研究生: |
歐陽子軒 AO IEONG, CHI HIN |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
馬歇爾與戰後美國對華政策(1945-1949) George Catlett Marshall, Jr. and the U.S. Policy Toward China after World War II (1945-1949) |
指導教授: |
黃自進
Huang, Tzu-Chin |
口試委員: | 林桶法 林德政 |
口試日期: | 2021/06/15 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
歷史學系 Department of History |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 87 |
中文關鍵詞: | 馬歇爾 、國共內戰 、蔣介石 、美國對華政策 、中美關係 |
英文關鍵詞: | George Catlett Marshall, Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek, U.S. policy toward China, U.S.-China relations |
研究方法: | 歷史研究法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100629 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:235 下載:0 |
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1945年抗戰勝利以後,和平並没有降臨中國,隨之而來的是國共就搶佔日佔區而開展的衝突。雖則國共兩黨曾在時任美國駐華大使赫爾利的促成下達成「雙十協定」,然而兩黨並没有因此停止敵對,雙方的衝突更有越演越烈之勢。美國研判國共雙方的衝突將使中國陥入內戰,不利於美國對華政策的開展,故美國決心以發揮政治力量的方法全面干預中國內戰。適逢赫爾利因對美國對華政策之不滿而大肆抨擊美國政府,致使美國政府之對華政策淪為朝野攻擊之對象,美國總統杜魯門遂決定派遣德高望重之馬歇爾出使中國,調處中國內戰。
馬歇爾於1946年12月出使中國,並於1947年1月返美。此一年之使華調處,可分為前後兩期,兩期又以1946年3月馬歇爾回美述職作為分水嶺。馬歇爾使華調處之前期,是為其使華調處之「蜜月期」,分別促成了停戰令、軍事調處執行部以及整軍協議。然而馬歇爾卻並未處理國共之間的深層次矛盾,致使其返美述職期間,國共雙方終因爭奪東北而大打出手。馬歇爾自美國返回後,調處日漸艱困,一方面是蔣介石決心武力剿共﹐另一方面則是中共因獲得蘇聯之暗助而得以進入東北發展,國共雙方各有盤算,互不相讓。蔣介石欺瞞馬歇爾前往瀋陽督師,進攻長春的舉動更是成為馬歇爾與國府及蔣介石決裂的根源。及後縱有司徒雷登襄助,馬歇爾的調處仍未見起色,調處陷入停滯。馬歇爾深知已無法調處,故轉向鼓勵中國第三方勢力人士積極參政,讓中國人為自己國家負責,並致力於確保1946年憲法之通過。
1947年1月,馬歇爾結束其使華任務返美,旋即接任國務卿一職。馬歇爾因其在中國調處的經驗,已對國府的管治能力失去信心,故有意逐步將美國勢力退出中國。適逢共產主義席捲歐洲,美國得以重新審視其全球戰略佈局,在全新的戰略思維下,中國的戰略重要性被大幅調低。在范宣德及肯楠的提議下,馬歇爾決意採取「重歐輕亞、扶植日本」的全新外交思維,棄守中國。1947年魏德邁之使華及1948年援華法案之通過,均是馬歇爾受外在壓力下的無奈之舉,馬歇爾消極、棄守中國的對華立場始終未變。
After the victory at the end of World War II in 1945, peace did not come to China, following by conflicts between the Chinese Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party for former Japanese occupied areas. Although the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party reached the "Double Tenth Agreement" from the U.S. Ambassador Hurley’s intervention, the two parties did not cease their hostility and conflicts between two parties became even more intense. The U.S. is determined to intervene in China's civil war by exerting its political power, because they believed those conflicts between the Communist Party and Chinese Kuomintang will lead China into a civil war, which is detrimental to the development of U.S. Policy Toward China. When Hurley's dissatisfaction with the U.S. Policy Toward China led him to criticize the U.S. government, making the U.S. government's policy toward China became the target of attacks from both sides of ruling parties and oppositions. As a result, President Harry S. Truman decided to send the highly respected George Catlett Marshall to China in order to mediate in the Chinese civil war.
Marshall went to China in December 1946 and returned to the U.S. in January 1947. This year's deployment to China can be divided into two phases, with Marshall's return to the U.S. in March 1946 as the watershed. The first period of Marshall's mission to China was the "honeymoon period", which led to the Cessation of Hostilities Order, The Executive Headquarters Peiping and the Basis for Military Reorganization and for the Integration of the Communist Forces into the Nation Army. However, Marshall failed to address the deep-rooted conflict between the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party, which led to a big fight between the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party over the Manchuria during his return to the U.S. at March 1946. After Marshall's return from the U.S., the situation became increasingly difficult, partly because of Chiang Kai-shek's determination to suppress the Communists by force, and partly because of the Chinese Communists were able to enter the Manchuria with the secret help supported by the Soviet Union. The two sides had their own plans and did not give way to each other. Chiang Kai-shek deceived Marshall into going to Shenyang to supervise and attack Changchun, which broke down the relationship between Marshall, the Republic of China (ROC) government and Chiang Kai-shek. Even with the help of John Leighton Stuart, Marshall's mediation failed to show any improvement and it came to a standstill. Marshall came to his senses that he could no longer mediate, he then turned to encourage third parties in China to take an active part in politics. On the other hand, Marshall also believed that Chinese are responsible for their own country. The final job of Marshall in China is to secure the passage of the 1946 Constitution.
In January 1947, Marshall returned to the U.S. from his mission to China and immediately assumed the position of Secretary of State. Due to his experience in China, Marshall had lost his confidence in the ROC government's ability to govern, therefore intended to gradually withdraw U.S. influence from China. As communism swept through Europe, the U.S. was able to re-examine its global strategic layout and under a new strategic mindset, the strategic significance of China was substantially downgraded. At the suggestion of John Carter Vincent and George Frost Kennan, Marshall decided to adopt a novel diplomatic mindset of "emphasizing Europe over Asia and supporting Japan" and abandoned China. Wedemeyer's mission to China in 1947 and the passage of China Aid Act of 1948 were both reluctant moves made by Marshall under external pressure while Marshall's position on China with passive attitude and abandonment remained unchanged.
一、外文史料
George Catlett Marshall Jr., Marshall's mission to China, December 1945-January 1947 : the report and appended documents Volume II Appended Documents.Arlington, Va., University Publications of America, 1976.
U. S. Department of State, United States relations with China, with special reference to the period 1944-1949,based on the files of the Department of State. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, Vol.2, General Political and Economic Matters. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1967.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 Vol. 6, The British Commonwealth, The Far East. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1969.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945 Vol. 7, The Far East, China.. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1969.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946 Vol. 9, The Far East, China.. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1972.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946 Vol. 10, The Far East, China..(Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1972.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947 Vol. 7, The Far East, China.. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1972.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948 Vol. 7, The Far East, China. .Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1973.
U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948 Vol. 8, The Far East, China. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,1973.
二、中文史料
〈革命文獻—雅爾達密約有關交涉及中蘇協定〉,《蔣中正總統文物》,國史館藏,數位典藏號:002-020300-00048-101
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呂芳上,《蔣中正先生年譜長編第九册》,臺北:國史館,2015。
呂芳上,《蔣中正先生年譜長編第八册》,臺北:國史館,2015。
約翰.司徒雷登(John Leighton Stuart)著,程宗家譯,《司徒雷登回憶錄》,北京:北京出版社,1982。
秦孝儀 編,《中華民國重要史料初編——對日抗戰時期 第七编 戰后中國 第二册》臺北:中國國民黨中央委員會黨史委員會出版,1981。
秦孝儀 編,《中華民國重要史料初編——對日抗戰時期 第三编 戰時外交 第二册》臺北:中國國民黨中央委員會黨史委員會出版,1981。
秦孝儀,《中華民國重要史料初編——對日抗戰時期第七編戰後中國(三)》,臺北:中國國民黨中央委員會黨史委員會,1981。
秦孝儀,《中華民國重要史料初編——對日抗戰時期第七編戰後中國(四)》,臺北:中國國民黨中央委員會黨史委員會,1981。
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秦孝儀等編,《總統蔣公大事長編初稿 卷5下》臺北:中國國民黨黨史委員會,1978
秦孝儀等編,《總統蔣公大事長編初稿 卷6上》臺北:中國國民黨黨史委員會,1978。
馬歇爾(George Catlett Marshall, Jr.)著,中國社會科學院近代史研究所譯,《中華民國史資料叢稿 馬歇爾使華(美國特使馬歇爾出使中國報告書)》北京:中華書局,1981。
魏德邁著,程之行等譯,《魏德邁報告全譯本》,高雄:華南書局,1959。
顧維鈞著,中國社會科學院近代史研究所譯,《顧維鈞回憶錄 第六分册》,北京:中華書局,1988。
三、專書
中央日報譯印,《蔣總統秘錄 第一册》臺北市:中華文化出版事業委員會,1974.10。
牛軍,《從赫爾利到馬歇爾–美國調處國共矛盾始末》,福州:福建人民出版社,1992。
王成勉,《馬歇爾使華調處日誌(1945年11月~1947年1月)》,臺北:國史館,1992。
王建民,《中國共產黨史稿(三)》,香港:中文圖書供應社,1974。
王綱領,《抗戰前後中美外交的幾個側面》,臺北:樂學書局有限公司,2008。
吳昆財,《美國參謀首長聯席會議對華主張之分析:1947~1950》,北京:九州出版社,2012。
李文志,《「外援」的政治經濟分析–重構「美援來華」的歷史圖像(1946-1948)》,臺北:憬藝企業有限公司,2003。
汪朝光,《1945-1949 國共政爭與中國命運》香港:香港中和出版有限公司,2011。
汪朝光,《和與戰的決擇 戰後國民黨的東北決策》北京:中國人民大學出版社,2016。
林立樹著,《司徒雷登調解國共衝突之理念與實踐》臺北:稻鄉出版社,2000。
林桶法,《從接收到淪陷–戰後平津地區接收工作之檢討》臺北:東大圖書股份有限公司,1997。
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胡素珊(Suzanne Pepper)著,啟蒙編譯所譯,《中國的內戰 1945-1949年的政治鬥爭》北京:當代中國出版社,2014.7。
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張玉法,《中華民國史稿》,臺北:聯經出版,1998。
莫士萊(Leonard Mosley)著,郭功儁譯,《馬歇爾傳》,臺北,臺灣商務印書館股份有限公司,1987。
陳毓鈞,《戰爭與和平–解析美國對華政策》,臺北:環宇出版社,1997。
資中筠,《美國對華政策的緣起與發展(1945-1950)》重慶:重慶出版社,1987。
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戴比和歐文.翁格爾夫婦,史丹利.赫什林合著,王祖寧譯,《喬治,馬歇爾傳紀》香港:香港恒慶德出版社,2017.8。
戴安娜.拉里(Diana Lary)著,廖彥博 譯,《流離歲月︰抗戰中的中國人民》,臺北:時報文化出版企業股份有限公司,2015.12。
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四、專文
王成勉,〈馬歇爾使華調處──第一階段之研究〉,《中華民國史專題第一屆討論會論文集》,頁761-792。
王成勉,〈馬歇爾與中國-國務卿任內之探討〉,《國史館館刊》復刊第22期(1997.10),頁205-228。
王成勉,〈從和平到戰爭──論馬歇爾使華調處的第二階段〉,《國父建黨革命一百周年學術討論集 第三冊》,頁406-433。
王成勉,〈烽火下的調處:對馬歇爾使華調處第三階段的評估(1946年7月-1947年1月)〉,《辛亥革命九十週年國際學術研討會》,頁1-34。
邵玉銘,〈一九四五年至一九四九年美國.蘇聯與國共四角關係〉,收入於邵玉銘,《中美關係研究論文集》(臺北:傳記文學出版社,1980),頁43-109。
邵玉銘,〈馬歇爾使華再評估〉,《近代中國》第46期(1985.4),頁86-92。
栗國成,〈戰後初期的國共關係(1945年8月–12月)〉,《國家發展研究》第1卷第1期(2001.12),頁191-242。
梁敬錞,〈抗戰勝利後的中美關係(一九四五──一九四九)〉,收入於梁敬錞,《中美關係論文集》(臺北:聯經出版事業公司,1982),頁147-174。
梁敬錞,〈馬歇爾奉使來華〉,收入於梁敬錞,《中美關係論文集》(臺北:聯經出版事業公司,1982),頁107-145。
陳暉,〈馬歇爾使華與蘇聯對華政策〉,《歷史研究》6月號(2008.6),頁138-154。
楊奎松,〈1946年國共兩黨鬥爭與馬歇爾調處〉,《歷史研究》第5期(1990.10),頁52-67。
蔡國裕,〈馬歇爾來華調處國共關係之經過〉,《近代中國》第79期(1990.10),頁167-188。
鍾益禾,〈喬治.肯楠的對華觀感–從圍堵政策出發〉,《萬竅–中華通識教育學刊》第9期(2009.5),頁89-110。
魏良才,〈馬歇爾與所謂國共和談〉,《近代中國》第46期(1985.4),頁93-111。
五、學位論文
王成勉,《馬歇爾使華調處策略之研究》(臺北:中國文化大學中美關係研究所碩士論文,1977.7)。