Tegge, F. (2015). Investigating song-based language teaching and its effect on lexical learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington.
    Tegge, F. (2017). The lexical coverage of popular songs in English language teaching. System, 67, 87-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.04.016
    Tsai, Y. S., Lin, C. H., Hong, J. C., & Tai, K. H. (2018). The effects of metacognition on online learning interest and continuance to learn with MOOCs. Computers & Education, 121, 18-29.
    van Lier, L. (2000). From input to affordance: Social interactive learning from an ecological perspective. In J. P. Lantolf (Ed.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning: Recent advances (pp. 245-259). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    van Lier, L. (2002). An ecological-semiotic perspective on language and linguistics. In C. Kramsch (Ed.), Language acquisition and language socialization: Ecological perspectives (pp. 140-164). London: Continuum.
    van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language learning and sociocultural theory. In N. Hornberger (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language and education (2nd. Ed.). Boston: Springer.
    van Zeeland, H., & Schmitt, N. (2013). Lexical coverage in L1 and L2 listening comprehension: The same or different from reading comprehension? Applied Linguistics, 34(4), 457-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/ams074
    Verga, L., & Kotz, S. A. (2013). How relevant is social interaction in second language learning? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00550. Article 550.
    Vyas, D., Chisalita, C. M., & Van Der Veer, G. C. (2006). Affordance in interaction. In E. Hollnagel (Ed.). The 13th Eurpoean Conference on cognitive ergonomics: Trust and control in complex socio-technical systems (pp. 92–99). New York: ACM.
    Webb, S., & Rodgers, M. P. H. (2009a). The lexical coverage of movies. Applied Linguistics, 30(3), 407-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp010.
    Webb, S., & Rodgers, M. P. H. (2009b). Vocabulary demands of television programs. Language Learning, 59(2), 335-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00509.
    Wickens, C.D., Hollands, J.G., Banbury, S., & Parasuraman, R. (2013). Engineering psychology and human performance (4th ed.) Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
    Wiltermuth, S. S., & Heath, C. (2009). Synchrony and cooperation. Psychological Science, 20, 1-5.
    Wirzberger, M., Beege, M., Schneider, S., Nebel, S., & Rey, G.D. (2016). One for all? Simultaneous examination of load-inducing factors for advancing media-related instructional research. Computers & Education, 100, 18–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.04.010.
    Wirzberger, M., Bijarsari, S. E., & Rey, G.D. (2017). Embedded interruptions and task complexity influence schema-related cognitive load progression in an abstract learning task. Acta Psychologica, 179, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.07.001.
    Wirzberger, M., Borst, J. P., Krems, J. F., & Rey, G. D., (2020). Memory-related cognitive load effects in an interrupted learning task: A model-based explanation. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 20, 100139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2020.100139
    Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688206071315
    Zheng, Y. (2008). Anxiety and second/foreign language learning revisited. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education, 1(1), 1-12.
    Zhou, M. (2016). The roles of social anxiety, autonomy, and learning orientation in second language learning: A structural equation modeling analysis. System, 63, 89-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.09.001
    Zou, B., Li, H., & Li, J. (2018). Exploring a curriculum app and a social communication app for EFL learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 31(7), 694-713. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1438474

    下載圖示
    QR CODE