本研究旨在探討虛擬團隊的運作在師院勞作課程中，創造力表現的歷程及結果。本研究透過索羅門四組實驗設計，以立意取樣的方式，在兩所師院共四個不同班級進行教學實驗。以量化研究的方法，分析虛擬團隊運作對成員的個人創造力、構想創意、及產品創意的影響，主要統計方法包括單因子變異數分析及共變數分析；再以質化研究的方法，探討虛擬團隊的創意歷程，主要分析方法為歸納式分析法。主要的研究發現包括：1.創造力前測的實施，對虛擬團隊的個人創造力、構想創意及產品創意，沒有顯著的影響。2.虛擬團隊對個人創造力沒有顯著的影響，但是在構想創意和產品創意方面，會有正面的效果。3.虛擬團隊的創意歷程，包括啟動期、約定期、分散發言期、正式討論期、密集討論期、及作業上繳期。小組在工作時間的分配不均，成員對於小組合作方法、團隊創造方法、電腦網路操作知能、科技專業知能，則明顯欠缺。最後，本研究依據研究發現與結論，分別針對虛擬團隊的設計經營、勞作課程的教學與後續的研究，提出建議事項。

The Purpose of this study was to discuss processes and results of virtual teams creativity in teacher’s college technology education. An experiment was conducted with the Solomon four-group design. The results yielded by One-way ANOVA and ANCOVA revealed that: (1) there were no significant differences in personal creativity, designing creativity, and product creativity within with-pretest-groups and without-pretest-groups; (2) there was no significant difference in personal creativity within virtual teams and conventional teams. Nevertheless, there were statistically significant differences both in designing creativity and product creativity. In addition, as a result of inductive analysis qualitatively, findings revealed that those main developmental stages which virtual teams adopted to create innovative products were initiation, appointment, dispersed discussion, formal discussion, concentrated discussion, and ending. Finally, based on the findings of this study, several recommendations for managing virtual teams, teaching technology education, and future studies were proposed.

中正大學教育研究所主編(民89)，質的研究方法。高雄：麗文。
方崇雄(民88)，國民中學問題解決導向生活科技課程學習歷程模式之建構與驗證研究。台北：中華民國工業科技教育學會。
毛連塭(民86)，創造學的孕育與發展。資優教育，63，8-12。
毛連塭(民89a)，緒論。載於毛連塭等著：創造力研究，頁2-55。台北：心理。
毛連塭(民89b)，創造力研究的發展。載於毛連塭等著：創造力研究，頁56-125。台北：心理。
王文科(民75)，教育研究法--教育研究的理論與實際。台北：五南。
王文科(民90)，教育研究法。台北：五南。
王振德(民86)，創造力三面模式評介----兼論創造力的本質與研究取向。資優教育，64，1-5。
王萬清(民88)，認知自我調整對在職及職前寫作教學師資培育之影響。國科會委託研究(NSC87-2413-H024-007)。
王銘顯(民81)，工藝設計—工藝設計程序。載於吳志誠編著：產品與工業設計，頁177-180。台北：新形象出版事業。
台灣省發明協會(民86)，中華民國八十六年全國發明展專刊。台北市：台灣省發明協會。
朱敬先(民87)，教育心理學----教學取向。台北：五南。
行政院國家科學委員會(民87)，中華民國科學技術年鑑(八十五年)。台北：行政院國家科學委員會。
吳芝儀及李奉儒譯(民84)，質的評鑑與研究。台北：桂冠。
吳迎春、傅凌譯（民83），大未來。台北：時報文化。
呂勝瑛及翁淑緣譯(民80)，創造與人生。台北：遠流。
李德高(民79)，創造心理學。台北：五南。
沈宇澄譯(民87)，幼稚園教育課程—以遊戲為架構的課程設計。台北：五南。
周敬煌(民78)，工業設計。台北：大陸書店。
林幸台及王木榮(民84)，威廉斯創造力測驗。台北：心理。
林清山(民76)，實驗研究法在教育研究上的應用及限制。載於中國教育學會主編：教育研究方法論，pp31-62。台北：師大書苑。
洪榮昭及連惠心(民87)，分析及架構創意思維模式之應用研究。行政院國科會委託研究(NSC87-2516-S003-003)。
孫仲山(民77)，為工藝教育正名。國教世紀，23(5)，25-27。
孫仲山(民80)，國民小學勞作(工藝)教學概況調查。國教世紀，27(2)，25-30。
馬信行(民87)，教育科學研究法。台北：五南。
高敬文及朱敬財(民71)，創造與教學。載於蔡保田編：教育發展與心理建設，頁935-963。台北：中華。
張玉山(民89)，促進幼兒科技素養的創造性教學實驗研究。發表於師範教育學會：新世紀教育願景與規劃研討會。
教育部(民76)，幼稚園課程標準。台北：教育部。
郭有遹(民72)，創造心理學。台北：正中。
郭有遹(民83)，創造性的問題解決法。台北：心理。
陳李綢及郭妙雪(民87)，教育心理學。台北：五南。
陳昭儀(民80)，二十位傑出發明家的生涯路。台北：心理。
陳滄堯譯(民87)，幼兒課程—從發展模式到實際應用。台北：五南。
陳龍安(民77)，創造思考教學的理論與實際。台北：心理。
陳龍安(民89)，創造思考教學。載於毛連塭等著：創造力研究，頁212-263。台北：心理。
陳龍安及朱湘吉(民82)，創造與生活。台北：國立空中大學。
陸祖昆譯(民77)，創造性心理學。台北：五洲。
陶英琪及陳穎涵譯(民87)，探索孩子心靈世界。台北：心理。
彭震球(民80)，創造性教學之實踐。台北：五南。
黃瑞琴(民86)，質的教育研究方法。台北：心理。
黃瑞琴(民86)：質的教育研究方法。台北：心理。
盧素碧(民82)，幼兒的發展與輔導。台北：文景。
簡楚瑛(民83)，方案課程之理論與實務--兼談義大利瑞吉歐學前教育系統。台北：文景。
羅文基(民75)，教育訓練與人力發展。高雄：復文。
龔文廣(民89)，知識經濟與新世紀人力資源發展新趨勢。勞工行政，149，8-18。
蕭錫錡及許全守(民88)，專題製作之創意發展---以多功能機械人為例---子計畫II：合作創作之研究。行政院國家科學委員會委託研究(NSC88-2519-S018-001)
Amabile, T. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123-167.
Armstrong, D. & Cole, P. (1995). Managing distances and differences in geographically distributed work groups. In S.E. Jackson & M.N. Ruderman (Eds.), Diversity in work teams: research paradigms for a changing workplace (pp. 187-215). Washing, DC: American Psychological Association.
Aspin, M. (2001). Virtual Teams in Education: new management theories. Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE (NMIT). Retrieved June, 10, 2002, from http://www.nw99.net.au/papers/aspin.html.
Bowman, B.T. (1998). Math, science, and technology in early childhood education. paper presented at the forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education (Washington, DC, February 6-8, 1998). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 418-774)
Breckon, A. (1995). Data annual conference address. Design & Technology Teaching, 28(1), 11-16.
Butler, R. (1981). Innovation in organization: Appropriateness of perspectives from small group studies for strategy formulation. Human Relations, 34, 763-788.
Caldwell, B. & Gambon, J. (1996). The virtual office gets real. Informationweek, 22(1), 32-36.
Cantu C.(2001). Virtual teams. Center for the Study of Work Teams University of North Texas. Retrieved June 10, 2002, from http://www.workteams.unt.edu/reports/Cantu.html
Coste, T.G. (1996). Group creativity: divergence and convergence in technological design. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan, Michigan Technological University.
Duarte, D.L., & Snyder, N.T. (1999). Mastering virtual teams: strategies, tools, and techniques that succeed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Elkind, D. (1998). Educating young children in math, science, and technology. paper presented at the Forum on Early Childhood Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education (Washington, DC, February 6-8, 1998). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 416-993)
Firestien, R. (1990). Effects of creative problem solving training on communication behaviors in small groups. Small Group Research, 21, 507-521.
Fleer, M. (1996a). Investigating young children's home technological language and experience. Australian Research in Early Childhood Education. Volume 1, 1996. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 406-034)
Fleer, M. (1996b). Creating technological learning contexts in early childhood settings. speeches /meeting papers. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 402-028)
Foster, P. N.(1997).The benefits of elementary-school technology education to children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Missouri: University of Missouri-Columbia.
George, J. (1996). Virtual best practice: how to successfully introduce virtual team-working. Teams, November，38-45.
George, J. (1996, November). Virtual best practice: how to successfully introduce virtual team-working. Teams, 38-45.
George, J. A.,(1996). Virtual best practice. Teams Magazine, November,38-45.
Goldman, S., Nagel, R. & PreissAgile K. (1995). Competitors and Virtual Organizations.
Gould, D. (1999a). Leading virtual teams. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.seanet.com/~daveg/ltv.htm
Gould, D. (1999b). Virtual teams. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.seanet.com/~daveg/vrteams.htm
Gould,d(1998). CHAPTER 6: Recommendations and conclusions. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.seanet.com/~daveg/chapter6.htm
Guillory, M. & Neelam K. D. (1995). Performance on the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking and the structure of intellect----learning abilities test: Is there a relationship? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (Biloxi, MS, November 8-10, 1995). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED 393 894)
Haywood, M. (1998). Managing virtual teams. Boston: Artech House.
Henry, J., & Hartzler, M. (1997). Virtual teams: today’s reality, today’s challenge. Quality Progress, 30(5), 108-109.
Hill, A.M. (1994). An annotated bibliography for technological education in the elementary school. Kingston, ON: Queen’s University Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education Group.
Isaksen, S. (1995). CPS: Linking creativity and problem solving. In G. Kaufmann, T. Helstrup, & K. Teigen (Ed.), Problem solving and cognitive processes, (pp. 145-181). Bergen, Norway: Fagbokforlaget, Vigmostad, & Bjorke.
ITEA.(1998). Technology for all Americans :A rationale and structure for the study of technology. Retrieved June 20, 2001, from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/TAA/TAA.html.
Jarvenpaa , S. L. & Leidner, D. E. (1998). Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Graduate School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved June 10, 2003, from http://jcmc.huji.ac.il/vol3/issue4/jarvenpaa.html.
Jarvenpaa S. L. & Leidner D. E.(1998). Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Graduate School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved June 10, 2003, from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/jarvenpaa.html
Jarvenpaa, S. L. & Shaw, T. R. (1998). Global virtual teams: Integrating models of trust Organisational Virtualness. proceedings of the VoNet workshop, pp. 53-61, April 27-28, 1998.
Jarvenpaa，(2001). Global Virtual Team Exercise. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/jarvenpaa.html
Jarvis, C.(2003). Study Skills for Effective Learning-- Group Working and Creativity. School of Business and Management at Brunel. Retrieved June 30, 2003, from http://sol.brunel.ac.uk/~jarvis/bola/study/skills11.html
Kimball, L.(1997). Managing Virtual Teams. http://www.tmn.com/~lisa/vteams-toronto.htm
King, N., Anderson, N., & West, A. (1991). Organization innovation in the UK: A case study of perceptions and processes. Work & Stress, 5, 331-339.
Knoll, K. (1995). Global Virtual Team Collaboration. Retrieved June 26, 2003, from http://www.cs.tcd.ie/courses/ism/sism/resource/papers/knoll/
Knoll, M. (1997). The project methods: it’s vocational education origin and international development. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 34(3), 59-80.
Kristof, A., Brown, K., Sims, H., & Smith, K. (1995). The virtual team: a case study and inductive model. In M. Beyerlein & D. Johnson (Eds.), Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams: knowledge teams the creative edge, (Vol. 2, pp. 229-253). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Kristof, A., Brown, K., Sims, H., & Smith, K. (1995). The virtual team: a case study and inductive model. In M. Beyerlein & D. Johnson (Eds.), Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams: knowledge teams the creative edge, (Vol. 2, pp. 229-253). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
LeMay E.A. (2000). Virtual teams: work processes, communication, and team development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Colorado, Colorado State University.
Lipnack(1998a). What is ahead? Definition. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.mapnp.org/library/grp_skll/virtual/defntion.pdf
Lipnack(1998b). What is ahead? Trust. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.mapnp.org/library/grp_skll/virtual/teambild.pdf
Lipnack(1998c). Virtual teams. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.iso.gmu.edu/~mabosaid/vorg/virteams.htm
Lipnack(1998d). Managing and Leading Virtual Teams.
Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.mapnp.org/library/grp_skll/virtual/leading.pdf
Lipnack, J.(1998). Virtual teams: Creating the future. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.ncpl.org/members/archives/virtual_teams.htm
Lipnack, J., & Stamps, J. (1997). Virtual teams: reaching across space, time and organizations with technology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Lurey J.S. (1998). A study of best practices in designing and supporting effective virtual teams. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Los Angeles, the Faculty of the California School of Professional Psychology.
McMahan, K. L. (2003). Effective Communication and Information Sharing in Virtual Teams. Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.squarewheels.com/content2/virtual.html
Michael, K.Y. (2000). A comparison of students’ product creativity using a computer simulation activity versus a hands-on activity in technology education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia, the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Mohrman, S., Cohen, S., & Mohrman, A., Jr.,(1995). Designing team-based organizations: New forms for knowledge work. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Nemiro, J.E. (1998). Creativity in virtual teams. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California, the Faculty of Claremont Graduate University.
Nemiro, J.E. (1998). Creativity in virtual teams. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California, the Faculty of Claremont Graduate University.
Nyberg E.S. (1997). Globalsoft marketing plan "making integrated software solutions real". Retrieved June 25, 2003, from http://www.hut.fi/~enyberg/gvt/business.html
O’Hara-Devereaux, M., & Johansen, R. (1994). Global work: bridging distance, culture, and time. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Ogletree, E. J. (1996). The comparative status of the creative thinking ability of waldorf education students: A survey. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No:ED-400-948.
Olson D.W. (1963). Industrial Arts And Technology. Ohio: Kent State Univ.
Outterside, Y. (1993). The emergence of design ability: The early years. In J.S. Smith (Ed.). IDATER93: International Conference on Design and Technology Educational Research and Curriculum Development (pp. 43-49). Loughborough : Loughborough University of Technology.
Palmer J.W. & Speier c. (2003). A Typology of Virtual Organizations: An Empirical Study. The University of Oklahoma College of Business Administration. Retrieved June 10, 2003, from http://hsb.baylor.edu/ramsower/ais.ac.97/papers/palm_spe.htm
Petersen, A. (1997). Global Virtual Team Collaboration. Retrieved June 10, 2003, from http://www.hha.dk/management/msccourses/cm96to98/sis/gvt.html#top
Polland, M. (1994). The evaluation of creative behaviors. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED 369 539)
Quinn, R.E. (1991). Beyond rational management: mastering the paradoxes and competing demands of high performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Savage, E. & Sterry, L. (1990). A conceptural framework for technology Education. Reston, Virginia: International Technology Education Education Association.
Sessa, V.I., Hansen, M.C., Prestridge., & Kossler, M.E. (1999). Geographically dispersed teams: an annotated bibliography. Greensboro, N.C.: Center for Creative Leadership.
Shaughnessy, M. F.(1995). On the theory and measurement of creativity. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED 381 576)
Sieber P & Griese, J. (1998) Organisational Virtualness. Paper presented in the VoNet Worshop, Bern, Switserland, April 27-28, 1998
Sisk, D. A.(1989). Creativity: potential and progress. Paper presented at the Suncoast Music Education Forum, 1989. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No: ED 378 094)
Smith D.K. & Katzenbach J.R.(2001). The Discipline of Virtual Teams. Leader to Leader Institute. Retrieved June 30, 2003, from http://www.pfdf.org/leaderbooks/l2l/fall2001/katzenbach.html#permissions.
Smith, B. (1993). Interpersonal behaviors that damage the productivity of creative problem solving groups. Journal of Creative Behavior, 27, 171-187.
Smith, J.. (1998)，英國「設計與科技」的一貫課程與師資培育。載於八十七年中小學一貫科技課程及師資培育研討會論文集，頁68-69。
Snyder, J. & Hales, J.(1981). Jacksons' Mill industrial arts curriculum theory. Charleston: West Virginia Department of Education.
Solomon, C.M.(1995). Global teams: The ultimate collaboration. Personnel Journal.
Stevie Peterson & Velda Stohr(2001). Team building. Retrieved June 30, 2002, from http://www.mapnp.org/library/grp_skll/virtual/teambild.pdf
Todd R.D. (1985). Understanding and using technology. Worcester, MA.:Davis.
Townsend, A., DeMarie, S., & Hendrickson, A. (1996). Are you ready for virtual teams? HR Magazine, 41(9)，122-126.
Townsend, A., DeMarie, S., & Hendrickson, A. (1996, September). Are you ready for virtual teams? HR Magazine, 123-126.
Townsend, A., DeMarie, S., & Hendrickson, A. (1998). Virtual teams: technology and the workplace of the future. Academy of Management Executive, 12(3)，17-28.
Warkentin,M.E.& Sayeed, L. (2003). Web-Based Virtual Classroom Discussions and Remote Collaboration. Northeastern University West Virginia University. Retrieved June 10, 2003, from http://hsb.baylor.edu/ramsower/ais.ac.96/papers/warken.htm.
Weaver, W. (1993). Anatomy of a creative problem solving meeting. Journal of Creative Behavior, 27, 236-269.
Welch, M. (1996). The Strategies used by ten grade students to solving a technological problem. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Ontario: MCGILL University.
West, M. (1990). The social psychology of innovation in groups. In M. West & J. Farr(Eds.), Innovation and Creativity at work: Psychological and organizational strategies, (pp. 309-334). Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.
Westinghouse. (2003). “Managing Group Creativity" Checklist . Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.hrs.cmich.edu/star/Module%20105%20Managing%20Group%20Creativity%20Checklist.htm
Wilson, J., George, J., & Wellins, R. (1994). Leadership trapeze: strategies for leadership in team-based organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Wilson, J., George, J., & Wellins, R. (1994). Leadership trapeze: strategies for leadership in team-based organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Wright, M.D. (1996). Research in elementary-school technology education in the United States. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Mississippi Valley Industrial Teacher Education Conference, St. Louis, MO.
Wright, T. & Lauda, D.(1993). Technology Education--A Position Statement. The Technology Teacher, 52(4),3-5.