研究生: |
張明凱 M. K.. Chang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
基於整數型態之色彩插補演算法設計 Design of Integer-Based Color Interpolation |
指導教授: |
蘇崇彥
Su, Chung-Yen |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering |
論文出版年: | 2011 |
畢業學年度: | 99 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 69 |
中文關鍵詞: | 色彩插補 、解馬賽克 、貝爾圖形 、整數型態 、數位相機 |
英文關鍵詞: | Demosaicing, Color Interpolation, Integer-Based method, Bayer pattern, Digital camera |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:183 下載:5 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
近年來,大多數消費型數位相機為了減少體積與製作成本,採用前方覆蓋一層彩色濾波陣列(Color Filter Array)的感光元件。而由於CFA的結構,將造成各個像素點僅能擷取到光的三原色(紅、綠、藍)其中之一的資訊。色彩插補演算法的目的在即於藉由鄰近像素點的顏色資訊估測各像素點上所失去的另外兩種顏色,達到還原真實影像的效果。
目前有許多的色彩插補演算法被提出,雖然在逐年的發展之下,影像還原已有相當不錯的品質,但在計算複雜度與影像品質間仍然無法取得令人滿意的結果。因此,本篇論文提出一種整數型態的插補演算法,在降低計算複雜度後還能保有一定的影像還原品質。本文提出的方法主要特點為利用理想整數濾波器來插補綠色以及使用包含方向之雙線性濾波器進一步提升插補後的品質。期望藉由本文提出的低複雜度的演算法能提高被實作的可能性。
實驗方面我們使用柯達24張圖片做測試,並分別以數據和視覺評估的方式做比較。實驗結果證實,本文提出的整數型態的演算法能有效的減少執行時間且在主觀的視覺上也能得到不錯的效果。
Most commercial digital still cameras use a single sensor (e.g., CMOS or CCD) with a color filter array(CFA) to reduce the product size and cost. Since the CFA structure, only one of the three primary colors is obtained at each pixel location and the other two are missing. The aim of color interpolation is to estimate the other two missing color values by neighboring pixels. Recently many color interpolation algorithm have been proposed, but most of them can not satisfy the needs of low computational complexity and high reconstructed image quality at the same time. In addition, few of them are suitable for the implementation by integer processors. To solve above problems, we present an effective integer color interpolation algorithm. The novelties of the proposed algorithm include an optimal integer FIR filter and a new directional refining step. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and show that it outperforms several existing integer techniques.
[1] B. E. Bayer, “Color imaging array,” U.S. Patent 3 971 065, Jul. 1976.
[2] R. Rajeev, E. Wesley, L. Griff, and S. Williams, “Demosaicking methods for Bayer color arrays,” Journal of Electronic Imaging, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 306–315, July 2002.
[3] W. C. Kao, L. Y. Chen, and S. H. Wang, “Tone reproduction in color imaging systems by histogram equalization of macro edges,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 682–688, May 2006.
[4] X. Li, “Demosaicing by successive approximation,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 370–379, March 2005.
[5] C. Y. Su, “Highly effective iterative demosaicing using weighted-edge and color-difference interpolation,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 639–645, May 2006.
[6] J. E. Adams, “Interactions between color plane interpolation and other image processing functions in electronic photography,” in Proc. SPIE 2416, pp. 144–151, 1995.
[7] S. C. Pei, and I. K. Tam, “Effective color interpolation in CCD color filter arrays using signal correlation,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Systems Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 503–513, Jun. 2003.
[8] J. F. Hamilton Jr. and J. E. Adams, “Adaptive color plane interpolation in single color electronic camera,” U. S. Patent 5 629 734, May 1997.
[9] K. H. Chung, and Y. H. Chan, “Color demosaicing using variance of color differences,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 2944–2955, Oct 2006.
[10] D. Menon, S. Andriani, and G. Calvagno, “Demosaicing with directional filtering and a posteriori decision,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 132–141, Jan. 2007.
[11] K. L. Chung, W. J. Yang, W. M. Yan, and C.-C. Wang, “Demosaicing of color filter array captured images using gradient edge detection masks and adaptive heterogeneity-projection,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 17, no. 12, pp.2356–2367, Dec. 2008.
[12] C. Y. Su, and W. C. Kao, “Effective demosaicing using subband correlation,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, Vol, 55, pp. 199–204, no.1, April 2009.
[13] R. H. Hibbard, “Apparatus and method for adaptively interpolating a full color image utilizing luminance gradients,” U.S. Patent 5 382 976, 1995.
[14] C. Y. Tsai and K. T. Song, “Heterogeneity-projection hard-decision color interpolation using spectral-spatial correlation,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 78–91, Jan. 2007.
[15] J. E. Adams, “Design of practical color filter array interpolation algorithms for digital cameras, part 2,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, vol. 1, pp. 488–492, Oct. 1998.
[16] B. K. Gunturk, Y. Altunbasak, and R. M. Mersereau, “Color plane interpolation using alternating projections,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 997–1013, Sep. 2002.
[17] E. Dubois, “Frequency-domain methods for demosaicing of bayer-sampled color images,” IEEE Signal Process. Letter., vol. 12, no. 12, pp.847–850, Dec. 2005.
[18] W. Lu, and Y.-P. Tan, “Color filter array demosaicing: New method and performance measures,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1194–1210, Oct. 2003.
[19] X. Li, B. Gunturk, and L. Zhangc, “Image demosaicing: a systematic survey,” in Proc. SPIE, vol. 6822, Jan. 2008.
[20] F. Zhang, X. Wu, X. Yang, W. Zhang, and L. Zhang, “Robust color demosaicking with adaptation to varying spectral correlations,” IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2706 – 2717, Dec. 2009.
[21] C. Y. Su and J. K. Tseng, “Demosaicing using variable-size classifiers and proportional weights,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, Oct. 2009, pp. 493–496.
[22] C. Y. Su, M. K. Chang, and C. M. Hong, “Optimal integer FIR filtering for colour Interpolation,” IET Electronics Letters, vol. 46, no. 20, pp. 1376-1377, Sep. 2010.
[23] C. Y. Su and M. K. Chang, “An Effective Integer Demosaicing Based on Directional Filtering,” in WORLDCOMP’11 Int. Conf. IPCV, Las Vegas, Nevada, July 2011.
[24] 曾仁岡,“基於可變大小分類器及比例式權重之方向性色彩插補演算法設計”, 國立台灣師範大學 應用電子科技學系, 碩士論文 , 民國九十九年七月
[25] Kodak test images and the demosaicing code of successive approximation. [Online]. Available at http://www.csee.wvu.edu/~xinl/demo/demos aic.html.
[26] S-CIELab Metric (2003). [Online]. Available at http://white.stanford. edu/~brian/scielab/scielab.html
[27] Steve’s DIGICAM. [Online]. Available at http://www.steves-digicams. com/camera-reviews/nikon/d2x-slr/nikon-d2x-slr-review-17.html.
[28] Panasonic. [online] Available at http://www.panasonic.net/avc/camcord er/hd/global/products/hdc-hs9/highpicture.html.
[29] SLCentral. [online].Available at http://www.slcentral.com/c/h/a/2002/4/x3/
[30] Mobile01. [online] Available at http://www.mobile01.com/.
[31] NetGeo Wallpapers Website. [online] Available at http://ngm.national geographic.com/wallpaper/download.