摘 要
本研究旨在分析優秀女子游泳運動員兩種出發動作實施的差異，達到成績提昇的目的。受試者為近二年國家女子代表隊的短距離游泳運動員共六名。受試者年齡18.6±3.02歲，身高168.7±5.35公分，體重52.5±3.51公斤，訓練年齡10.2±1.60年，50公尺自由式最佳成績為27.16±0.18秒。利用乙部SONY數位攝影機進行拍攝，使用PEAK MOTUS 7.0動作分析系統進行分析，且利用SPSS 8.0 FOR WINDOWS統計軟體進行重複量數變異數分析t考驗，以檢驗兩種出發動作間參數的差異。
經研究得到的結論為：
一、 預備姿勢中，蹲踞式出發重心位置靠後且較低，動作穩定。有利於目前一次出發的比賽模式，且出發台上速度優於抓握式，有利於短距離游泳競賽實施。
二、 飛程階段中，蹲踞式出發有較小的離台角度、與較大的離台瞬間水平速度和較短的飛程時間，在此階段擁有優勢。
三、 蹲踞式出發擁有較大的入水速度，較早的起水游使得在10公尺時間與平均速度均優於抓握式出發，蹲踞式出發技術適合於短距離自由式。蹲踞式出發動作可以適用於我國女子游泳運動員，以利短距離成績的提昇。

The analysis of two start movements in excellent
female short-distance swimmers

Chiang Yung-Tai Hsu Shuh-Yuan

ABSTRACT

This research was to analyze the differences of the two start techniques [grab start and track start] used by the experienced competitive female swimmers. The purpose of the investigation is to get better start parameter data in order to enhance athletes’ performance. Samples are six national-level female swimmers in short-distance event. The average age is 18.6±3.02; the average height is 168.7±5.35cm; the average weight is 52.5±3.51kg and the average training years is 10.2±1.60 yrs. The best velocity in 50m freestyle is 27.16±0.18sec. They were video-taped by two high-speed Sony digital cameras. The data were digital analyzed by Peak Motus 7.0 movement system. Besides, repeated measures analysis of variance and T-test were also analyzed by the statistics SPSS software which could examine the differences of parameter data of the two start movements.

The conclusions of this study were as below:

1. Making preparatory position of track start lower will help the swimmers steadier and more powerful in start movement. Besides, the velocity at the start block was better than the grab start. Therefore, track start is suitable to be used in short distance.
2. There was smaller angel and faster horizontal velocity of take off in track start. The track start’s fly time was shorter as well.
3. The entry velocity was faster in track start. Thus, breaking the surface of water earlier helped the track start had better average velocity of the first 10 meters than grab start. Therefore, the track start is suitable to be used in short-distance freestyle. According the above results, it indicated that the track start is a better way for the elite swimmers in Taiwan.

參 考 書 目

一、中文部分
1.許樹淵（1976）：人體運動力學。台北：偉彬體育研究社。
2.許樹淵（1997）：運動生物力學。台北：合計圖書出版社。
3.李良標（1998）：運動生物力學。北京：人民體育出版社。
4.武育勇（1998）：游泳論。台北：啟英文化公司。
5.許樹淵（1977）：跳水的力學分析。師大學報，第二十二期。441-447頁。
6.王伯超（1999）：游泳蹲踞式與抓台式出發技術運動學特徵的比較研究。廣州體育學院學報，第19卷第1期。109-112頁。
7.仲宇、劉蘆萍、邵松柏（1997）：游泳蹲踞式與抓台式出發技術運動學研究。西安體育學院學報，第14卷第3期。83-88頁。
8.周家穎、王慧、仲宇（1994）：兩種游泳出發技術的運動學分析。西安體育學院學報，第11卷第2期。38-42頁。

二、英文部分
1. Antonio C. S. Guimaraes, James G. Hay (1985), A Mechanical Analysis of the Grab Starting Technique in Swimming. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics,1985 1,25-35.
2. Betty J. Vickers, and William Vincent (1989). Swimming 69-73. Wm. C. Brown Publishers Dubuque, Iowa.
3. Breed, R. V. P. and McElroy, G. K. (2000). A Biomechanics Comparison of the grab, swing and track starts in swimming. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 200, 39. 277-293.
4. David A. Wintre (1990). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. A Wiley-Interscience Publication.
5. Douglas W. Gamrel, Daniel Blanke, Kay Thigpen, and Morris B. Mellion (1991). A Biomechanical Comparison of Two Relay Starts in Swimming. Journal of Swimming Research. Vol. 7,No. 2,1991,5-9.
6. Ernet W. Maglischo (1993). Swimming Faster: A Comprehensive Guide to the Science of Swimming. Mayfield Publishing Company.
7. Gail Shierman(1979). The Grab and Conventional Swimming Starts: A Force Analysis, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 19(2), 1979,171-180.
8. Gallvian, M.T. and Hoshizaki, T. Blaine (1987). A mathematical Model of A Swimming Start Entry. Biomechanics X-B, Campaign Ⅲ, Human Kinetics Publisher, C 1987, 767-772.
9. James G. Hay (1987). Swimming Biomechanics: A Brief Review. Swimming Technique, 1986,15-21.
10. James E. Counsilman, Brian E. Counsilman, Motohiro Endo and Takeo Nomura (1988). Three Types of Grab Starts for Competitive Swimming. 81-89.
11. James E. Cousilman (1997). Competitive Swimming Manual for Coaches and Swimmers. 210-215. Counsilman Co., Inc. Bloomington, Indiana.
12. John A. Miller, James G. Hay, and Barry D. Wilson (1984). Starting Techniques of Elite Swimmers.Journal of Sports Science, 1984,2,213-223.
13. Kennedy P., Brown P., Chengalur, S. N. and Nelson, R. C. (1990). Analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 100-meter events. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 6, 187-197.
14. McLean S. P., Vint P. F., Beckett K. D., Hinrichs R. N., and Holthe M. J. (2000). Kinematics of step-through swimming starts. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 911.
15. Nelson, R. C. and Pike, N. L. (1978). Analysis and Comparison of Swimming Starts and Strokes. In Eriksson, B. and Furbeg, B. (ed), Swimming Medicine Ⅳ, Baltimore, Md, University Park Press, 1978,p347-360.
16. Richard Groves and John A. Roberts (1970). A Further Investigation of the optimum Angle of Projection For Racing Start in Swimming. The Research Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2, 167-174.
17. Roffer B. J. (1971). A comparison of the grab start and conventional racing starts in swimming. Unpublished masters thesis, Pennsylvania State University.
18. Zatsiorsky M., Bulgakova N. Zh., and Chaplinsky N. M. (1975). Biomechanics Analysis of Starting Technique in Swimming.