簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 楊梵妤
FAN-YU YANG
論文名稱: 心情與自我覺察對助人意向及助人行為之影響
The Effects of Mood and Objective Self-Awareness on Helping Intention and Helping Behavior
指導教授: 張文哲
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2006
畢業學年度: 94
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 126
中文關鍵詞: 心情自我覺察助人意向助人行為
英文關鍵詞: mood, self-awareness, helping intention, helping behavior
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:344下載:88
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究的目的,主要是在探討心情與自我覺察對助人意向和助人行為的影響。本研究以國立台灣師範大學學生為對象。大部分的受試者是正在修習社會心理學及教育心理學課程的學生。實驗一的受試者共120人,被隨機分派至8種實驗情境中,每組15人;實驗二的受試者共40人,被隨機分派至4種實驗情境中,每組10人;實驗三的受試者共40人,被隨機分派至4種實驗情境中,每組10人。
    實驗一採2(心情) ×4(自我覺察) 二因子獨立樣本實驗設計,心情以音樂操弄,分為正向和負向心情,自我覺察分為高自我覺察、低自我覺察、無自我覺察、及干擾自我覺察;以助人意向(答是的答案數、答是反應時間)和助人行為(連署、義工參與)為依變項,進行變異數分析及G2 考驗。實驗二以想像寫作操弄心情,採2(心情) ×2(自我覺察) 二因子獨立樣本實驗設計,心情分為正向和負向心情,自我覺察分為高自我覺察和低自我覺察;以助人意向(答是題數、答是反應時間)為依變項。實驗三改變測量助人行為的方式,採2(心情) ×2(自我覺察) 二因子獨立樣本實驗設計。心情以實驗一的音樂操弄,分為正向和負向心情,自我覺察分為高自我覺察和無自我覺察,依變項為助人行為(協助抄寫數字的格數)。
    實驗結果顯示:
    一、實驗一
    1.心情在助人意向上的主要效果未達顯著。
    2.自我覺察在助人意向上的主要效果未達顯著。
    3.心情與自我覺察在助人意向上沒有交互作用。
    4.心情與自我覺察在助人行為上沒有交互作用。
    二、實驗二
    1.心情在助人意向上的主要效果未達顯著。
    2.自我覺察在助人意向上的主要效果未達顯著。
    3.心情與自我覺察在助人意向上沒有交互作用。
    三、實驗三
    1.心情在助人行為上的主要效果達顯著。
    2.自我覺察在助人行為上的主要效果未達顯著。
    3.心情與自我覺察在助人行為上有交互作用。
    最後研究者根據研究結果加以討論,提出關於未來研究方向及教育上的相關建議。

    The purposes of this study are to investigate the effects of mood and objective self-awareness on the helping intention and explicit helping behavior. The subjects were recruited from educational psychology classes in National Taiwan Normal University. This research consists of 3 experiments.
    In Experiment 1, a 2 × 4 factorial design with two variations in mood (positive and negative) and four types of self-awareness (high, low, no, and interrupted) was employed. The mood variations were induced with music. The dependent variables were helping intention and helping behavior (signing a petition and working as a volunteer). One hundred and twenty undergraduates were randomly assigned to 8 conditions. A two-way ANOVA and G2 were used to analyze the data. No main effects or interaction effects were found.
    In Experiment 2, the mood was induced through a recall task. A 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 mood states (happy and sad) and 2 self-awareness levels (high and low) was used. The dependent variable is the intention to help another. Forty undergraduates were randomly assigned to the 4 conditions. Neither main effects nor interaction effect was found from the results of a two-way ANOVA.
    In Experiment 3, the mood was induced with music used in Experiment 1. But the dependent variable was measured differently. The numbers of characters the subjects agreed to write for the experimenter as a help was operationalized as the degree of helping behavior. A 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 mood states (positive and negative) and 2 self-awareness levels (awareness and no awareness) was used. The ANOVA revealed main effects for mood states and self-awareness. The interaction of mood and self-awareness was also found: The different effects of mood on helping behavior were found only in no self-awareness condition.
    The findings of this study were discussed. Some recommendations had been presented in relation to future research and school educators.

    中文摘要...................................................i 英文摘要.................................................iii 目次.......................................................v 表目錄....................................................ix 圖目錄....................................................xi 第一章 緒論................................................1 第一節 研究動機與目的………………………………………………1 第二節 研究問題………………………………………………………3 第三節 名詞釋義………………………………………………………4 第二章 文獻探討…………………………………………………………7 第一節 助人的內涵與決定歷程………………………………………7 第二節 自我覺察及自我調整機制……………………………………9 第三節 心情對助人的影響……………………………………………19 第四節 心情、自我覺察、與助人行為的關係………………………24 第三章 實驗一…………………………………………………………27 第一節 研究假設………………………………………………………27 第二節 研究對象………………………………………………………27 第三節 實驗設計………………………………………………………28 第四節 研究工具………………………………………………………29 第五節 實驗程序………………………………………………………37 第六節 資料處理與分析………………………………………………40 第七節 結果……………………………………………………………40 第八節 討論……………………………………………………………46 第四章 實驗二…………………………………………………………51 第一節 研究假設………………………………………………………51 第二節 研究對象………………………………………………………51 第三節 實驗設計………………………………………………………52 第四節 研究工具………………………………………………………53 第五節 實驗程序………………………………………………………55 第六節 資料處理與分析………………………………………………57 第七節 結果……………………………………………………………57 第八節 討論……………………………………………………………62 第五章 實驗三…………………………………………………………65 第一節 研究假設………………………………………………………65 第二節 研究對象………………………………………………………65 第三節 實驗設計………………………………………………………66 第四節 研究工具………………………………………………………67 第五節 實驗程序………………………………………………………68 第六節 資料處理與分析………………………………………………70 第七節 結果……………………………………………………………70 第八節 討論……………………………………………………………78 第六章 綜合討論、結論及建議………………………………………81 參考文獻…………………………………………………………………85 附錄 附錄一 SuperLab實驗材料……………………………………………95 附錄二 SuperLab實驗材料問卷………………………………………97 附錄三 畫圖用圖片……………………………………………………99 附錄四 心情量表(一) ………………………………………………101 附錄五 志工服務報名表……………………………………………103 附錄六 撥款連署書…………………………………………………105 附錄七 正向想像作業………………………………………………107 附錄八 負向想像作業………………………………………………109 附錄九 心情量表(二) ………………………………………………111 附錄十 心情量表(三) ………………………………………………113 附錄十一 抄寫用實驗資料表………………………………………115 附錄十二 實驗資料統計表…………………………………………121

    中文部份
    白雲霞(民88),簡介「利社會行為量表」及其應用。學生輔導,63,頁8-13。
    伍麗華(民91),教師的利他理念。屏縣教育,11,頁65-66。
    呂俊甫(民82),群育與群性及其評量。訓育研究,2(32),頁23-30。
    李素卿譯(Lazarus R. S.及Lazarus B. N.著)(民91),感性與理性:了解我們的情緒。台北:五南。
    李駱遜(民85),利社會行為發展及其在幼兒教育上的應用。研習資訊,4(13),頁41-48。
    洪堯群(民88),故事講述與討論對幼兒助人意願與利社會道德推理之影響。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
    洪蘭譯(LeDoux J.著)(民90),腦中有情:奧妙的理性與感性。台北:遠流。
    張滿玲譯(Taylor S. E., Peplau L. A.及Sears D. O.著)(民88),社會心理學。台北:雙葉。
    許錦雲(民81),慈繩愛索:談孩子利他精神的培養。社教資料雜誌,168,頁10-14。
    郭秀光(民89),透過人性化的教養模式使孩子產生自發性的利社會行為。國教新知,2(47),頁46-53。
    黃朝宗(民88),學校一定要教的功課:921集集大地震給教師的啟示。師友,389,頁15-17。
    鄭麗鳳(民92),國中學生內外控信念與利社會行為之相關研究。公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修碩士論文。
    羅瑞玉(民87),國小學生的利社會行為及其相關因素之研究。屏東師院學報, 11,頁105-140。
    蘇清守(民76),大學生幫助肢障者的行為研究。教育心理學報,20,頁69-86。
    蘇清守(民76),都市成人幫助肢障者的行為和動機之研究。特殊教育研究學刊,3,頁29-48。
    蘇清守(民77),教師對國中智能不足男生助人行為的知覺研究。教育心理學報,21,頁59-76。
    蘇清守(民79),國中學生的助人行為及其在道德教育上的涵義。教育心理學報,23,頁99-118。

    英文部分
    Aderman, D. (1972). Elation, depression, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 91-101.
    Bar-Tal, D. (1976). Prosocial behavior: Theory and research. New York: Halsted.
    Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A., & Leiser, T. (1980). The development of altruistic behavior: Empirical evidence. Developmental Psychology, 16, 516-524.
    Bar-Tal, D. (1982). Sequential development of helping behavior: A cognitive-learning approach. Developmental Review, 2, 101-124.
    Batson, C. D., Coke, J. S., Chard, F., Smith, D., & Taliaferro, A. (1979). Generality of the “glow of goodwill”: Effects of mood on helping and information acquisition. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 176-179.
    Baumann, D. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (1981). Altruism as hedonism: Helping and self-gratification as equivalent responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1039-1046.
    Berkowitz, L., & Connor, W. H. (1966). Success, failure, and social responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 664-669.
    Berkowitz, L. (1987). Mood, self-awareness, and willingness to help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 721-729.
    Brockner, J., Hjelle, L., & Plant, R. W. (1985). Self-focused attention, self-esteem, and the experience of state depression. Journal of Personality, 53, 425-434.
    Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (1987). Explanation of the relation between negative mood and helping. Psychology Bulletin, 102(1), 91-108.
    Carlsmith, J., & Gross, A. (1969). Some effects of guilt on Compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 11, 232-239.
    Carver, C. S. (1979). A cybernetic model of self-attention processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1251-1281.
    Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation. New York: Springer-Verlag.
    Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (1976). Altruism as hedonism: A social development perspective on the relationship of negative mood state and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 907-914.
    Cialdini, R. B., Darby, B. L., & Vincent, J. E. (1973). Transgression and altruism: A case for hedonism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 502-516.
    Cialdini, R. B., Schaller M., Huolihan D., Arps K., Fultz J., & Beaman A.L. (1987). Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 749-758.
    Clarke, D. (2003). Pro-social and Anti-social Behavior. New York: Routledge.
    Cunningham, M. R. (1979). Weather, mood, and helping behavior: The sunshine samaritan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1947-1956.
    Cunningham, M. R., Steinberg, J., & Grev, R. (1980). Wanting to and having to help: Sepatate motivations for positive mood and guilt-induced helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 181-192.
    Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford.
    Donnerstein, E., Donnerstein, M., & Munger, G. (1975). Helping behavior as a function of pictorially induced moods. The Journal of Social Psychology, 97, 221-225.
    Donnerstein, E. & Wilson, D. W. (1976). Effects of noise and perceived control on ongoing and subsequent aggressive behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 774-781.
    Dovidio, J. F. (1984). Helping behavior and altruism: An empirical and conceptual overview. In L. Berkowitz(Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology(Vol. 17) New York: Academic Press.
    Duval, S., Duval, V. H., & Mulilis, J. P. (1992). Effects of self-focus, discrepancy between self and standard, and outcome expectancy favorability on the tendency to match self to standard or to withdraw. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 340-348.
    Duval, S., Duval, V. H., & Neely, R. (1979). Self focus, felt responsibility, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1769-1778.
    Duval, S., & Lalwani, N. (1999). Objective self-awareness and causal attributions for self standard discrepancies: Changing self or changing standards of correctness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1220-1229.
    Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self awareness. New York: Academic Press.
    Eisenberg, N. (1982). The development of prosocial behavior. New York: Academic Press.
    Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. A. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. New York:Cambridge University Press.
    Erber, R. (1996). The self-regulation of moods. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling (pp. 251-275). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Fried, R., & Berkowitz, L. (1979). Music hath charms . . . and can influence helplessness. Journal of Applied Scocial Psychology, 9, 199-208.
    Froming W., Nasby, W., & McManus, J. (1998). Prosocial self-schemas, self-awareness, and children’s prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75(3), 766-777.
    George J. M. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prososial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 299-307.
    Gibbons, F. X., & Wicklund, R. A. (1982). Self-focused attention and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 462-474.
    Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.
    Gueguen, N. & Gail, M.D.(2003). The effects of smiling on helping behavior: Smiling and good samaritan behavior. Communication Reports, 16(2).
    Harris, M., & Siebal, C. (1975). Affect, aggression, and altruism. Developmental Psychology, 11, 623-627.
    Holloway, S., Tucker, L., & Hornstein, H. (1977). The effect of social and nonsocial information in interpersonal behavior of males: The news makes news. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 514-522.
    Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
    Isen, A. M. (1970). Success, failure, attention, and reactions to others: The warm glow of success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 294-301.
    Isen, A. M. & Levin P. F. (1972). Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindniss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(3), 384-388.
    Isen, A. M. (1984). Toward understanding the role of affection cognition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 179-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Job, R. F. S. (1987). The effect of mood on helping behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127(4), 323-328.
    Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior. Personality and Social Psyhology Bulletin, 26, 1002-1012.
    Kenrick, D. T., Baumann, D. J., & Cialdini, R. B. (1979). A step in the socialization of altruism as hedonism: Effects of negative mood on childrens’generosity under public and private conditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 747-755.
    Kim, I., Kwak, K., Chang, G., & Yang J. (1998). Rock music and korean adolescent's antisocial behavior. Practitioners and Teachers, 106, 14-18.
    Kunda, Z. (1999). Social Cognition: Making Sense of People. London: MIT.
    Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? NY: Appleton-Centruy-Crofts.
    Leeds, R. (1963). Altruism and norm of giving. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 9, 229-240.
    Magnan, R. E. & Hinsz, V. B. (2005). Mood, gender, and situational influences on risk-taking advice for others . Social Behavior & Personality, 33(1), 1-10.
    Manucia, G. K., Baumann, D. J., & Cialdini, R. B. (1984). Mood influences on helping: Direct effects or side effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 457-464.
    Mathews, K. E. & Canon, L. K. (1975). Environmental noise level as a determinant of helping behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 571-577.
    Mayer, F. S., Duval, S., Holtz, R., & Bowman, C. (1985). Self-focus, helping request salience, felt responsibility, and helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 133-144.
    McMillen, D. L., Sanders. D. Y., & Solomon, G. S. (1977). Self-esteem, attentiveness, and helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 257-261.
    Midlarsky, E. (1971). Aiding under stress: The effects of competence, dependency, visibility, and fatalism. Journal of Personality, 39. 132-149.
    Moore, B. S., Underwood, B., & Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). Affect and altruism. Developmental Psychology, 8, 99-104.
    Moore, S. G. (1982). Prosocial behavior in the early year: Peer influence. In B, Spodek (Ed.), Handbook of Research in Early Childhood Education (pp.65-81). New York: Free Press.
    North, A. C. & Hargreaves, D. J. (1998). The effect of music on atmosphere and purchase intentions in a cafeteria. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(24), 2254-2273.
    North, A. C., Tarrant, M., & Hargreaves, D. J. (2004). The effects of music on helping behavior: A field study. Environment & Behavior, 36(2), 266-275.
    Parkinson, B. (1995). Ideas and realities of emotion. London: Routledge.
    Pyszczynski, T. & Greenberg, J. (1987). Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression. Psychological Bulletin, 102(1), 122-138.
    Rogers, M., Miller, N., Mayer, F. S., & Duval, S. (1982). Personal responsibility and salience of the request for help: Deterrminants of the relation between negative affect and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 956-970.
    Rosenhan, D. L., Salovey, P., & Hargis, K. (1981). The joys of helping: Focus of attention mediates the impact of positive affect on altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 899-905.
    Rosenhan, D. L., Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1974). Affect moderates self-gratification and altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 546-552.
    Schaller, M. & Cialdini, R. B. (1988). The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 163-181.
    Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1977). Self-focused attention and the experience of emotion: Attraction, repulsion, elation, and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 625-636.
    Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1983). Self-directed attention and the comparison of self with standards. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 205-222.
    Silvia, P. J. (2002). Self-awareness and emotional intensity. Cognition and Emotion, 16(2), 195-216.
    Silvia, P. J. (2002). Self-awareness and the regulation of emotional intensity. Self and Identity, 1, 3-10.
    Silvia, P. J., & Duval, S. (2001). Predicting the interpersonal targets of self-serving attributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
    Silvia, P. J., & Gendolla, G. H. E. (2001). On introspection and self-perception: Does self-focused attention enable accurate self-knowledge? Review of General Psychology.
    Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of positive psychology. London: Oxford University Press.
    Thompson, W., Cowan, C., & Rosenhan, D. (1980). Focus of attention mediates the impact of negative affect on altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 291-300.
    Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness, Vol. 1: The positive affects. New York: Springer.
    Underwood, B., Berenson, J.F., Berenson, R., Cheng, K., Wilson, D., Kulik.J., Moore, G., & Wenzel, G. (1977). Attention, negative affect, and altruism: An ecological validation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 54-58.
    Veitch, R., DeWood, R., & Bosko, K. (1977). Radio news broadcasts: Their effects on interpersonal helping. Sociometry, 40, 383-386.
    Wilson, R. W. (1981). Moral behavior in chinese society: A theoretical perspective. In R. W. Wilson, S. L. Greenblat, & A. A. Wilson (Eds.) Moral Behavior in Chinese Society. New York: Praeger.

    QR CODE