我國高齡人口逐年增加，死亡數亦隨之提高，需尋找積極因應喪親悲傷的調適策略。悲傷理論學者認為，表達與經驗悲傷有助於悲傷調適。然而，華人多壓抑悲傷，且家庭較不公開表達悲傷與討論逝者。對於喪親多年仍持續悲傷的喪親者來說，可考慮往社會系統尋求資源以調適悲傷。據復原力的理論與研究發現，若個體的內外在系統有更多保護因子，則愈能從逆境復原，其中社會系統的效果量最大。此外，國內外學者認為體驗式生死教育能獲得較好的學習成效，且研究證實使用與逝者連結之策略有助於悲傷調適。因此，於終身學習機構規劃體驗式生死教育活動，可能有助於喪親者調適悲傷與增長復原力。
本研究以前導研究探討一位喪父9年的中年女性，發現體驗臨終關懷活動及體驗與逝者對話活動協助其獲得較好的悲傷調適。因此，本研究欲深入探討體驗式生死教育活動，對喪親者的悲傷調適與復原力之增長情形，規劃8週（每週3小時）體驗式生死教育活動（體驗臨終關懷活動、體驗向此生告別活動、體驗與逝者對話活動），於終身學習機構（社區大學）向喪親者介入本活動。本研究目的為：（一）欲瞭解喪親者參與本活動前的悲傷反應與悲傷調適之阻力；（二）喪親者參與本活動之體驗情形；（三）喪親者參與本活動後之悲傷調適與復原力增長之情形；（四）瞭解喪親者參與本活動之悲傷調適與復原力之關係。依據本研究目的，本研究對象以立意取樣選取參與本活動前有持續多年悲傷，且在參與本活動後有較好的悲傷調適與復原力增長之喪親者。選取8位（7女1男）喪親2至39年，年齡介於45至55歲為研究對象。以詮釋學精神進行本研究，以三次半結構式深度訪談蒐集主要研究資料，第一次於研究對象參與本活動前蒐集研究目的一之資料，第二次於參與本活動後一個月內蒐集研究目的二、三、四之資料，第三次於參與本活動半年後蒐集參與本活動之延宕效果與補充訪談。本研究資料主要包含研究對象深度訪談文本、研究對象學習心得、研究對象之檢證者之檢證資料。在資料編碼後，本研究以文字化、概念化、命題化、圖表化、理論化等五階段進行資料分析，在辯證詮釋的過程以互為主體進行詮釋。
本研究結果為：（一）喪親者參與本活動前，在感覺、身體、認知、行為與社會五方面有持續多年的悲傷反應，其內外在系統調適悲傷的阻力如下。與逝者偏負向關係：基於傳統孝道文化認為在逝者生前未能圓滿某事而引發的悲傷；簽署放棄急救而感到悲傷；逝者離世後靈魂未獲安頓而引發的悲傷；逝者已不存在、想到逝者感到悲傷；認為被逝者拋棄；切斷與逝者連結。個人系統：未覺察到喪親悲傷因而未求助；個人壓抑情感表達；不瞭解心理諮商專業；認為應獨自面對喪親悲傷；負向死亡觀的束縛；生活忙碌而無暇自我照顧。家庭系統：家庭忌諱死亡；家庭壓抑情感表達；家人各自忙碌未覺察我悲傷；逝者往生的代罪羔羊；喪母後父再娶的父權文化；爭產造成與原生家庭疏離。社會系統：離開職場與搬離熟悉環境；社會忌諱死亡；社會不知如何關懷喪親者而壓抑情感；不瞭解心理諮商專業；社會缺乏認識悲傷的生死教育。（二）喪親者參與本活動期間有了回憶逝者正向記憶、表達悲傷、創造與逝者正向記憶與經驗，以及反思一生之平台。參與體驗臨終關懷活動：有助其喚起逝者的正向記憶、表達悲傷、覺察悲傷原因、建立正向觀點、感受同儕和教師的支持；參與體驗向此生告別活動：有助其反思過去一生、活在當下、具未來導向；參與體驗與逝者對話活動：有助其喚起與逝者的正向記憶，表達悲傷與內心話，創造與增加和逝者的正向互動經驗，留下正向形象。（三）喪親者參與本活動後，使其有較好的悲傷調適：協助喪親者在悲傷任務論的進展，並在身體、心理、心靈與社會層面獲得較好的悲傷調適。（四）喪親者參與本活動後，使其增長內外在系統多項保護因子，內容如下。與逝者關係的改善：喚起對逝者的正向記憶；憶起逝者時會連結逝者的正向形象，並產生正向情緒；知覺到逝者的愛存續；相信逝者已往生到善處。個人系統：增長能力、特質、認知、行為等方面的保護因子。家庭系統：向家人表達悲傷或談論逝者；向家人分享參與本活動心得；向家人表達道謝、道歉、道愛；珍惜與家人相處且感情更好；家人一起參與學習；知道未來如何向家人表達臨終關懷；至醫院向親人探病關懷。社會系統：在同儕、教師與社會方面，增長多項保護因子。（五）發現本活動提供的教學策略與文化因素協助研究對象調適悲傷，包含：融入認識悲傷、正念、任務論與體驗式教學法之生死教育；與逝者主動連結、向逝者表達關懷、悲傷與內心話；公開談論逝者、允許悲傷的安全與支持的學習團體；以及參與學習而適應沒有逝者的新生活。
最後，依據本研究結論提出建議，包括對體驗式生死教育活動教案與師資之建議、對終身學習機構之建議、對諮商輔導相關工作者之建議、對有持續多年悲傷的喪親民眾之建議，以及對未來研究建議。

This study looks into the effects of experiential death activities on grief adjustment and resilience of mourning adults through an eight-week program. Activities included dying care, bidding farewell to life, and conversation with the deceased at an establishment promoting lifelong learning, such as a community college, for three hours a week. The purpose of this study includes:1. Bereaved adults' pre-activity response to grief and difficulty in recovering from grief; 2. Observations of bereaved adults' response during program activities; 3. Bereaved adults' post-activity grief adjustments and resilience; 4. Effects of program activities on bereaved adults' grief adjustment and resilience.

For the purposes of this study, the group of adults sampled was that of those who have been in mourning for many years pre-activity and exhibited positive results post-activity. Sampling included seven female and one male adults ranging from 45 to 55 years of age who lost a family member two to thirty-nine years ago. A hermeneutic approach was taken where three semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted to obtain pre- and post-activity data, with the third taking place six months after completion of the program to look into delayed effects. Collected data was transcribed, conceptualized, propositionalized, graphed, and then theorized for further analysis and interpretation.

Results showed that:
1. Before the activities, bereaved adults experienced long-term grief reactions in the perceptual, physical, cognitive, behavioral, and social areas of their lives. Cultural barriers for both internal and external systems that obstructed grief adjustment are as follows: The interviewees had negative relationship with the deceased, reasons for their pessimistic outlook included traditional filial perception that the deceased had unfinished business, had signed a Do Not Resuscitate, had thought the deceased spirit had not been laid to rest, had realized that the deceased was no longer with them, had felt abandoned by the deceased, and had disconnected from the deceased. Individual factors include the not seeking assistance due to the inability to recognize grief, emotional suppression, being uninformed of professional psychologists' expertise, believing grief must be dealt with alone, having a pessimistic view on death, and not allowing time in the daily schedule for self-care. Family factors include the taboo approach to death, emotional suppression of family members, hectic lives of individuals that keep them from noticing one another's sorrow, scapegoating, father remarrying after the death of the mother in a patriarchal society, and dispute over inheritance. Social factors include leaving the workplace or familiar surroundings, the taboo approach to death in society, emotional suppression as a result of the lack of knowledge on how to care for grieving individuals, being uninformed of professional psychologists' expertise, and being ill-prepared for life-death situations.

2. During the activities, participation in program activities allowed grieving adults to recall positive memories of the deceased, express sadness, remember the deceased in a positive light, and reflect on life. Taking part in dying care activity allowed participants to recall positive memories of the deceased, express sadness, become aware of the source of sadness, build a positive approach, and experience support from fellow participants and the program facilitator. Participating in farewell activity helped participants to reflect on life, live in the moment, and be future-oriented. Taking part in conversations with the deceased activity allowed participants to recall positive memories of the deceased, express sadness during inner dialogues, create positive interactions with the deceased, and leave a positive impression.

3. After participation in program activities, participants adjusted better from grief in terms of progression through the Four Tasks of Mourning and were better adjusted physically, emotionally, spiritually, and socially.

4. Participation in program activities allowed participants to increase multiple protective factors in both internal and external systems such as the following:
Improved relations with the deceased by way of recalling positive memories, pleasant impressions, positive emotions, feeling loved by the deceased, and believing that the deceased has moved on to a better place. Individual factors include ability, characteristics, perception, and behavior. Family factors include expressing grief or talking about the deceased, sharing thoughts from program participation, communicating gratitude, apologies, or love to family members, cherishing family members, improvement of relationships with family members, family's willingness to participate in some programs together, learning how to provide dying care in the future, and visiting relatives in hospitals. Social factors include increased support from fellow participants, the program facilitator, and society.

5. Activities that allowed participants to face traditional cultural barriers that inhibited grief adjustment were those that included these factors: grief recognition, mindfulness, task theory, experiential approach to life-death education, proactive approach to connecting with the deceased, expressions of care for the deceased, inner dialogues on sadness, public discussions about the deceased, being accepting towards the sense of security and comfort provided by grief support groups, and participating in learning to adapt to a new life without the deceased.

Findings from this research lend towards recommendations for theory on response to and adjustment for grief, activity plans for experiential approach to life-death education, facilitators for experiential activities, establishments promoting lifelong learning, professions in the counseling field, adults coping with grief, and future research.

內政部戶政司全球資訊網（2017年4月10日）。戶數結構表。取自http://www.ris.gov.tw/zh_TW/346
尹亞蘭、蘇健裕（2002）。生死教育中「臨終關懷」課程之教學策略。安寧療護雜誌，7（3），205-212。
方紫薇、馬宗潔譯（2001）。團體心理治療的理論與實務（I. D. Yalom原著，1995年出版）。臺北市：桂冠。
王上銘（2011）。意外喪偶婦女復原力展現之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學教育學系，高雄市。
王文科（2000）。質的研究的問題與趨勢。載於國立中正大學教育研究所（主編），質的研究方法（頁1-23）。高雄市：麗文文化。
王文科、王智弘（2006）。教育研究法。臺北市：五南。
王純娟（2006）。一位喪兒父親的蛻變。中華輔導學報，20，1-49。
王曼湘（2012）。女性銀髮族超越危機事件復原力之研究：以喪偶女性銀髮族為例（未出版之碩士論文）。南開科技大學福祉科技與服務管理所，南投縣。
王淑貞、胡文郁（2017）。正念介入在安寧緩和療護之運用：系統性文獻查證。安寧療護雜誌，22（2），125-137。
王琡棻（2011）。復原力研究新趨勢－在學校脈絡中促進學生教育性復原力。輔導季刊，47（3），1-14。
王鴻裕、江志正（2012）。臺中市國民小學校長復原力之研究。教育理論與實踐學刊，26，31-69。
王麗斐、林美珠（2000）。團體治療性因素量表之發展與編製。中華輔導學報，9，1-24。
台灣精神醫學會譯（2013）。DSM-5精神疾病診斷準則手冊（American Psychiatric Association原著，2013年出版）。臺北：合記圖書。
白倩如（2012）。機構安置少女復原力培育之行動研究。臺大社會工作學刊，25，103-155。doi: 10.6171/ntuswr2012.25.03
任凱譯（2005）。團體動力：理論與技巧（D. W. Johnson, & F. P. Johnson原著，2003年出版）。臺北市：學富文化。
朱秀琴、周植強（2008）。運用悲傷輔導於老年喪偶憂鬱患者之護理經驗。護理雜誌，55（5），90-96。doi: 10.6224/jn.55.5.90
朱森楠（2001）。一位國中中輟復學生的復原力及相關因素之探討研究。新竹縣教育研究集刊，1（1），171-202。
朱森楠（2013）。國中生教育復原力模式之驗證研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系，臺北市。
江盈瑤（2006）。增進貧窮兒童復原力輔導活動之建構（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北教育大學教育心理與諮商學系，臺北市。
何仲蓉（2002）。焦點解決諮商對個案復原力建構之影響研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系，彰化市。
何長珠（2008）。悲傷影響因素之初探。生死學研究，7，139-192。
余瑞宏（2005）。一位國小一年級喪親兒童在遊戲治療中復原力與悲傷調適歷程之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導學系，屏東市。
余漢儀（1998）。社會研究的倫理。載於嚴祥鸞（主編），危險與秘密：研究倫理（頁7-29）。臺北市：三民。
余德慧、李維倫、林耀盛、余安邦、陳淑惠、許敏桃、謝碧玲、石世明（2004）。倫理療癒作為建構臨床心理學本土化的起點。本土心理學研究，22，253-325。
余德慧、彭榮邦（2002）。從靈象徵領域談哀傷的抒解。載於胡台麗、許木柱、葉光輝主編，情感、情緒與文化:台灣社會的文化心理學（頁186-229）。臺北市：中央研究院民族學研究所。
吳永銘（2009）。高齡教育機構學習者生命態度、生死教育需求及機構因應對策之研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立高雄師範大學成人教育所，高雄市。
吳秀碧（1986）。團體諮商實務。臺南市：復文書局。
吳秀碧（1998）。死亡教育與悲傷諮商之人員訓練。學生輔導通訊，54，62-68。
吳秀碧（1999）。角色扮演與團體輔導。學生輔導，64，26-35。
吳秀碧（2016）。傳統喪禮儀式在哀傷諮商的省思和啟發。輔導季刊，52（1），1-13。
吳秀碧（2017）。客體角色轉化在非複雜性哀傷諮商影響之初探。中華輔導與諮商學報，48，71-106。
吳秀碧主編（2001）。角色扮演在輔導上的應用。臺北市：教育部。
吳佩玲、李玉嬋（2015）。二次喪失手足者悲傷反應對手足關係影響之研究。應用心理研究，62，5-58。doi: 10.3966/156092512015060062002
吳美宜、黃松元（2006）。我國大學通識生死教育課程設計之研究：德懷術研究法之應用。衛生教育學報，25，127-152。
吳淑芬、洪富智、李來涼（2012）。運用悲傷輔導協助一位男同志度過喪失伴侶之悲傷期。高雄護理雜誌，29（3），64-72。
呂天福（2010）。探索教育活動對國中生挫折復原力影響之研究：以台北市某國中為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修碩士班，臺北市。
呂欣芹、方俊凱、林綺雲（2007）。自殺者遺族悲傷調適之任務：危機模式初步建構。中華輔導學報，22，185-221。
李正源（2009）。心理治療的直覺現象─詮釋學的觀點（未出版之博士論文）。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所，高雄市。
李玉蟬、李佩怡、李開敏、侯南隆、張玉仕、陳美琴（2012）。導引悲傷能量：悲傷諮商助人者工作手冊。臺北市：張老師。
李佩怡（1998）。失落的自我調適－如何運用創意渡過悲傷。學生輔導月刊，54，84-99。
李佩怡（2000）。悲傷之自我調適與基本助人技巧。載於林綺雲（主編），生死學（頁349-359）。臺北市：洪葉。
李佩怡（2000）。在安寧病房中與瀕死病人及家屬接觸之「心領神會」經驗（五之一）。諮商與輔導，177，41-45。
李佩怡（2003）。助人者與癌症末期病人關係歷程之質性研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，臺北市。
李佩怡（2013）。榮格個體化思想：由負傷到療癒的整合之道。臺北市：天馬文化。
李佳容（2002）。個人面對親人死亡事件心裡復原歷程之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系，彰化市。
李佳馨、吳虹蓉譯（2008）。詮釋學今日提供我們什麼（R. E. Palmer原著）。哲學與文化，35(2)，5-20。
李佳馨、吳虹蓉譯（2008）。詮釋學今日提供我們什麼。哲學與文化，35（2），5-20。
李明芬、張德永、洪櫻純（2012）。台灣非正規教育課程認證的系統性分析與未來展望：從政策的單向接軌到多元發展。教育政策論壇，14（4），25-62。
李秉倫、黃光國、夏允中（2015）。建構本土哀傷療癒理論：儒家關係主義和諧哀傷療癒理論。諮商心理與復健諮商學報，28，7-33。doi: 10.6308/jcprc.28.01
李俊良（2000）。復原力對諮商的啟示。輔導季刊，36（3），32-36。
李政賢譯（2006）。質性研究：設計與計畫撰寫（C. Marshall, & G. B. Rossman原著，1999年出版）。臺北巿：五南。
李真文、羅寶鳳（2015）。邁向十二年國教的生命教育：師資培育的教學與課程設計。教師研究月刊，251，16-30。
李彗菁（2004）。癌症病人之重要他人喪失摯愛的靈性衝擊（未出版之碩士論文）。國立成功大學護理學研究所，臺南市。
李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫譯（1995）。悲傷輔導與悲傷治療：心理衛生實務工作者手冊（第一版）（J. W. Worden原著，1991年出版）。臺北市：心理。
李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫譯（2004）。悲傷輔導與悲傷治療：心理衛生實務工作者手冊（第二版）（J. W. Worden原著，2001年出版）。臺北市：心理。
李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫譯（2011）。悲傷輔導與悲傷治療：心理衛生實務工作者手冊（第三版）（J. W. Worden原著，2009年出版）。臺北市：心理。
李維倫（2016）。從實證心理學到實踐心理學：現象學心理學的本土化知識之道。台灣心理諮商季刊，8（2），1-15。
李燕蕙（2006）。夢在生死間-釋夢學與夢工作導論。生死學研究，4，166-204。
沈文銘（2013）。冒險治療方案運用於家庭失功能青少年復原力之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立體育大學休閒產業經營學系碩士班，桃園市。
沈珉琪（2002）。犯罪被害人家屬團體成效暨成員復原力內涵之分析研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學諮商與輔導學系，彰化市。
周奕伶（2002）。焦點解決短期諮商對低自尊個案復原力之建構（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系，彰化市。
周麗芬（2010）。共有體驗生命教育課程對國小高年級學童挫折復原力之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北教育大學生命教育與健康促進研究所，臺北市。
官玉環（2002）。喪親大學生的失落與悲傷在諮商歷程中之轉變（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東教育大學心理與輔導學系，屏東市。
林秀玲、戴嘉南、黃瑛琪（2008）。浴火鳳凰：一位喪子母親的哀傷調適與意義重建歷程研究。諮商輔導學報：高師輔導所刊，19，31-68。doi: 10.6308/jcg.19.02
林佩儀、楊其璇、陳筱瑀（2011）。探討喪偶老年婦女之孤寂感因應歷程。澄清醫護管理雜誌，7（3），22-29。
林季玲、楊淑晴（2009）。生死態度之教學成效的後設分析。課程與教學，12（3），107-128。
林美珠、王麗斐（1998）。團體治療性與反治療性重要事件之分析。中華輔導學報，6，35-59。
林娟芬（1999）。認識死亡、失落與悲傷。神學與教會，25（1），36-82。
林家瑩（1999）。喪親子女的父母失落與悲傷反應及復原歷程之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所，高雄市。
林綺雲（2009）。癒花園-失落、悲傷與生命轉化的心靈花園。諮商與輔導，281，53-60。
邱鈺雯、黃勇誠（2010）。臨終生理的變化與需求。載於臨終與生死關懷（頁29-48）。臺北市：華都。
邱獻輝、陳秉華（2014）。建構主義典範在遊戲治療研究的實踐與省思：以多元文化諮商議題為例。台灣遊戲治療學報，4，21-46。doi: 10.6139/JTPT.2014.4.4
侯玟里（2014）。希望支持團體對婚姻暴力倖存婦女希望、復原力及憂鬱之成效（未出版之博士論文）。國立成功大學健康照護科學研究所，臺南市。
侯亭妤（2010）。成人悲傷諮商任務量表探索與驗證性因素分析之研究：以南區高中職以下教師爲例。載於國立臺北教育大學生命教育與健康促進研究所（主編），生命教育與健康促進學術論文研討會論文集（頁13-31），臺北市。
凃冠如（2007）。已婚婦女經歷失去胎兒之復原力（未出版之碩士論文）。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系，新竹市。
洪美蓮（2014）。一位失親青少年在靈性啟發中的復原力量（未出版之碩士論文）。銘傳大學教育研究所碩士在職專班，臺北市。
洪栩隆（2001）。面對臨終病人之角色扮演練習對醫學院學生個人死亡建構與情意之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。臺北醫學大學醫學研究所，臺北市。
洪栩隆、張利中（2005）。面對臨終病人之角色扮演課程對醫學院學生個人死亡建構之影響。醫學教育，9（2），162-174。
洪素珍、楊大和、徐繼忠、郭玟伶譯（2007）。戲劇治療（P. Jones原著，1996年出版）。臺北市：五南。
洪雅琴（2013）。傳統喪葬儀式中的哀悼經驗分析：以往生到入殮為例。中華輔導與諮商學報，37，55-88。
洪櫻純（2009）：佛教徒學習佛法對靈性健康之影響歷程研究。中華心理衛生學刊，22（3），269-298。
紀潔芳（2000）。生死學課程於師範教育及成人教育教學之探討。載於國立彰化師範大學（主編），全國大專校院生死學課程教學研討會論文集（頁3-12），彰化市。
胡幼慧（2008）。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。臺北市：巨流圖書。
唐善美（2015）。復原力介入措施對第1型糖尿病青少年的自我照顧行為及健康調適之成效（未出版之博士論文）。高雄醫學大學護理系研究所，高雄市。
孫效智（2004）。當前台灣社會的重大生命課程與願景。哲學與文化，9（31），3-20。
高淑清（2008）。質性研究的18堂課：首航初探之旅。高雄市：麗文文化。
高麗娟（2014）。得勝者問題處理課程對國中生壓力因應與復原力之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學輔導與諮商學系研究所，嘉義市。
國家發展委員會（2016，8月22日）。「中華民國人口推估（105至150年）」報告。人口與人力推估。取自http://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=84223C65B6F94D72
張仁和、黃金蘭、林以正（2016）。正念傾向對因應與情緒調節彈性之影響。中華心理衛生學刊，29（4），391-411。
張昀（2009）。戶外冒險教育對參與者復原力之影響研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立體育大學休閒產業經營學系碩士班，桃園市。
張芬芬（2007）。後現代質性研究：特徵及其對課程研究的蘊義。課程與教學季刊，10（3），31-48。
張芬芬（2010）。質性資料分析的五步驟：在抽象階梯上爬升。初等教育學刊，35，87-120。
張春興（2002）。張氏心理學辭典。臺北市：東華。
張家瑜（2012）。參與單車環島成年禮對青少年復原力之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立體育大學休閒產業經營管理學系，桃園市。
張家麟（2000）。論科學哲學中的「求知方法」。中山人文社會科學期刊，8，1，279-304。
張家麟（2013）。典範的建構與挑戰：從科學哲學論華人宗教研究。宗教哲學，65-66，193-216。
張淑美（1989）。小學生死亡概念發展及應用（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範學院教育研究所，高雄市。
張淑美（1996）。死亡學與死亡教育：國中生之死亡概念、死亡態度、死亡教育態度及其相關因素之研究。高雄市：復文。
張菀珍（2004）。建構高齡者死亡教育學習網絡之芻議。成人教育雙月刊，78，34-43。
張菀珍（2010）。死亡焦慮與死亡教育。載於臨終與生死關懷（頁1-28）。臺北市：華都文化。
張達人、黃梅羹、那姍姍、陳良娟、鄧世雄（1998）。喪親者之團體心理治療：一位傷慟者領悟歷程。中華心理衛生學刊，11（3），69-80。
教育部統計處（2017年，9月28日）。一般社區大學校數、學員數與經費收支統計（87～105 年度）。主要統計表-歷年。取自http://depart.moe.edu.tw/ED4500/cp.aspx?n=1B58E0B736635285&s=D04C74553DB60CAD
曹桂榮（2005）。喪偶婦女悲傷反應與復原之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。南華大學生死學研究所，嘉義縣。
畢恆達（1995）。生活經驗研究的反省：詮釋學的觀點。本土心理學研究，4，224-259。
畢恆達（1998）。社會科學研究的研究者與倫理。載於嚴祥鸞（主編），危險與秘密：研究倫理（頁31-91）。臺北市：三民。
章惠安譯（2015）。悲傷治療的技術：創新的悲傷輔導實務（R. A. Neimeyer主編，2012年出版）。臺北市：心理。
章薇卿譯（2007）。走在失落的幽谷：悲傷因應指引手冊（R. A. Neimeyer原著，1998年出版）。臺北市：心理。
莊若雯（2013）。高中生挫折復原力課程發展之行動研究：以運動電影教學為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北健康護理大學生死教育與輔導研究所，臺北市。
莊鎮宇、翁瑟芬、蔡紋玉譯（2002）。P. T. P. Wong著。從悲傷到轉化。載於國立彰化師範大學通識教育中心、共同學科、圖書館主辦，防治青少年自殺與生命教育研討會論文集（頁36-39）。彰化市。
莊麗君、許義忠（2007）。以增進復原力為目標之BBM模式進行休閒教育之實驗。中華輔導學報，21，71-98。
許玉霜、蘇完女、許鶯珠（2012）。喪手足女性成人的悲傷反應及調適歷程之探究。生死學研究，13，121-173。
許秀雲（2008）。大專生參與社群服務活動對復原力的影響（未出版之碩士論文）。慈濟大學社會工作研究所，花蓮縣。
許屏霞、陳錫琦、翁銘鴻（2011）。大學生死亡態度之研究：以某國立大學為例。載於國立臺北教育大學生命教育與健康促進研究所（主編），生命教育與健康促進學術論文研討會論文集（頁26-45），臺北市。
許敏桃、余德慧、李維倫（2005）。哀悼傷逝的文化模式：由連結到療癒。本土心理學研究，24，49-84。
郭孟瑜、林宏熾（2009）。中途失明成人復原力展現歷程暨運作模式之建構。特殊教育研究學刊，34（3），47-80。doi: 10.6172/bse200911.3403003
郭珮婷（2007）。基督徒母親面對發展遲緩兒死亡之復原力歷程研究（未出版之碩士論文）。中國文化大學心理輔導研究所，臺北市。
陳世芬、楊淑晴（2005）。從建構主義觀點探討死亡教育課程設計。課程與教學，8（3），73-89。
陳永銓、曾煥棠（2015）。男性喪偶者的悲傷不同於女性嗎？。應用心理研究，62，113-161。doi: 10.3966/156092512015060062004
陳立言（2004）。生命教育在台灣發展概況。哲學與文化，9（31），21-46。
陳向明（2006）。社會科學質性研究。臺北市：五南。
陳均姝（2000）。角色扮演在輔導與諮商上的應用。學生輔導，68，18-33。
陳怡芳、林怡君、胡中宜（2014）。復原力增進方案在少女安置機構之應用與反思。中華輔導與諮商學報，41，93-121。
陳芳玲（2000）。死亡教育。載於尉遲淦（主編），生死學概論（頁61-83）。臺北市：五南。
陳采熏（2012）。逝者真的已矣？青壯年喪偶者與逝者持續性連結經驗之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立交通大學教育研究所，新竹市。
陳金定（2006）。復原性適應：復原性適應與各類相關因子之動力關係（一）。輔導季刊，42（3），1-11。
陳美君、陳美如、陳秀卿、林宜美譯（2003）。變態心理學（R. C. Carson, J. N. Butcher, & S. Mineka原著）。臺北市：五南圖書。
陳凱婷、陳慶福（2009）。繪本團體運用於國小喪親兒童之研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，6，1-34。
陳雲芬（2006）。效益管理導向之活動計劃模式對國中生復原力與自我控制力之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立中正大學運動與休閒教育所，嘉義縣。
陳增穎（2015）。寄悲於物以療心：悲傷療癒物品對大學生悲傷調適之經驗探討。中華輔導與諮商學報，42，35-61。
陳錫琦、吳麗玉、曾煥棠（2000）。護理學校學生死亡態度之研究。醫護科技學刊，2（3），226-249。doi: 10.6563/tjhs.2000.2(3).2
陳錫琦、鍾惠婷（2010）。成人接觸死亡經驗之研究。載於第二屆生死學與生命教育學術研討會論文集（頁79-95）。臺北市：天主教輔仁大學、中華生死學會。
彭英慈（2005）。成年男性喪失父（母）親之哀傷經驗敘說研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系，臺北市。
曾仁美（2005）。親子遊戲治療對憂鬱症兒童父母親職復原力之建構（未出版之博士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系，彰化市。
曾文志（2005）。大一學生歷經創傷事件與復原力模式之文獻分析研究。慈濟通識教育學刊，2，117-162。
曾文志（2006）。復原力保護因子效果概化之統合分析。諮商輔導學報：高師輔導所刊，14，1-35。
游金潾、游淑瑜（2013）。心理劇在喪親者悲傷輔導上的運用。諮商與輔導，335，7-12。
童竹暄（2010）。希望課程方案對國小五年級學童希望感及挫折復原力影響之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺南大學教育學系課程與教學所，臺南市。
鈕則誠（2003）。醫護生死學。臺北市：華杏。
馮明珠、柯乃熒（2008）。運用悲傷輔導原則協助愛滋病患配偶渡過喪偶之悲傷期。護理雜誌，55（3），97-103。doi: 10.6224/jn.55.3.97
黃天中（1992）。死亡教育概論II─死亡教育課程設計之研究。臺北市：業強。
黃光國（2000）。華人的世界觀與心理治療。載於鄭志明（主編），生命關懷與心靈治療（頁219-246）。嘉義縣：南華大學宗教文化研究中心出版。
黃光國（2008）。社會科學的理路。臺北：心理。
黃光國（2013）。儒家文化中的倫理療癒。諮商與輔導學報，37，1-54。
黃光國（2015）。「靶子論壇」、辯證詮釋與「互為主體」。輔導與諮商學報，37（2），73-84。
黃光雄（1988）。教學原理。臺北市：師大書苑。
黃怡萍（2014）。探索教育實施對單親家園學員復原力提升之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。樹德科技大學兒童與家庭服務系，高雄市。
黃怡綾（2002）。協助一位喪偶老人渡過悲傷期之護理經驗。長庚護理，13（4），369-376。
黃松元（1983）。怎樣和兒童談死亡。兒童教育，11，12-17。
黃姝文、卓紋君（2012）。一位喪子單親母親對器官捐贈的悲傷調適經驗。諮商輔導學報：高師輔導所刊，24，95-130。doi: 10.6308/jcg.24.04
黃思恬（2015）。高關懷少年體驗學習團體對復原力培育之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。東海大學社會工作學系，臺中市。
黃春惠（2014）。國中生同理心發展、復原力與同儕人際關係之相關研究：以新北市為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系，臺北市。
黃昱得（2014）。我思故我在：論精神醫療社會工作者的知識論思辨能力。臺大社工學刊，30，187-226。
黃富順（2002）。成人學習。臺北市：五南。
黃富順（2013）。台灣社區大學的經營與運作。載於中華民國成人及終身教育學會（主編），終身學習行動策略。臺北市: 師大書苑。
黃瑞琴（2005）。質的教育研究方法。臺北市：心理。
楊添圍、周仁宇譯（2013）。人我之間：客體關係理論與實務（N. G. Hamilton原著，1996年出版）。臺北市：心理。
楊麗娟（2014）。高中失戀復原力課程發展之行動研究：以「失戀」主題相關電影為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北護理健康大學生死與健康心理諮商系，臺北市。
溫宗堃（2016）。略探西方正念課程師資培訓與認證。輔仁宗教研究，32，71-102。
葉何賢文（2002）。悲傷調適歷程及生命意義展現之研究：以喪子（女）父母為例（未出版之碩士論文）。南華大學，嘉義縣。
詹一心（2012）。戶外冒險教育對原住民青少年復原力之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立體育大學休閒產業經營學系碩士班，桃園市。
鄔佩麗（2008）。危機處理與創傷治療。臺北市：學富文化。
臺北市衛生局（2015，12月25日）。陪伴他人走過傷慟。社區心理衛生中心。取自http://mental.health.gov.tw/WebForm/External/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=207
趙中建等編譯（1992）。教學模式。臺北市：五南。
趙可式（2007）。安寧伴行。臺北市：天下遠見。
閩嘉娜、周玲玲、邱泰源、陳慶餘、姚健安、蔡兆勳、尤雅芬、聶華明、胡文郁（2004）。支持團體對癌末喪親悲傷、信念與調適策略之研究。安寧療護雜誌，9（4），336-352。doi: 10.6537/tjhpc.2004.9(4).2
劉安真、黃慧涵、梁淑娟、顏妃伶譯（2009）。團體諮商-策略與技巧（E. E. Jacobs, R. L. Harvill , & R. L. Masson原著，2005年出版）。臺北市：五南。
潘淑滿（2003）。質性研究：理論與應用。臺北市：心理。
潘慧玲（2003）。社會科學研究典範的流變。教育研究資訊，11（1），115-143。
蔡育倫（2014）。生命意義活動介入對生命末期癌症病人及其家屬生活品質與家庭復原力的影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國防醫學院護理研究所，臺北市。
蔡佩真（2009a）。台灣喪親家庭關係之變化與探究。生死學研究，10，159-198。
蔡佩真（2009b）。永活我心：逝者的虛擬存在與影響力之探討以父母死亡之成年喪親者為例。中華心理衛生學刊，22（4），411-433。
蔡佩真（2012）。華人家庭關係脈絡中悲傷表達模式之探討：以台灣經驗為例。台灣心理諮商季刊，4（1），16-38。
蔡昌雄譯（2007）。臨終諮商的藝術（G. S. Lair原著，1996年出版）。臺北市：心靈工坊。
蔡明昌（1995）。老人對死亡及死亡教育態度之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所，高雄市。
蔡明昌（2002）。生命教育、生死教育、與死亡教育：發展背景與課程比對之探討。教育研究資訊雙月刊，10（3），1-14。
蔡明昌、吳瓊洳（2009）。轉換學習理論對成人生死教育的啓示。教師之友，50（2），2-17。
蔡明昌、顏蒨榕（2005）。老人生死教育教學之研究。生死學研究，2，129-174。
蔡昕璋（2014）。大學通識教育中「生死學」課程教學現況之分析。生命教育研究，6（1），1-35。doi: 10.3966/207466012014060601001
蔡素妙（2002）。九二一受創家庭復原力之變化分析研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商系，彰化市。
蔡麗芳（2015）。創傷性悲傷諮商之個案研究：以莫拉克風災少女為例。台灣藝術治療學刊，4（1），1-22。
衛生福利部統計處（2018年，6月15日）。106年主要死因統計結果分析。死因統計。取自https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/lp-3960-113.html
鄭芳庭（2011）。虛與實的交會：結合哀傷夢的哀傷經驗（未出版之碩士論文）。國立東華大學諮商與臨床心理學系，花蓮縣。
盧綵蓉（2011）。正向心理團體對挫折大學生正向情緒及挫折復原力輔導效果之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所，高雄市。
蕭文（1999）。災變事件前的前置因素對心理復健的影響：復原力的探討與建構。測驗與輔導，156，3249-3253。
蕭文伶（2010）。運用悲傷輔導原則協助一位喪親家屬之護理經驗。護理雜誌，57，2_S，41-46。doi: 10.6224/jn.57.2s.41
蕭高明（2015）。中年喪偶婦女哀傷與持續連結之研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系，彰化市。
賴怡妙（1998）。死亡教育團體對台灣師大學生死亡態度及生命意義感之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系，臺北市。
謝美娥（2008）。離婚女性單親家長復原力的初探。東吳社會工作學報，18，1-33。
謝智謀（2010）。以戶外冒險教育爲本的登山課程對復原力之影響。體育學報，43（3），127-146。doi: 10.6222/pej.4303.201009.1009
謝智謀、吳崇旗（2012）。單日繩索挑戰課程對莫拉克災區學童復原力之影響。體驗教育學報，6，29-44。
鍾美玲（2008）。生死學中的死亡教育課題。美中教育評論，5（8），12-24。
簡吟芳（2009）。復原力對老年喪偶婦女悲傷調適影響之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。暨南國際大學輔導與諮商研究所，南投縣。
聶慧文（2005）。大學生經歷失落事件的悲傷迷思、因應行為與至今復原程度之關聯性研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立交通大學教育研究所，新竹市。
魏惠娟、胡夢鯨、陳冠良（2010）。台灣樂齡學習中心課程之分析：McClusky需求幅度理論的應用，成人及終身教育學刊，15，115-150。
羅耀明（2011）。克服善終障礙：我國高齡者之善終教育現況與因應策略。安寧療護雜誌，16（3），361-370。
羅耀明（2012）。如果今天就要說再見：十堂教你瀟灑活著、充滿勇氣的生死學。臺北市：心靈工坊。
羅耀明（2013）。高齡者參與善終課程後善終觀點轉化之探討（未出版之碩士論文）。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所，嘉義縣。
羅耀明（2014a）。探討中老年人於非正規教育機構參與善終課程後之DNR觀點轉化。生命教育研究，6（1），87-117。doi: 10.3966/207466012014060601004
羅耀明（2014b）。探討高齡者參與遺囑課程之觀點轉化。載於國立台灣師範大學社會教育學系（主編），創意樂齡與社區學習（頁175-198）。臺北市：師大書苑。
羅耀明（2016）。民眾參與環保葬生態旅遊後對選擇環保葬觀點轉化之初探。課程與教學季刊，19（1），171-194。
羅耀明（2017）。民眾參與環保葬生態旅遊活動後對環保葬之環境態度與建議。環境教育學刊，15，1-21。
嚴平譯（1992）。詮釋學（R. E. Palmer原著，1969年出版）。臺北市：桂冠。
蘇完女、林秀珍（2010）。從意義建構觀點談喪親者的哀傷調適歷程。諮商與輔導，294，46-51。
蘇絢慧（2008）。於是，我可以說再見：悲傷療癒心靈地圖。臺北市: 寶瓶文化。
Ahrens, J., & Rexford, L. (2002). Cognitive processing therapy for incarcerated adolescents with PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6(1), 201-216.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
American Psychological Association (2016). The road t o resilience. Retrieved October 1, 2017 from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx
Anthony, E. J. (1974). The syndrome of the psychologically invulnerable child. In E. J. Anthony & C. Koupernik (Eds.), The child in his family: Children at psychiatric risk (pp. 529-545). New York: Wiley.
Anthony, E. J. (1987). Risk, vulnerability, and resilience: An overview. In E. J. Anthony & B. Cohler (Eds.), The invulnerable child (pp. 3-48). New York: Guilford.
Armstrong, C. (2011). Transforming traumatic grief: Six steps to move from grief to peace after the sudden or violent death of a loved one. Chattanooga, TN: Artemecia Press.
Association, A. P. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct, 2010 and 2016 amendments. Retrieved October 1, 2017 from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Atkinson, P. A., Martin, C. R., & Rankin, J. (2009). Resilience revisited. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, 16(2), 137-145.
Attig, T. (1996). How we grieve: Relearning the world. Oxford: Oxford University.
Attig, T. (2000). The heart of grief: death and the search for lasting love. New York: Oxford University Press.
Attig, T. (2001). Relearning the world: Making and finding meanings. In R. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning construction and the experience of loss (pp. 33-53). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Babbie, E. (1998). The practice of social research (8th ed.). London:Wadsworth.
Baker, J. E., Sedney, M. A., & Gross, E. (1992). Psychological tasks for bereaved children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 105-116.
Balk, D. E. (1996). Model for understanding adolescent coping with bereavement. Death Studies, 20, 367-387.
Barbato, A., & Irwin, H. J. (1992). Major therapeutic systems and the bereaved client. Australian Psychologist, 27, 22-27.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). ATTACHMENT STYLES AMONG YOUNG-ADULTS - A TEST OF A 4-CATEGORY MODEL. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226
Benard, B. (1991). Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school, and community. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.
Benard, B. (1993). Fostering resiliency in kids. Education Leadership, 51(3), 44-48.
Benard, B. (2004). Resiliency: What we have learned. San Francisco, CA: WestEd Regional Educational Laboratory.
Bennett, M. E. (1963). Guildance and Counseling in groups. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bhikshu H. (2012). The role of mindfulness in hospice palliative care in Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Hospice Palliative Care, 17(2), 200-209.
Biddle, B. J. (1979). Role theory: Expectations, identatities, and behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Blatner, H. A. (1996). Acting-In: Practical applications of psychodramatic methods (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361.
Boelen, P. A., Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H. A. W., & Zijerveld, A. M. (2006). Continuing bonds and grief: A prospective analysis. Death Studies, 30(8), 767-776. doi: 10.1080/07481180600852936
Boerner, K., & Heckhausen, J. (2003). To have and have not: Adaptive bereavement by transforming mental ties to the deceased. Death Studies, 27(3), 199-226. doi: 10.1080/07481180390137026
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience - Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (2001). The varieties of grief experience. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), 705-734. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00062-3
Bonanno, G. A., Neria, Y., Mancini, A., Coifman, K. G., Litz, B., & Insel, B. (2007). Is there more to complicated grief than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(2), 342-351. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.342
Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Zhang, N. P., & Noll, J. G. (2005). Grief processing and deliberate grief avoidance: A prospective comparison of bereaved spouses and parents in the United States and the People's Republic of China. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 86-98. doi: 10.1037/0022.006x.73.1.86
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., & Nesse, R. M. (2004). Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood. Psychology and Aging, 19(2), 260-271. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.260
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., … Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1150-1164. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
Brook, J. (2006). Strengthening resilience in children and youths: Maximizing opportunities through the schools. Children & Schools, 28(2), 69-76.
Brooks, R., & Goldstein, S. (2008). The mindset o f teachers capable of fostering resilience in students. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23(1), 114-126.
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. A., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211-237.
Brunet, A., Orr, S. P., Tremblay, J., Robertson, K., Nader, K., & Pitman, R. K. (2008). Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(6), 503-506. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.05.006
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65-76.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. (2006). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cappel, M. L., & Mathieu, S. L. (1997). Loss and the grieving process. Parks and Recreation, 32(5), 82-85.
Cefai, C. (2008). Promoting resilience in the classroom: A guide to developing pupils' emotion and cognitive skills. Philadelphia: London: Jessica Kingsley.
Chow, A. Y. M., & Chan, C. L. W. (2006). Introduction. In C. L. W. Chan, & A. Y. M. Chow (Eds.), Death, dying and bereavement: A Hong Kong Chinese experience (pp. 1-14). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Cobliner, W. G. (1965). The Geneva school of genetic psychology: Parallels and counterparts. In R. A. Spitz (Ed.), In the First Year of Life. New York: International Universities Press.
Cohen, S. R., Mount, B. M. (1992). Quality of life in terminal illness: Defining and measuring subjective well-being in the dying. Journal of Palliative Care, 8(3), 40-45.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.
Corr, C. A., Nabe, C. M., & Corr, D. M. (2000). Death and dying, life and living (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Currier, J. M., Irish, J. E. F., Neimeyer, R. A., & Foster, J. D. (2015). Attachment, Continuing Bonds, and Complicated Grief Following Violent Loss: Testing a Moderated Model. Death Studies, 39(4), 201-210. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2014.975869
D, M., KF, S., & DG, A. (2001). CONSORT GROUP (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials): The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med, 134(8), 657-662.
Davis, C. G., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2000). Searching for meaning in loss: Are clinical assumptions correct? Death Studies, 24(6), 497-540.
Demi, A. S., & Miles, M. S. (1987). Parameters of normal grief: A Delphi study. Death Studies, 11, 397-412.
Denzin, N. K. (1994). The art and politics of interpretation. In K. D. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.). Handbook of qualitative research.(1st ed.) ( pp.500-515). London: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1998). The landscape of qualitative research: Theories and issues. Thousanks Oak, CA: Sage.
Downey, J. A. (2008). Recommendations for fostering educational resilience in the classroom. Preventing School Failure, 53(1), 56-64.
Doxsee, D. J., & Kivlighan, D. M. (1994). Hindering events in interpersonal relations groups for counselor trainees. Journal of counseling and development, 72, 621-626.
Duberstein, P. R., Chapman, B. P., Tindle, H. A., Sink, K. M., Bamonti, P., Robbins, J., … Franks, P. (2011). Personality and Risk for Alzheimer's Disease in Adults 72 Years of Age and Older: A 6-Year Follow-Up. Psychology and Aging, 26(2), 351-362. doi: 10.1037/a0021377
Duckworth, A. L., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 629-651.
Durlak, J. A. (1978-1979). Comparison between experimental and didactic methods of death education. Omega, 9(1), 57-66.
Durlak, J. A. (1994). Changing death attitudes through death education. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Death anxiety handbook (pp. 243-260). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Durlak, J. A., & Riesenberg, L. A. (1991). The impact of death education. Death Studies, 15, 39-58.
Dutton, Y. C., & Zisook, S. (2005). Adaptation to bereavement. Death Studies, 29(10), 877-903. doi: 10.1080/07481180500298826
Dyer, J. G., & McGuinness, T. M. (1996). Resilience: Analysis of the concept. Archives of Pshchiatric Nursing, 10(5), 276-282.
Eddy, J. M., & Alles, W. F. (1983). Death education. St. Louis: The C. U. Mosby Co.
Elias, J. L., & Merriam, S. (1980). Philosophical foundations of adult education. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Fang, C. Y., Reibel, D. K., Longacre, M. L., Rosenzweig, S., Campbell, D. E., & Douglas, S. D. (2010). Enhanced Psychosocial Well-Being Following Participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program Is Associated with Increased Natural Killer Cell Activity. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(5), 531-538. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0018
Fearon, R. M. P., & Mansell, W. (2001). Cognitive perspectives on unresolved loss: Insights from the study of PTSD. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 65(3), 380-396. doi: 10.1521/bumc.65.3.380.19845
Field, N. P. (2006). Continuing bonds in adaptation to bereavement: Introduction. Death Studies, 30(8), 709-714.
Field, N. P., & Friedrichs, M. (2004). Continuing bonds in coping with the death of a husband. Death Studies, 28(7), 597-620. doi: 10.1080/07481180490476425
Field, N. P., Gal-Oz, E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Continuing bonds and adjustment at 5 years after the death of a spouse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 110-117. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.110
Field, N. P., Gao, B., & Paderna, L. (2005). Continuing bonds in bereavement: An attachment theory based perspective. Death Studies, 29(4), 277-299. doi: 10.1080/07481180590923689
Field, N. P., Nichols, C., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1999). The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 212-218.
Field, N. P., Packman, W., Ronen, R., Pries, A., Davies, B., & Kramer, R. (2013). Type of Continuing Bonds Expression and Its Comforting Versus Distressing Nature: Implications for Adjustment Among Bereaved Mothers. Death Studies, 37(10), 889-912. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2012.692458
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological Resilience A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
Foster, T. L., Gilmer, M. J., Davies, B., Dietrich, M. S., Barrera, M., Fairclough, D. L., . . . Gerhardt, C. A. (2011). Comparison of Continuing Bonds Reported by Parents and Siblings After a Child's Death from Cancer. Death Studies, 35(5), 420-440. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2011.553308
Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 123-151. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_03
Fraser, M. W., & Richman, J. M. (1999). Risk,protection,and resilience: Toward a conceptual framework for social work practice. Social Work Research, 23(3), 131-144.
Fraser, M. W., Richman, J. M., & Galinsky, M. J. (1999). Risk, protection, and resilience: Toward a conceptual framework for social work practice. Social Work Research, 23(3), 131-142.
Freud, S. (1905). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Standard Edition, 7, 121-245.
Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia (Vol. 4). New York: Basic Books.
Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12(2), 65-76.
Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., Martinussen, M., Aslaksena, P. M., & Flaten, M. A. (2006). Resilience as a moderator of pain and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 213-219.
Fruehling, J. A. (1982). Sourcebook on death and dying. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, Inc.
Gajdos, K. C. (2002). The intergenerational effects of grief and trauma. Illness Crisis and Loss, 10, 304-317.
Garmezy, N. (1987). Stress, competence, and development: Continuities in the study of schizophrenic adults, children vulnerable to psychopathology, and the search for stress-resistant children. American Journal of Orthopsychuatry, 57, 159-174.
Gibson, A. B., Robert, P. C., & Buttery, T. J. (1982). Death education: A concern for the living. Bloomington IN: Phi Delta Kappan Educational Foundation.
Gillies, J., & Neimeyer, R. (2006). Loss, grief, and the search for significance: Toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19(1), 31-65.
Goldsmith, B., Morrison, R., Vanderwerker, L., & Prigerson, H. (2008). Elevated rates of prolonged grief disorders in African Americans. Death Studies, 32, 352-365.
Gorman, C. (2005). The importance of resilience. Time, 165(3), 76-79.
Grotberg, E. H. (1995). The International Project: Promoting Resilience in Children (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED383424).
Grotberg, E. H. (1997). The Guide to Promoting Resilience in Children: Strengthening the Human Spirit. University of Alabama at Birmingham: Civitan International Research Center.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 191-215). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hardt, D. (1879). Death: the final frontier. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Hartley, C. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2010). Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 136-146. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.121
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time (A Translation of SEIN und ZEIT by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson). New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
Hendrick, C. (1977). Role taking, role playing and the laboratory experiment. Personal and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 467-478.
Hernandeze, P. (2002). Resilience in families and communities: Latin American contribution from the psychology of liberation. The Family Journal: counseling and therapy for couples and families, 10(3), 334-343.
Hesse, E., Main, M., Abrams, K., & Rifkin, A. (2003). Unresolved states regarding loss or abuse can have ''second-generation'' effects: Disorganization, role inversion, and frightening ideation in the offspring of traumatized, nonmaltreating parents. In M. S. D. Siegel (Ed.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 57-106). New York: W.W. Norton &; Co.
Hooyman, N. R., & Kramer. (2006). Living through loss : Interventions cross the life span. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hopewell S, C. M., D, M., E, W., P, M., DG, A., & KF, S. (2008). CONSORT GROUP: CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med, 5(1), e20.
Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., Marmar, C., & Krupnick, J. (1980). Pathological grief and the activation of latent self images. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1157-1162.
Hsu, M. T., Kahn, D. L., Yee, D. H., & Lee, W. L. (2004). Recovery through reconnection: A cultural design for family bereavement in Taiwan. Death Studies, 28(8), 761-786. doi: 10.1080/07481180490483391
Huang, F. Y. (2008). Bereavement and Culture. (Ph D), The University of Manchester, Manchester.
Humphrey, G. M., & Zimpfer, D. G. (2008). Counselling for grief and bereavement (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Hurting, W. A., & Stewin, L. (1990). The effect of death education and experience on nursing students' attitude toward death. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 29-34.
Hutchison, T. D., & Scherman, A. (1992). Didactic and experiential death and dying training : impact upon death anxiety. Death Studies, 16, 317-330.
James, J. W. (1988). The grief recovery handbook. New York: Harper Perennial.
Jew, C. L., Green, K. E., & Kroger, J. (1999). Development and validation of a measure of resiliency. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 32(2), 75-89.
Jordan, J., & McIntosh, J. L. E. (2011). Grief after suicide: Understanding the consequences and caring for the survivor. New York: Routledge.
Jung, H.-o. (2009). A Study of the Korea Thanatology. [韓國 死生學의 現況과 課題 - '호모후마니타스사생학' 구축을 위한 제언을 중심으로 -]. Journal of North-east Asian Cultures, 1(21), 167-181.
Kabat-Zinn J (1990). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York, NY: Dwll.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.
Kalish, R. A. (1985). Death, grief, and caring relationships (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (2008). Longitudinal linkages between perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms: Sequential roles of social causation and social selection. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(3), 274-281. doi: 10.1002/jts.20334
Kaplan, H. B. (1995). Drugs, crime and other deviant adaptations. New York: Plenum Press.
Kastenbaum, R. (1992). The psychology of death (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Kees, M., & Rosenblum, K. (2015). Evaluation of a Psychological Health and Resilience Intervention for Military Spouses: A Pilot Study. Psychological Services, 12(3), 222-230. doi: 10.1037/ser0000035
Kelly, G. (1955). The psychology of personal construct (Vol. 1). New York: Norton.
Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(6), 519-528.
Klass, D. (2001). Continuing bonds in the resolution of grief in Japan and North America. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 742-763. doi: 10.1177/00027640121956476
Klass, D. (2006). Continuing conversation about continuing bonds. Death Studies, 30(9), 843-858. doi: 10.1080/07481180600886959
Klass, D., & Goss, R. (2003). The politics of grief and continuing bonds with the dead: The cases of Maoist China and Wahhabi Islam. Death Studies, 27(9), 787-811. doi: 10.1080/07481180390233380
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. e. (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Philadelphia: Taylor &; Francis.
Klein, M. (1975). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states (1940). In Love, guilt and reparation, and other works, 1921-1945 (pp. 344-369). New York: Simon & Schuster.
Knott, J. (1979). Death education for all In H. Wass (Ed.), Dying: Facing the facts. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co lishing.
Knowles, M. S. (1990). The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.
Koch, T. (1996). Implementation of a hermeneutics inquiry in nursing: Philosophy, rigour and representation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24, 174-184.
Koszycki, D., Benger, M., Shlik, J., & Bradwejn, J. (2007). Randomized trial of a meditation-based stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2518-2526. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.011
Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On Death and Dying. N. Y.: Macmillan.
Kurlychek, R. T. (1977). Death education: some considerations of purpose and rationale. Educational Gerontology, 2, 43-50.
Kuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., ... Dalgleish, T. (2016). Efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in prevention of depressive relapse: An individual patient data meta-analysis from randomized trials. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 565-574.
Lalande, K. M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). Retrospective Memory Bias for the Frequency of Potentially Traumatic Events: A Prospective Study. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 3(2), 165-170. doi: 10.1037/a0020847
Lao, S. A., Kissane, D., & Meadows, G. (2016). Cognitive effects of MBSR/MBCT: A systematic review of neuropsychological outcomes. Consciousness and Cognition, 45, 109-123.
Lauer, C. S. (2002). The relevance of resilience. Modern Healthcare, 32(33), 29-31.
Lavretsky, H. (2014). Resilience and Aging: Research and Practice. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lavretsky, H., Epel, E. S., Siddarth, P., Nazarian, N., St Cyr, N., Khalsa, D. S., … Irwin, M. R. (2013). A pilot study of yogic meditation for family dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase activity. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(1), 57-65. doi: 10.1002/gps.3790
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.
Ledesma, D., & Kumano, H. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cancer: a meta-analysis. Psycho-Oncology, 18(6), 571-579. doi: 10.1002/pon.1400
Lester, E. P. (1983). Separation-individuation and cognition. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 31, 127-156.
Leviton, D. (1977). The scope of death education. Death education, 1, 41-56.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Lindeman, E. C. (1926). The meaning of adult education. New York: New Republic.
Liveneh, H. (1986). A unified approach to existing models of adaptation to disability: parrt 1－a model adaptation. Journal of applied rehabilitation counseling, 17(1), 5-16.
Loreto, R. P. (2011). Introduction to the special section on grief, loss, and bereavement. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(1), 1-3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.33.1.1762433344628601
Luchins, A. S. (1959). Primacy-recency in impression formation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164
Macedo, T., Wilheim, L., Goncalves, R., Coutinho, E. S. F., Vilete, L., Figueira, I., & Ventura, P. (2014). Building resilience for future adversity: a systematic review of interventions in non-clinical samples of adults. Bmc Psychiatry, 14. doi: 10.1186/s12888-014-0227-6
Macedo, T., Wilheim, L., Gonçalves, R., Coutinho, E. S. F., Vilete, L., I., F., & Ventura, P. (2014). Building resilience for future adversity: a systematic review of interventions in non-clinical samples of adults. Bmc Psychiatry, 14(227). doi: 10.1186/s12888-014-0227-6
Maglio, C. J., & Robinson, S. E. (1994). The effects of death education on death anxiety : A meta-analysis. Omega, 29(4), 319-335.
Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books.
Mak, M. H. J. (2010). Quality insights of university students on dying, death, and death education: a preliminary study in hong kong. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 62(4), 387-405. doi: 10.2190/OM.62.4.e
Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2006). Resilience in the face of potential trauma: Clinical practices and illustrations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(8), 971-985. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20283
Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). Loss and grief: the role of individual differences. In S. M. Southwick, Litz, B. T., Charney, D. & Friedman, M. J. (Ed.), Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges Across the Lifespan (pp. 189-199). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A., & Clark, A. E. (2011). Stepping Off the Hedonic Treadmill Individual Differences in Response to Major Life Events. Journal of Individual Differences, 32(3), 144-152. doi: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000047
Martin, T. L., & Doka, K. J. (2000). Men don't cry ... women do: Transcending gender stereotypes of grief. Philadelphia, Penn.: Brunner/Mazel.
Maslow, A.H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic - Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227
Masten, A. S. (2004). Regulatory processes, risk, and resilience in adolescent development. In R. E. Dahl & L. P. Spear (Eds.), Adolescent Brain Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities (Vol. 1021, pp. 310-319).
Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74-88). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Developmental and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444.
Masten, A. S., Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., & Lafavor, T. L. (2008). Promoting competence and Resilience in the school context. Professional School Counseling, 12(2), 76-85.
McEwen, K. (2012). Building personal resilience as a geoscientist. Applied Earth Science, 121(4), 155-162.
Meert, K., Thurston, C., & Briller, S. (2005). Spiritual needs of bereaved parents. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 6 (4), 420-427.
Melges, F. T., & DeMaso, D. R. (1980). Grief-resolition therapy: Relieving, revising, and revisiting. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 34, 51-61.
Middleton, W., Moylan, A., Raphael, B., Burnett, P., & Martinek, N. (1993). An international perspective on bereavement related concepts. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27(3), 457-463. doi: 10.3109/00048679309075803
Mikulincer, M. (2008). An attachment perspective on disordered grief reactions and the process of grief resolution. Grief Matters: The Australian Journal of Grief and Bereavement, 11, 34-37.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2008). An attachment theory perspective on bereavement. In M. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 87-112). Washington: American Psychological Association Press.
Milroy, E. (1982). Role-play: a practical guide. Scotland: Aberdeen University Press.
Moreno, J. L. (1953). Who shall survive? A new approach to the problem of human Interrel-ation. Washington: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing. (Original work published in 1934).
Morgan, J. D. (1997). Death education in the context of general education. In J. D. Morgan (Ed.), Readings in Thanatology (pp. 1-6). NY: Baywood Pub.Co.
Mrazek, P. J., & Mrazek, D. (1987). Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 357-365.
Murphy, P. A. (1986). Reduction in nurses' death anxiety following a death awareness workshop. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 17(4), 115-118.
Murphy, S. A., Das Gupta, A., Cain, K. C., Johnson, L. C., Lohan, J., Wu, L., & Mekwa, J. (1999). Changes in parents' mental distress after the violent death of an adolescent or young adult child: A longitudinal prospective analysis. Death Studies, 23(2), 129-159. doi: 10.1080/074811899201118
Neimeyer, R. A. (2001). Reauthoring life narratives: Grief therapy as meaning reconstruction. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 38, 171-183.
Neimeyer, R. A., Baldwin, S. A., & Gillies, J. (2006). Continuing bonds and reconstructing meaning: Mitigating complications in bereavement. Death Studies, 30(8), 715-738. doi: 10.1080/07481180600848322
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1999). Coping with loss. Mahwah. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Association, Inc.
Noreen, J., & Terry, L. (1990-1991). Effectiveness of a death education program in reducing death anxiety of nursing students. Omega, 22(1), 25-33.
Olsson, C. A., Bond, L., Burns, J. M., Vella- Brodrick, D. A., & Sawyer, S. M. (2003). Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 1-11.
Packman, W., Horsley, H., Davies, B., & Kramer, R. (2006). Sibling bereavement and continuing bonds. Death Studies, 30(9), 817-841. doi: 10.1080/07481180600886603
Padgett, D. K. (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Parkes, C. M. (1970). The first year of bereavement: a longitudinal study of the reaction of London widowa to the death of their husbands. Psychiatry, 33, 444-467.
Parkes, C. M. (1972). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. New York: International Universities Press.
Parkes, C. M. (1980). Bereavement counselling: Does it work? British Medical Journal, 281, 3-6.
Parkes, C. M. (1998). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life (3rd ed.). Harmondsworth, UK: Pelican Books.
Parkes, C. M. (2006). Love and loss: The roots of grief and its complications. New York: Routledge.
Parkes, C. M., & Weiss, R. S. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books.
Parkes, C. M., Laungani, P., & Young, B. (1997). Death and bereavement across cultures. London: Routledge.
Patterson, J. L., & Kelleher, P. (2005). Resilient school leaders: Strategies for turning adversity into achievement. Alexandria. VA: Association for supervision and curriculum development.
Pattishall, E. G. (1994). A research agenda for adolescent problem in risk taking behavior. N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Payne, S., Jarrett, N., Wiles, R. A., & Field, D. (2002). Counselling strategies for bereaved people offered in primary care. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15(2), 161-177.
Phelps, E. A., Delgado, M. R., Nearing, K. I., & LeDoux, J. E. (2004). Extinction learning in humans: Role of the amygdala and vmPFC. Neuron, 43(6), 897-905. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.042
Pietrantoni L., P., G. (2008). Empowerment psicologico: contributo alla validazione italiana della scala di Spreitzer. Risorsa Uomo 14, 325-338.
Pollard, J. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Arthur, M. W. (1999). Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence? Social Work Research, 23(3), 145-158.
Quirk, G. J., Pare, D., Richardson, R., Herry, C., Monfils, M. H., Schiller, D., & Vicentic, A. (2010). Erasing Fear Memories with Extinction Training. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(45), 14993-14997. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.4268-10.2010
Rando, T. A. (1993). Treatment of complicated mourning. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Rando, T. A. (1995). Grief and mourning: Accommodating to loss. In H. Wass & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Dying : Facing the Facts (3rd., pp. 211-239). Washington, D. C.: Taylor＆Francis.
Raphael, B. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books.
Rees, W. D. (1971). The hallucinations of widowhood. British Medical Journal, 4(5778), 37-41.
Resick, P. A. (2001). Stress and trauma. Hove: Psychology Press Ltd.
Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307-321. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10020
Roberts, L. R., & Montgomery, S. B. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Perinatal Grief in Rural India: Improved Mental Health at 12Months Follow-Up. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(12), 942-951. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2016.1236864
Romanoff, B. D., & Terenzio, M. (1998). Rituals and the grieving process. Death Studies, 22, 697-711.
Root, B. L., & Exline, J. J. (2014). The Role of Continuing Bonds in Coping With Grief: Overview and Future Directions. Death Studies, 38(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2012.712608
Rosenthal, N. R. (1986). Death education : Developing a course study for adolescents. In I. C. A. Corr & J. N. McNeil (Eds.), Adolescense and death (pp. 202-214). New York: Springer Publishing.
Rubin, S. S. (1981). A two-track model of bereavement: Theory and application in research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51(1), 101-109.
Rubin, S. S. (1999). The two-track model of bereavement: Overview, retrospect, and prospect. Death Studies, 23(8), 681-714.
Ruiz, R. A. (2001). Coping with the death 01 a brother or sister. N.Y.: Rosen.
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316-331.
Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp.181-214). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Journal of AdolescentHealth, 14, 626-631.
Sagor, R. T. (1996). Guiding school improvement with action research. Journal of Research in Reading, 26(3), 155-162.
Sanders, C. (1999). Grief, the mourning after: Dealing with adult bereavement (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Schiller, D., Monfils, M.-H., Raio, C. M., Johnson, D. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463(7277), 49-U51. doi: 10.1038/nature08637
Schoon, I., & Bynner, J. (2003). Risk and resilience in the life course: Implications for interventions and social policies. Journal of Youth Studies, 6(1), 21-31. doi: 10.1080/1367626032000068145
Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M. S., Boelen, P. A., & Zijerveld, A. M. (2006). Continuing relationships with the deceased: Disentangling bonds and grief. Death Studies, 30(8), 757-766. doi: 10.1080/07481180600850666
Segal, H. (1974). Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Seligman, M. (1995). The optimistic child. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). The optimistic child: A proven program to safeguard children against depression and build lifelong resilience. New York: First Houghton Mifflin.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology - An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.56.1.89
Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293-311. doi: 10.1080/03054980902934563
Selye, H. (1950). Stress: The physiology and pathology of expose to stress. Montreel, Quebec: Acta Medical Publisher.
Shaftel, F. R., & Shaftel, G. (1967). Role-playing for social values: Decision-Making in the Social Studies. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Shaftel, F. R., & Shaftel, G. (1982). Role playing in the curriculum. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Shapiro, E. R. (1994). Grief as a family process: A developmental approach to clinical practice. New York: Guilford.
Shaver, P. R., & Tancredy, C. M. (2001). Emotion, attachment, and bereavement: A conceptual commentary. In M. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 63-88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shear, K., & Shair, H. (2005). Attachment, and loss, and complicated grief. Developmental Psychobiology, 47(3), 253-267. doi: 10.1002/dev.20091
Sheldon, K. M., & King, L. (2001). Why positive psychology is necessary. American Psychologist, 56(3), 216-217.
Shuchter, S. R., & Zisook, S. (1993). The course of normal grief. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 23-43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Singelis, T. M., Bond, M. H., Sharkey, W. F., & Lai, C. S. Y. (1999). Unpackaging culture's influence on self-esteem and embarrassability: The role of self-construals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(3), 315-341.
Smith, B. W., Delen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the Ability to Bounce Back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200. doi: 10.1080/10705500802222972
Smith, E. D., Stefanek, M. E., Joseph, M. V., Verdieck, M. J., Zabora, J. R., & Fetting, J. H. (1994). Spiritual awareness, personal perspective on death, and psychosocial distress among cancer patients. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 11(3), 89-103.
Smith, R. M. (1982). Learninghow to learn: Applied learning theory for adults. Chicago: Follet.
Smokowski, P. R., Reynolds, A. J., & Bezruczko, N. (1999). Resilience and protective factors in adolescence: An autobiographical perspective from disadvantaged youth. Journal of School Psychology, 37(4), 425-448. doi: 10.1016/s0022-4405(99)00028-x
Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2002). Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford.
Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2012). Resilience: The science of mastering life's greatest challenges. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stoltz, P. G. (1997). Adversity quotient: Turning obstacles into opportunities. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (2001). Models of coping with bereavement: A review. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping and care (pp. 394-398). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (2005). To continue or relinquish bonds: A review of consequences for the bereaved. Death Studies, 29, 477-494. doi: 10.1080/07481180590962659

Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 197-224.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2005). Attachment in coping with bereavement: A theoretical integration. Review of General Psychology, 9(1), 48-66. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.1.48
Tang, Y. Y., Holzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225.
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental-health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193-210. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193
Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meanings. New York: John Wiley & Sons Publishers.
Theron, L. C., & Theron, A. M. C. (2010). A critical review of studies of south African youth resilience, 1990-2008. South African Journal of Science, 106, 1-8.
Tomer A. (1994). Death anxiety in adult life: Theoretical perspectives. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application (pp. 3-28). Washington DC: Taylor & Francis.
Tomer, A,, & Eliason, G. (1996). Toward a comprehensive model of death anxiety. Death Studies, 20, 343-335.
Turner, S. G. (2001). Resilience and social work practice: Three case studies. Families in Society, 82(5), 441-448.
Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holist Nursing Pract, 18(1), 3-8.
Vaillant, G. E. (2003). Aging Well: Suprising guideposts to a happier life from the landmark Harvard study of adult development. New York, NY: Little, Brown & Co.
Van Manen, M. (1997). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. Ontario: State University of New York.
Van Ments, M. (1983). The effect use of role-play. New York: Nichols Publishing.
Vandenbroucke, J. P., Von, E. E., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., . . . Egger, M. (2007). STROBE initiative: STROBE initiative. strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med, 147, 163-194.
Vanderwerker, L. C., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2006). An exploration of associations between separation anxiety in childhood and complicated grief in later life. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(2), 121-123. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000198146.28182.d5
Volkan, V. (1972). The linking objects of pathological mourners. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 215-221.
Wada, K., & Park, J. (2009). Integrating Buddhist psychology into grief counseling. Death studies, 33(7), 657-683.
Waller, M. A. (2001). Resilience in ecosystemic context: Evolution of the concept. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), 290-297.
Walsh, F. (2006). Strengthening family resilience (2nd ed.). New York: Guildford Press.
Walsh, F., & McGoldrick, M. (1991). Living beyond loss: Death in the family. New York: Norton.
Walsh-Burke, K. (2006). Grief and loss : Theories and skills for helping professionals. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
Walter, T. (1996). A new model of grief. Mortality, 1, 7-25.
Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1994). Educational resilience in inner cities. In M. C. Wang & E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational resilience in inner cities: Challenges and prospects (pp. 45-72). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Werner, E. E. (1989). High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(1), 72-81.
Werner, E. E. (2006). What can we learn about resilience from large-scale longitudinal studies. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 91-106). New York: Spring.
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1977). Kauai's children come of age. Honololo: University of Hawaii Press.
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: Adams, Bannister, Cox.
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience and recovery. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
White L. (2014). Mindfulness in nursing: an evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(2), 282-294.
WHO. (2015). Ageing and health. Retrieved October 1, 2017 from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs404/en/
Wiseman, T. (1996). A concept analysis of empathy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 1162-1167.
Wolff, S. (1995). The concept of resilience. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29(4), 565-574. doi: 10.3109/00048679509064968
Worden, J. W. (2002). Greif Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
Wright, M. O., & Masten, A. S. (2006). Resilience processes in development: Fostering positive adaptation in the context of adversity. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 17-37). New York: Spring.
Yang, J.-Y. (2012). The Meditation on Death and Practice in Lam rim - Focused on the viewpoint of ThanatologyT. [람림(Lam rim)에서의 죽음 억념과 수행 - 생사학적 관점을 중심으로]. Journal of Korean Seon Studies, 31, 293-319.
Yardley, K. (1995). Role play. In J. A. Smith, R. Harre, & L. V. Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology. London: Sage.
Yardley, K. M. (1997). Role Play: Theory and practice. London: SAGA Publications.
Yick, A. G., & Gupta, R. (2002). Chinese cultural dimensions of death, dying, and bereavement: Focus group finding. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 9(2), 32-42.
Yu, N. X., Lam, T. H., Liu, I. K. F., & Stewart, S. M. (2015). Mediation of short and longer term effects of an intervention program to enhance resilience in immigrants from mainland china to hong kong. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01769
Zhang, X. Y., DeBlois, L., Deniger, M. A., & Kamanzi, C. (2008). A theory of success for disadvantaged children: Reconceptualization of social capital in the light of resilience. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 54(1), 97-111.
Zimmerman, M. A., & Arunkumar, R. (1994). Resiliency research: Implications for schools and policy. Social Policy Report: Society for Research in Child Development, 8(4), 1-18.
김나미. (2014). Effects of a positive psychological intervention program on psychological well-being, resilience, and depression in korean college students. [대학생을 위한 멘탈 휘트니스 프로그램이심리적 안녕감, 회복탄력성, 우울에 미치는 영향]. Korea Journal of Counseling, 15(1), 241-258.