在談論十九世紀前半協奏曲的發展時，炫技協奏曲和交響協奏曲為時常討論的議題。舒曼(Robert Schumann, 1810-1856)在一生當中，總共8次嘗試創作給鋼琴和樂團的作品，但唯一一首完成且多樂章的作品，為1845年完成的《a小調鋼琴協奏曲》(Piano Concerto in a minor, op.54, 1845)。
本論文針對交響協奏曲的特色，對序奏、動機運用、主題配器以及獨奏與樂團之間的聲響進行分析，可以看到舒曼對協奏曲的想法在《a小調鋼琴協奏曲》當中體現。透過三樂章的動機，以及二三樂章的過門片段，舒曼將《a小調鋼琴協奏曲》三個樂章連結成一個整體。樂團與獨奏之間有時相互對抗，有時交融出整體的聲響，都是讓後來的人，將此曲視為浪漫時期鋼琴協奏曲的經典。

While discussing the Concerto development in the first half of the nineteen century, we often mention about the issues of virtuoso concerto and symphonic concerto. Robert Schumann (1811-1856) in his whole life, had tried to compose works for Piano and Orchestra for 8 times, however, the Piano Concerto in a minor (1845), was his only work possessing multi movements and fully completed piece.
Thus, the study analyze the Overture, motive material, theme orchestration and sound of solo and Orchestra, explore how Schumann incarnate his thinking in the Piano Concerto in a minor. The thematic relation of the three movements and transition from the 2nd to the 3rd movement, he perfectly linked three movements together. The sound between the Orchestra and piano solo, sometimes confront, while sometimes completely set, which had made this work to be regarded as one of the quintessential pieces of Romantic piano concertos.

一、樂譜

Schumann, Clara. Piano Concerto in a Minor, Op. 7. Edited by Janina Klassen. Leipzig:
Breitkopf& Härtel, 1990.

. Piano Sonata in g minor. Edited by Gerd Nauhaus. Leipzig: Breitkopf& Härtel, 1991.

Schumann, Robert. Piano Concerto in a Minor, Op. 54. Edited by Clara Schumann. Leipzig: Breitkopf& Härtel, 1862.

. Piano Concerto in a Minor, Op. 54. Edited by Edwin Hughes. New York: G. Schirmer, 1945.

. Concertsatz für Pianoforte in d-moll. Edited by Jozef de Beenhouwer and Joachim Draheim. Leipzig: Breitkopf& Härtel, 1988.

. Phantasie for Piano and Orchestra. Edited by Wolfgang Boetticher. Mainz: Eulenburg Edition, 1994.

. Piano Concerto in a Minor, Op. 54. Edited by Bernhard R. Appel. Serie I: Orchesterwerke Werkgruppen 2: Konzerte, vol.1 of Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke. Mainz: Schott, 2003.

. Piano Concerto in a Minor, Op. 54. Edited by Bernhard R. Appel. Mainz: Eulenburg Edition, 2006.

二、中文書目

林淑真。《前期浪漫派鋼琴協奏曲研究》。台北：樂韻，1978。

陳玉芸。《舒曼鋼琴代表作之研究》。台北：全音，1997。

Berman, Boris.《鋼琴彈奏法》 (Notes from the Pianist's Bench) 。 廖皎含 譯。台北：五南，2009。

Dowley, Tim.《偉大作曲家羣像－舒曼》 (The illustrated lives of the great composers) 。朱健慧 譯。台北：智庫，1995。

Reich, B. Nancy. 《如果，不是舒曼–十九世紀最偉大的女鋼琴家克拉拉‧舒曼》(Clara Schumann-The Artist and the Women)。陳秋萍、游淑峰 譯。台北：高談，2006。

三、外文書目

Boetticher, W. “Die Frühfassung des ersten Satzes von Robert Schumanns Klavierkonzert op.54 und das Problem seiner Durchführung“, Festschrift Arno Forchert zum 60. Geburtstag, Edited by G. Allroggen and D. Altenburg (Kassel, 1986), 216–21.

. “Das Entstehen von R. Schumanns Klavierkonzert: Textkritische Studien” Festschrift Martin Ruhnke zum 65. Geburtstage (Stuttgart, 1986), 45-55.

. Robert Schumann- Leben und Werk. Wilhelmshaven: Florian Noetzel Verlag, 2004.

Brown, A. Thomas. The Aesthetics of Robert Schumann. New York: Philosophical Library, 1968.

Bryant, Hannah. The Letters of Robert Schumann. London: Billing and Sons Ltd., 1907.

Dahlhaus, Carl. Nineteenth-Century Music. Trans. J. Bradford Robinson. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989

Daverio, John. Robert Schumann : Herald of a "new poetic Age". New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

David, John. Robert Schumann. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Edler, Arnfried. Robert Schumann und seine Zeit. Laaber:Laaber-Verlag ,1982.

. ‘‘Große Form als thematische Dramaturgie: Überlegungen zum Kopfsatz von Schumanns Klavierkonzert a-Moll op. 54“ in Robert Schumann und die große Form : Referate des Bonner Symposions 2006 . edited by Bernd Sponheuer and Wolfram Steinbeck, 163-179. Frankfurt am Main: Lang , 2009.

Engel, Hans. Die Entwicklung des Deutschen Klavierkonzertes von Mozart bis Liszt. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1927

Gerstmeier, August. Robert Schumann- Klavierkonzert A-moll, op.54. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1986.

Keefe, Simon P., ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Concerto. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Layton, Robert, ed. A Companion to the Concerto. New York: Schirmer Books, 1996.

Lindeman, Stephan. Structural Novelty and Tradition in the Early Romantic Piano Concerto. Stuyvesant: The State University of New Jersey, 1999.

Loesch, Heinz von. “ Robert Schumann und die Welt der Virtuosen : nebst einigen analytischen Bemerkungen zu seinen drei Konzerten” in Robert Schumanns "Welten", edited by Manuel Gervink , 82-96. Dresden : Sandstein, 2007.

Loos, Helmut, ed. Robert Schumann Interpretation seiner Werk. Köthen: Laaber-Verlag, 2005.

Macdonald, Claudia. Robert Schumann and the Piano Concerto. New York: Routledge, 2005.

McCorkle, L. Margit. Robert Schumann Thematisch-Bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis. Serie VIII: Supplemente vol.6 of Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke. Mainz: Schott, 2003.

Nauhaus, Gerd, ed. The Marriage Diaries of Robert & Clara Schumann: From Their Wedding Day through the Russia Trip. Translated by Peter Ostwald. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993.

Perrey, Beate, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Schumann. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2007.

Roeder, Michael Thomas. A History of the Concerto. Portland: Amadeus Press, 1994.
Ronald, Taylor. Robert Schumann: His Life and Work. London: Granada Publishing, 1982.

Rowland, David. The Cambridge Companion to the Piano. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Schumann, Clara. The Complete Correspondence of Clara and Robert Schumann: Critical edition. ed. by Eva Weissweiler, trans. by Hildegard Fritsch; Ronald L. Crawford. New York: Peter Lang, 1994.

Schumann, Robert. Gesammelte Schriften über Musik und Musiker, III (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1854; reprint, Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1985). ed. trans. annot. by Fanny Raymond Ritter. Music and Musicians. London: W. Reeves, 1880.

. On Music and Musicians. Edited by Konrad Wolff. Translated by Paul Rosenfeld. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

. Schumann on Music: a Selection from the Writings. Edited and translated by Henry Pleasants. New York: Dover Publications, 1988.

Steinberg, Michael. The Concerto: a Listener’s Guide. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Todd, R. Larry, ed. Schumann and his World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Tovey, Donald Francis. Essays In Musical Analysis. Vol. 3: Concerto. London: Oxford University Press, 1936.

Veinus, Vladimir. The Concerto. New York: Dover, 1964.

Voss, Egon. Schumann, Robert: Konzert für Klavier und Orchester a-Moll op.54. Einführung und Analyse. Mainz : Schott, 1979.

四、期刊

張雅婷。〈舒曼《A 小調鋼琴協奏曲》第一樂章探討及與葛利格《A 小調鋼琴協奏曲》之比較〉。《議藝份子》(13期，2009): 59-82。

Appel, Bernhard R. “Kulturgut oder Kapitalanlage? Zum Ankauf des Autographs von Robert Schumanns Klavierkonzert op. 54.“ Neue Zeitschrift für Musik vol. 151/5 (1990): 10-5.

. “Die Überleitung vom 2. zum 3. Satz in Robert Schumanns Klavierkonzert opus 54.“ Die Musikforschung xliv (1991): 255–61.

Frager, Malcolm. “The Manuscript of the Schumann Piano Concerto.” Current Musicology 15 (1973): 83-7.

Macdonald, Claudia. “Mit einer eignen außerordentlichen Composition: The Genesis of
Schumann’s Phantasie in a minor.” The Journal of Musicology 13, no. 2 (Spring, 1995): 240-59.

. “Schumann's Piano Practice: Technical Mastery and Artistic Ideal” The Journal of Musicology 19, no. 4 (Fall, 2002): 527-63.

Roe, Stephen. “The Autograph Manuscript of Schumann's Piano Concerto.” The Musical Times, Vol. 131, no. 1764 (Febuary 1990): 77-79.

Schumann, Eugene and G. D. H. Pidcock. “The Diary of Robert and Clara Schumann.” Music & Letters 15, no.4 (October 1934): 287-300.

Synofzik, Thomas.“Ein Rückert-Kanon als Keimzelle zu Schumanns Klavierkonzert op. 54.“ Die Musikforschung 58, no.1 (1/3, 2005): 28-32.

五、學位論文

陳慧仙。〈舒曼《a小調鋼琴協奏曲》作品五十四探討〉。東海大學音樂系演奏組碩士論文，2001。

劉新圓。〈音樂即興：理論與實務初探〉。國立臺灣師範大學音樂學組博士論文，2011。

蔡佩樺。〈舒曼a小調鋼琴協曲作品五十四之研究〉。國立師範大學音樂系指揮組碩士論文，1992年。

鍾佩琪。〈舒曼《a小調鋼琴協奏曲》之研究〉。國立中山大學音樂系演奏組碩士論文，2002。

Kang, Mahn-Hee. “Robert Schumann’s Piano Concerto in A minor: a Stemmatic Analysis of the Sources “ PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1992.

Macdonald, Claudia. “Robert Schumann’s F-major Piano Concerto of 1831 as Reconstructed from His First Sketchbook: a History of its Composition and Study of its Musical Background” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1986.

六、網路資源

Schumann in Zwickau. http://www.schumannzwickau.de/

Robert-Schumann-Gesellschaft in Düsseldorf. http://www.schumann-gesellschaft.de/

Schumann-jahr 2010. http://schumannjahr2010.de/