簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 費郁雱
Fei, Yu-Pang
論文名稱: 出走,找尋自我:從背包客旅行經驗探討生命意義
Set off to Find Yourself: A Study on Searching the Meaning in Life from Backpackers’ Experience
指導教授: 田秀蘭
Tien, Hsiu-Lan
口試委員: 陳學志
Chen, Hsueh-Chih
刑志彬
Hsing, Chih-Pin
田秀蘭
Tien, Hsiu-Lan
口試日期: 2021/12/27
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系碩士在職專班
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling_Continuing Education Master's Program of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2021
畢業學年度: 110
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 149
中文關鍵詞: 背包客旅行經驗生命意義現象學
英文關鍵詞: backpacker, travel experience, meaning in life, phenomenology
研究方法: 現象學半結構式訪談法
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202200021
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:176下載:41
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討背包客旅行者之生命意義,以及生命意義對於旅行者人生之影響。本研究採質性研究之現象學研究法,以立意取樣邀請七位年齡介於26到34歲之背包客旅行者擔任研究參與者,過程使用半結構式訪談大綱進行深度訪談,訪談後透過沉浸閱讀將訪談文本進行單元拆解與改寫,把改寫完的意義單元構成主題,並整合成完整的置身結構描述,最後再進行每位參與者間之普遍結構討論。
    研究結果發現,背包客旅行者能在旅行中透過自我覺察,探索生命的可能性,檢視自己的價值觀與世界觀,體認文化對生活的影響。藉由跨出舒適圈,找尋自我認同感,把握能夠自由選擇的機會,勇於嘗試各種新的事物,並為自己的決定負責,也許過程會令人感到恐懼、疏離、無意義感、孤獨或是生死的無常,但這些都是在旅行中值得的冒險,能提醒旅行者把握有限的時間豐富自己的生命。旅程中與他人的互動也能增加旅行者與世界的連結,並透過各種媒介用生命影響其他生命,建立有意義的人際關係,讓他們學會無論過程如何,若能享受當下,會體驗到更多真誠的快樂和幸福感。
    透過旅行所獲得的生命意義也深刻的影響旅行者的人生,無論是看見自己不足之處而去積極學習,或因為旅程中的變化與新的刺激讓人突破原本生活的困境,而找到人生的方向,或達成努力已久的夢想,都讓他們在人生中有所突破和成長。本研究將上述研究結果進行討論,最後提出研究限制及建議,提供對本研究主題有興趣之讀者,或對背包客旅行想深入探討的研究者做參考。

    The purpose of this study was focused on backpackers’ meaning in life and how it affected their lives. This study was conducted by a qualitative approach - phenomenological method. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 7 backpackers who aged from 26 to 34 using purposive sampling. After each interview, the researcher converted notes into meaning units, classified them into themes, and then integrated all the themes into the situated structure of a backpacker. Lastly, the researcher analyzed the common theme among participants.
    The results showed that backpackers explored the possibilities of life through self-awareness during their travel. In addition, they acknowledged how cultures affected human lives by examining their own values and worldviews. Stepping outside the comfort zone helped backpackers established self-identification. They seized the chances to try new things, and they were willing to take responsibility for their decisions, as well as the risk, even though they acknowledged they would encounter emotions like fear, alienation, meaninglessness, isolation and inevitable death, which reminded backpackers to enrich their lives in limited time. Interactions with other backpackers enhanced the connection between themselves and the world. They learned to live in the moment, which was the way to true happiness.
    The search for the meaning in life influenced the backpackers' lives. They discovered their strengths and overcame personal challenges with an attitude of positivity. Finally, limitations, suggestions, and practical implications for further study were discussed.

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 9 第三節 名詞釋義 10 第二章 文獻探討 11 第一節 背包客旅行之相關概念 11 第二節 生命意義之相關概念 19 第三節 背包客旅行者之生命意義 26 第三章 研究方法 31 第一節 研究取向 31 第二節 研究參與者 33 第三節 研究工具 34 第四節 研究實施程序 36 第五節 資料整理與分析 39 第六節 資料分析之可信賴度 43 第七節 研究倫理 44 第四章 研究結果 47 第一節 研究參與者的生命故事 47 第二節 背包客旅行經驗與生命意義之普遍結構 91 第五章 討論與建議 115 第一節 綜合討論 115 第二節 研究者反思 123 第三節 研究限制與建議 125 參考文獻 129 中文部分 129 西文部分 138 附錄 145 附錄一 研究訪談邀請函 145 附錄二 研究訪談同意書 146 附錄三 訪談大綱 147 附錄四 訪談札記 148 附錄五 研究參與者檢核函 149

    Corey, G.(2017):《諮商與心理治療理論與實務(第四版)》(修慧蘭、鄭玄藏、余振民、王淳弘譯)。雙葉書廊。(原著出版年:2017)[Corey, G. (2017). Theory & practice of counseling and psychotherapy 10th ed (H.-L. Xiu, X.-Z. Zheng, J.-M. Yu, & C.-H. Wang, Trans.). Yeh Yeh Booking Gallery. (Original work published 2017)]
    Kottler, J. A.(1998):《旅行,重新打造自己》(黎雅麗譯)。天下文化。(原著出版年:1997)[Kottler, J. A. (1998). Travel that can change your life: How to create a transformative experience (Y.-L. Li, Trans.). Commonwealth Publishing. (Original work published 1997)]
    Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J.(2008):《質性研究方法》(藍毓仁譯)。巨流。(原著出版年:2003)[Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2008). Qualitative research practice (Y.-R. Lan, Trans.). Chu Liu. (Original work published 2003)]
    王文科、王智弘(2010):〈質的研究的信度和效度〉。《彰化師大教育學報》,17,29–50。[Wang, W.-K., & Wang, C.-H. (2010). Validity and reliability of qualitative research in education. Journal of Education National Changhua University of Education, 17, 29–50.] https://doi.org/10.6769/JENCUE.201006.0029
    江蘭貞(2014):〈生命意義的自覺與實踐〉。《生命教育研究》,6(2),1–29。[Chiang, L.-T. (2014). Self-awareness and realization of one's life meaning. Journal of Life Education, 6(2), 1–29.] https://doi.org/10.3966/207466012014120602001
    呂宛蓁、胡丞筑、胡林煥(2020):〈與使命感同行:體育教師生涯適應與生命意義感〉。《大專體育學刊》,22(4),300–315。[Lu, W.-C., Hu, C.-C., & Hu, L.-H. (2020). Along with the calling: Relationship between career adaptability and meaning in life for physical education teachers. Sports & Exercise Research, 22(4), 300–315.] https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.202012_22(4).0002
    呂淑惠、吳明隆(2014):〈高雄市國小特教教師正向心理、生命意義感與生活滿意度之相關研究〉。《美和學報》,33(1),195–216。[Lu, S.-H., & Wu, M.-L. (2014). A study on the relationship among positive mentality, sense of meaning of life, and life satisfaction of elementary school special education teachers in Kaohsiung city. Journal of Meiho University, 33(1), 195–216.]
    呂湘瑜(2015):〈打開心靈與世界的連結─「旅行與旅行書寫」的意義與價值〉。《通識教育學報》,3,61–88。[Lu, H.-Y. (2015). Open the link between the world and mind─Significance and value of “travel and travel literature”. Journal of General Education, 3, 61–88.] https://doi.org/10.6517/MCUT2015.DEC-04
    余德慧(2007):〈現象學取徑的文化心理學:以「自我」為論述核心的省思〉。《應用心理研究》,34,45–73。[Yee, D.-H. (2007). Reflection on the phenomenological-psychological investigations in Chinese society. Research in Applied Psychology, 34, 45–73.]
    何英奇(1987):〈大專學生之生命意義感及其相關:意義治療法基本概念之實徵性研究〉。《教育心理學報》,20,87–106。[Ho, Y.-C. (1987). College students' meaning of life and its correlates: An empirical study of the concept of Logotherapy. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 20, 87–106.] https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19870601.6
    何瑞珠、張穎珊(2021):〈探問青年生命意義的來源-以自助攝影(Auto-photography)及照片引談(Photo-elicitation)為進路〉。《教育學報》,49(1),143–166。[Ho, E. S.-C., & Cheung, C. W.-S. (2021). An inquiry of Hong Kong young adults' sources of meaning in life: The auto-photography and photo-elicitation approaches. Education Journal, 49(1), 143–166.]
    沈家禾(2011):《新竹市高齡者社會參與及生命意義感之相關研究》(未出版碩士論文),玄奘大學。[Shen, C.-H. (2011). A study of relationship between social participation and meaning in life of the elder in Hsinchu city (Unpublished master’s dissertation). Hsuan Chuang University.]
    李文心(2015):《絢麗背包客旅行經驗、自我發展及旅行動機關係之研究-以臺灣背包客為例》(未出版碩士論文),中國文化大學。[Lee, W.-H. (2015). The relationships among flashpackers’ travel experience, personal development and travel motivation: the case of Taiwan's backpackers (Unpublished master’s dissertation). Chinese Culture University.]
    李明峰(2014):〈存在主義心理治療的發展與新趨勢〉。《諮商與輔導》,345,7–9。[Li, M.-F. (2014). The development and new trends of Existential psychotherapy. Counseling and Guidance, 345, 7–9.]
    李欣頻(2013):《旅行創意學:10個最具創意的「旅行力」》。暖暖書屋。[Lee, H.-P. (2013). Travel creativity. Sunny & Warm Publishing House.]
    李新民(2016):〈感恩學習方案對老人幸福感、生命意義感的影響之初探〉。《樹德科技大學學報》,18(2),65–85。[Lee, H.-M. (2016). The effects of gratitude learning program on elders’ well-being and life meaning. Journal of Shu-Te University, 18(2), 65–85.]
    李維倫、賴憶嫺(2009):〈現象學方法論:存在行動的投入〉,《中華輔導與諮商學報》,25,275–321。[Lee, W.-L., & Lai, Y.-H. (2009). Phenomenological methodology as an Existential move. Chinese Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 25, 275–321.] https://doi.org/10.7082/CJGC.200903.0275
    吳和堂(2014):〈教師生命意義感量表之發展〉。《教育理論與實踐學刊》,29,91–122。[Wu, H.-T. (2014). The development and construct validity of teacher' sense of life meaning scale. Journal of Educational Theory and Practice, 29, 91–122.] https://doi.org/10.7038/JETP.201406_(29).0004
    吳和堂(2014):〈在職進修教師的生命意義感,潛在成長模式之研究〉。《高雄師大學報》,36,1–21。[Wu, H.-T. (2014). Latent growth curve analysis on in-service teachers' sense of life meaning. Kaohsiung Normal University Journal, 36, 1–21.]
    吳和堂、廖珮勳(2015):〈國小教師來生信念與生命意義感關係之研究-以死亡態度為調節變項〉。《高雄師大學報》,38,1–25。[Wu, H.-T., & Liao, P.-H. (2015). A study of relationships between belief in afterlife and meaning in life of primary teachers: The attitude toward death as moderator. Kaohsiung Normal University Journal, 38, 1–25.]
    吳淑英(2004):〈生命教育方案對國小資優學童生命意義感影響之研究〉。《資優教育研究》,4(2),17–42。[Wu, S.-Y. (2004). The effect of a life education course on improving the sense of life meaning of elementary gifted students. Journal of Gifted Education, 4(2), 17–42.]
    吳淑敏(2005):〈存在主義對大學生心態之啟示〉。《人文與社會學報》,1(7),7–22。[Wu, S.-M. (2005). The enlightenment of Existentialism to college students' mentality. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(7), 7–22.]
    吳勢方、丘愛鈴、何青蓉(2015):〈己立而立人-國小教師生命意義感的轉變與關懷實踐之個案研究〉。《國家教育研究院教育脈動電子期刊》,3,32–52。[Wu, S.-F., Chiu, A.-L., & Ho, C.-J. (2015). Wishing to be established herself, seeks also to establish others: A case study of an elementary school teacher's transformation of life meaning and caring practice. Pulse of Education, 3, 32–52.]
    亞隆(2003):《存在心理治療(下)自由、孤獨、無意義》(易之新譯)。張老師文化。(原著出版年:1980)[Yalom, I. D. (2003). Existential psychotherapy (Z.-X. Yih, Trans.). Living Psychology Publishers. (Original work published 1980)]
    阿德勒(2014):《你的生命意義,由你決定》(盧娜譯)。人本自然。(原著出版年:1931)[Adler, A. (2014). What life could mean to you (N. Lu, Trans.). Living nature cultural. (Original work published 1931)]
    林冠宇(2010):〈從存在主義治療法的觀點看《P.S.我愛你》電影中的關係失落與適應障礙〉。《諮商與輔導》,296,5–8+13。[Lin, G.-Y. (2010). The loss of relationship in the movie "P.s. I love you" from the point of view of Existential therapy and adaptation disorders. Counseling & Guidance, 296, 5–8+13.]https://doi.org/10.29837/CG.201008.0002
    林淑慧(2019):〈成長之旅:《邦查女孩》的生命敘事〉。《臺灣文學學報》,34,33–59。[Lin, S.-H. (2019). Journey of growth: searching the meanings of life in Pangcah girl. Bulletin of Taiwanese Literature, 34, 33–59.]https://doi.org/10.30381/BTL.201906_(34).0002
    林淑馨(2010):《質性研究:理論與實務》。巨流。[Lin, S.-H. (2010). Qualitative research theory and practice. Chu Liu.]
    林綺雲、蔣孟岑、洪韻婷、江于華、周嘉芊(2021):〈創造生命價值與意義──雙重系統模式的組成與運作〉。《諮商與輔導》,429,47–52。[Lin, C.-Y., Chiang, M.-T., Hung, Y.-T., Chiang, Y.-H., & Zhou, C.-C. (2021). Creating life value and meaning - The composition and operation of dual-system model. Counseling and Guidance, 429, 47–52.] https://doi.org/10.29837/CG
    柯志明(2015):〈永恆與生命意義-超越死亡的必要性與可能性〉。《應用倫理評論》,59,123–151。[Ke, I. C.-M. (2015). Eternity and the meaning of life: The necessity and possibility of transcending death. Applied Ethics Review, 59, 123–151.] https://doi.org/10.29904/JAF
    胡錦媛(2018):《在此/在彼:旅行的辯證》。書林出版有限公司。[Hu, C.-Y. (2018). Being there: The dialectics of travel. Bookman Books, Ltd.]
    索科羅斯基(2004):《現象學十四講》(李維倫譯)。心靈工坊。(原著出版年:2000)[Sokolowski, R. (2004). Introduction to Phenomenology (W.-L. Lee, Trans.). PsyGarden. (Original work published 2000)]
    徐元民(2011):〈一個深層的生命經驗:從觀光客的凝視出發〉。《身體文化學報》,12,1–23。[Hsu, Y.-M. (2011). A profound experience of life: Staring from the tourist gaze. Body Culture Journal, 12, 1–23.] https://doi.org/10.6782/BCJ.201106.0001
    徐嘉禧、蔡文榮(2018):〈臺中市國民中學學生對生命意義的認知〉。《教育科學期刊》,17(1),1–36。[Hsu, C.-H., & Tsay, W.-R. (2018). A study on the perception of the meaning of life of junior high students in Taichung city. The Journal of Educational Science, 17(1), 1–36.] https://doi.org/10.6388/JES
    高淑清(2001):〈在美華人留學生太太的生活世界:詮釋與反思〉。《本土心理學研究》,16,225–285。[Kao, S.-C. (2001). The lifeworld of Chinese women living with their husbands studying abroad: Interpretation and reflection. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 16, 225–285.]https://doi.org/10.6254/2001.16.225
    黃禎貞、林世華、葉國樑、曾治乾(2009):〈提升孩子的生命意義感-死亡教育融入國中健康課程之效果研究〉。《課程與教學》,12(3),79–106。[Huang, J.-J., Lin, S.-H., Yeh, G.-L., & Tseng, C.-C. (2009). Improving teenager’s purpose in life: The impact of incorporating death education into health education curriculum. Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly, 12(3), 79–106.] https://doi.org/10.6384/CIQ.200907.0079
    黃楸萍(2002):〈存在主義人觀對教育之啟示〉。《國教新知》,49(2),55–66。[Huang, C.-P. (2002). The enlightenment of Existentialist on education. The Elementary Education Journal, 49(2), 55–66.] https://doi.org/10.6701/TEEJ.200212_49(2).0007
    黃錦敦(2014):《生命,才是最值得去的地方:敘事治療與旅行的相遇》。張老師文化。[Huang, C.-T. (2014). Life is the most worthy place to go: Narrative therapy and travel encounter. Living Psychology Publishers.]
    郭立芬(2008):《沙特哲學中的自由問題》(未出版碩士論文),淡江大學。[Kuo, L.-F. (2008). Problems of liberty in Sartre's philosophy (Unpublished master’s dissertation). Tamkang University.]
    陳向明(2002):《社會科學質的研究》。五南。[Chen, X.-M. (2002). Social science and Qualitative Research. Wu-Nan.]
    陳忻岱、葉秀燕(2008):〈女體的移動與實踐:女性背包客旅行的文獻探討〉。《戶外遊憩研究》,21(2),23–41。[Chen, H.-D., & Yen, J. H.-Y. (2008). Gender and travel: Literature review of female mobility and their body practices in backpacking travels. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 21(2), 23–41.] https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2008.21(2)2
    陳怡如(2020):〈長期照顧機構社工員幸福感與生命意義感之相關性研究〉。《國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報》,16(1),1–33。[Chen, Y.-J. (2020). A study of the relationship between the life meaning and well-being of the employees in long-term care facilities. Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, 16(1), 1–33.]
    陳韋賓(2011):〈旅行的意義〉。《司法改革雜誌》,84,72–73。[Chen, W.-P. (2011). The meaning of travel. Judicial Reform Magazine, 84, 72–73.] https://doi.org/10.30138/SFGGZJ.201106.0025
    陳雅雪(2011):《雲林縣國小新移民子女族群認同、自尊與生命意義感之相關研究》(未出版碩士論文),南華大學。[Chen, Y.-X. (2011). A study on the relationships among Ethnic identity, self-esteem and sense of life meaning in the foreign brides’ children if the primary school in Yunlin country (Unpublished master’s dissertation). Nanhua University.]
    連羽涵(2014):〈以拓延建構理論為基礎探討感恩教學對國小學生問題解決、憂鬱、生命意義感的影響〉。《教育學誌》,32,45–96。[Lian, Y.-H. (2014). Based on the broaden-and-build theory, explore the effects of grateful learning for the problem solving, depression, meaning in life on elementary school students. Journal of Education, 32, 45–96.]
    許瑞嫚(2010):〈女性背包客在旅行經驗中展現的自我成長:女性主義觀點探究〉。《休閒暨觀光產業研究》,5(1),1–12。[Hsu, J.-M. (2010). Female backpackers demonstrated the self-growth in travel experience: Feminist perspective inquiry. Journal of Leisure and Tourism Industry Research, 5(1), 1–12.] https://doi.org/ 10.6158/JLTIR.201012_5(1_2).0001
    張利中、劉香美(2008):〈世界觀、生活目標與生命意義感的階層模式分析-一位重複受災山區女性整全取向之質性研究〉。《生死學研究》,7,193–238。[Chang, L.-J., & Liu, H.-M. (2008). A hierarchical analysis of the world-views, purposes in life, and meaningfulness of life -the application of a Holistic/Qualitative approach with a woman resides in a mountain area with repeated sever. Journal of Life-and-Death Studies, 7, 193–238.] https://doi.org/10.29844/JLDS.200801.0005
    張苡絃(2014):《為什麼去遠方:啟程,到別人的生命裡尋找答案》。沐風文化。[Chang, Y.-X. (2014). Weishenme qu yuanfan: Gqicheng dao bieren de shengming lixunzhao daan. Mufone Publishing.]
    游潔謙(2012):《旅行者生涯觀轉變經驗之研究》(未出版碩士論文),國立臺灣師範大學)。[Yu, C.-C. (2012). A study of travelers’ career view transition (Unpublished master’s dissertation). National Taiwan Normal University.]
    楊錦登(2020):〈生命意義感與心理幸福感關係之研究-以某大學學生為例〉。《慈濟通識教育學刊》,13,2–52。[Yang, C.-T. (2020). A study on the correlations between sense of life meaning and psychological well-being as an example of college students. Tzu -Chi Journal of the General Education, 13, 2–52.] https://doi.org/10.6755/TCJGE.202012_(13).0001
    臧國仁、蔡琰(2011):〈旅行敘事與生命故事:傳播研究取徑之芻議〉。《新聞學研究》,109,43–76。[Tsang, K.-J., & Tsai, Y. (2011). Travel narrative and lifestory: a theoretical proposal from the communication perspective. Mass Communication Research, 109, 43–76.] https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.201110_(109).0002
    歐姿妤、黃貞觀、巫慧芳(2010):〈專科學生對生命意義與歷程改變之觀點探討〉。《中等教育》,61(3),114–125。[Ou, T.-Y., Huang, C.-K., & Wu, F.-H. (2010). The students' perspectives on the meaning of life and the changing process. Secondary Education, 61(3), 114–125.] https://doi.org/10.6249/SE.2010.61.3.07
    潘淑滿(2003):《質性研究—理論與運用》。心理。[Pan, S.-M. (2003). Qualitative research: theory and practice. Psychological Publishing.]
    賴其萬(2009):〈向生命說Yes!-一位心理醫師在集中營的歷劫記〉。《當代醫學》,431,690–693。[Lai, C.-W. (2009). Yes to life. Medicine Today, 431, 690–693. ] https://doi.org/10.29941/MT.200909.0006
    戴有德、陳貫臺、吳淑玲(2019):〈夢想的落地生根—以方法目的鏈探討臺灣背包客旅行之異質性與價值內涵〉。《戶外遊憩研究》,32(1),91–128。[Dai, Y.-D., Chen, G.-T., & Wu, S.-L. (2019). The realization of dreams: Using means-end-chain to explore the heterogeneity and value of Taiwanese backpackers' journey. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 32(1), 91–128.]https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.201903_32(1).0004
    韓楷檉、林裕堯(2015):〈國小輔導人員生命意義感、生涯自我效能與職業倦怠關係及其中介效果之研究〉。《諮商心理與復健諮商學報》,28,119–161。[Han, K.-C., & Lin, Y.-Y. (2015). The relationship among life of meaning, career self-efficacy, and burnout of elementary school counselors: Examining mediating effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology & Rehabilitation Counseling, 28, 119–161.] https://doi.org/10.6308/JCPRC.28.05
    鍾怡雯(2008):〈旅行書寫:一個次文類的成立〉。《臺北大學中文學報》,4,40–41。[Chong, Y.-V. (2008). Travel writing: A subgenre formation. Journal of Chinese Language and Literature of National Taipei University, 4, 40–41.] https://doi.org/10.29766/JCLLNTU.200803.0003
    Batthyány, A. (n.d.). What is Logotherapy / Existential analysis? Victor Frankl Institut. https://www.viktorfrankl.org/logotherapy.html
    Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 39(1), 64–182.
    Cohen, E. (2003). Backpacking: Diversity and change. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 1(2), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820308668162
    Cohen, S. (2011). Lifestyle travellers: Backpacking as a way of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1535–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.002
    Costa, C. (2018). Understanding the new backpackers: A literature review. Journal of Tourism & Development, 29, 7–19.
    Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
    Dayour, F., Kimbu, A. N., & Park, S. (2017). Backpackers: The need for reconceptualisation. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 191–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.06.004
    Emmons, R. A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 731–745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00429.x
    Frankl, V. E. (1966). What is meant by meaning? Journal of Existentialism, 7(25), 21–28.
    Frankl, V. E. (1967). Logotherapy and existentialism. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 4(3), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087982
    Frankl, V. E. (1986). The doctor and the soul: From psychotherapy to Logotherapy. Vintage Books.
    Frankl, V. E. (1992). Man's search for meaning: An introduction to Logotherapy (4th ed.) (I. Lasch, Trans.). Beacon Press. (original work published 1992)
    Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28(2), 235–260. https://doi.org/10.1163/156916297X00103
    Hannam, K., & Diekmann, A. (2010). From backpacking to flashpacking: Developments in backpacker tourism research. In K. Hannam & A. Diekmann (Eds.), Beyond backpacker tourism: Mobilities and experiences (pp. 1–7). Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411329
    Howard, R. W. (2007). Five backpacker tourist enclaves. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9 (2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.593
    Hsu, C. Y., Lee, W. H., & Chen. W. Y. (2017). How to catch their attention? Taiwanese flashpackers inferring their travel motivation from personal development and travel experience. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1182038
    Längle, A. (2005). The search for meaning in life and the Existential fundamental motivations. Existential Analysis, 16(1), 2–14.
    Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Fincham, F. D., Hicks, J. A., & Graham, S. M. (2010). Family as a salient source of meaning in young adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.516616
    Loker-Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. L. (1995). Young budget travelers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 819–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00026-0
    Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623
    Muzaini, H. (2006). Backpacking Southeast Asia: Strategies of "looking local". Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 144–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.07.004
    Noga, C., Yuval, Y., & Michal, E. (2018). Backpacking memories: A retrospective approach to the narratives of young backpackers. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(3), 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1464637
    Noy, C. (2004). This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 78–102.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004
    Obenour, W. L. (2004). Understanding the meaning of the ‘journey’ to budget travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(1), 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.466
    O’Reilly, C. (2006). From drifter to gap year tourist mainstreaming backpacker travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 998–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.04.002
    Paris, C. (2010). The virtualization of backpacker culture: Virtual moorings, sustained interactions, and enhanced mobilities. In K. Hannam & A. Diekmann (Eds.), Beyond backpacker tourism: Mobilities and experiences (pp. 40–63). Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411329
    Paris, C. (2012). Flashpackers: an emerging sub-culture? Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1094–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.001
    Reichenberger, I. (2017). Why the host community just isn't enough: Processes and impacts of backpacker social interactions. Tourist Studies, 17(3), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797616665770
    Richards, G., & Morrill, W. (2020). Motivations of global Millennial travelers. Brazilian Journal of Tourism Research, 14(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v14i1.1883
    Sørensen, A. (2003). Backpacker ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 847– 867. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00063-X
    Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
    Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 199–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 6494.2007.00484.x
    Steger, M. F. (2009). Meaning in life. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 679–687). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0064
    Steger, M. F. (2018). Meaning and well-being. Noba Scholar. https://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/50
    Tuo, Y. Z., Bai, C. H., & Chen, Z. X. (2014). Travel for meaning: The present and future of tourist wellbeing [paper presentation]. Seventh International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization, Beijing. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSO.2014.95
    Wilson, E., & Harris, C. (2006). Meaningful travel: Women, independent travel and the search for self and meaning. Tourism Zagreb, 54(2), 161–172.
    Wong, P. T. P. (2010). Meaning therapy: An integrative and positive existential psychotherapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 40, 85–94.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-009-9132-6
    Wong, P. T. P. (2012). Toward a dual-systems model of what makes life worth living. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (pp. 3–22). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
    Wong, P. T. P. (2016). Meaning-seeking, self-transcendence, and well-being. In A. Batthyany (Ed.), Logotherapy and existential analysis: Proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute (pp. 311–322). Springer Publishing Company.
    Zhang, J. R., Morrison, A. M., Tucker, H., & Wu, B. H. (2018). Am I a backpacker? Factors indicating the social identity of Chinese backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 57(4), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517702744

    下載圖示
    QR CODE