本研究之目的在探討擁有完美主義人格特質的領導者對部屬工作績效表現的影響，以及欲了解部屬情緒耗竭在領導者完美主義和部屬工作績效兩者間的中介效果與轉換型領導在領導者完美主義和部屬情緒耗竭之間調節的效果。
本研究採用問卷量化的方式進行調查，並以便利取樣來選取受測對象，發放問卷則採主管與部屬的一對一配對方式，2人一組共300份問卷，主管與員工之有效問卷各115份，有效回收率為76.67%，之後使用SPSS統計軟體對總體回收之問卷資料做進一步的整理與分析，分析結果顯示(1)領導者的高標準完美主義對部屬工作績效具有正向影響。(2)部屬情緒耗竭在領導者的高標準完美主義與部屬工作績效間具有部分中介之效果。(3)轉換型領導對領導者的完美主義與部屬的情緒耗竭則不具有調節效果。最後依據研究結果提出相對應的結論和建議，以期能提供學術及實務界一個有價值的參考研究。

The current study aims to explore the effects leader perfectionism (LP) has on subordinate work performance (SWP), the mediation effects of subordinate emotional exhaustion (SEE) between LP and SWP, and the moderation effects of transformational leadership (TL) between LP and SEE.
In this study, questionnaire quantification was used to conduct surveys, and convenience sampling was used to select subjects. The survey questionnaires were distributed in pairs: one supervisors to one subordinates. There were 300 questionnaires given to groups of 2 people. The valid questionnaires for supervisors and employees were different. 115 questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 76.67%. Afterwards, SPSS statistical software was used to further collate and analyze the overall recovered questionnaire data. The analysis results showed that (1) the high-standard LP positively affects SWP. (2)SEE partially mediates the high-standard LP-SWP relationship. (3)TL fails to moderate the LP-SWP has relationship. According to the research results, corresponding conclusions and suggestions are put forth, in order to provide a valuable reference research for academic and practical circles.

一、中文部份
方紫薇（2011）。雙向度完美主義與正負向情感、學習困擾關係之研究：以反芻及因應策略為中介。中華輔導與諮商學報，31，33-60。https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2013.826074
天下讀者俱樂部、張敏敏（2021年1月29日）。六大基本功 不隨慣老闆起舞。天下雜誌。https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5107269
朱藝（2020）。追求完美，就有好表現？完美主義與工作績效的關係：認知處理歷程的中介效果與組織公平的調節效果［未出版之碩士論文］。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所。
李如玉、丁原郁（2009）。諮商工作者完美主義傾向與專業耗竭。輔導與諮商，(285），33-36。https://doi.org/10.29837/CG.200909.0014
吳宗祐、鄭伯壎(2006)。工作投入、調節他人情緒能力與情緒勞動之交互作用對情緒耗竭的預測效果。中華心理學刊，48（1），69-87。https://doi.org/10.6129/CJP.2006.4801.05
林昱伶（2001）。青少年完美主義傾向與人際關係問題之相關研究－以臺東地區國中生為例［未出版之碩士論文］。國立臺東大學師範學院教育研究所。
張春興（1989）。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華。
莊璦嘉、林惠彥（2005）。個人與環境適配對工作態度與行為之影響。台灣管理學刊，5（1），123-148。https://doi.org/10.6295/TAMJ.2005.0501.05
葉晶雯（2015）。知覺社會賦閒、負面心情、情緒耗竭與服務績效之關係－轉換型領導的調節效果。人力資源管理學報，15（1），55-86。 https://doi.org/10.6147/JHRM.2015.1501.03
劉育承（2021）。完美主義傾向之主管與部屬工作表現之關聯： 以高績效期望為中介［未出版之碩士論文］。國立中正大學心理學系臨床心理學研究所。
Ron Carucci（2019年3月4日）。主管高標導致團隊大敗（陳佳穎譯）。哈佛商業評論。https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/article/18643/are-your-high-expectations-hurting-your-team

二、外文部份
Aarons, G. A. (2006). Transformational and transactional leadership: Association with attitudes toward evidence-based practice. Psychiatric services, 57(8), 1162-1169. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.8.1162
Adler, A. (1956). Striving for superiority. The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation in selections from his writings, 101-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216787101100106
Appleton, P. R., Hall, H. K., & Hill, A. P. (2009). Relations between multidimensional perfectionism and burnout in junior-elite male athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 10(4), 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.006
Bass, B. M.& Avolio, B. J. (1996). Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. CA : Mind Garden.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. The International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3-4), 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524907
Bass, B. M. (1985). Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Free press.
Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A. L., & Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and individual differences, 36(6), 1373-1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00235-6
Blickle, G., Meurs, J. A., Zettler, I., Solga, J., Noethen, D., Kramer, J., & Ferris, G. R. (2008). Personality, political skill, and job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.008
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The leadership quarterly, 24(1), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.006.
Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology today, 14(6), 34-52.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. NY: Harper & Row.
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of occupational health psychology, 7(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.57
Clark, M. A., Lelchook, A. M., & Taylor, M. L. (2010). Beyond the Big Five: How narcissism, perfectionism, and dispositional affect relate to workaholism. Personality and Individual differences, 48(7), 786-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.013
Childs, J. H., & Stoeber, J. (2010). Self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism in employees: Relationships with burnout and engagement. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 25(4), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2010.518486
Childs, J. H., & Stoeber, J. (2012). Do you want me to be perfect? Two longitudinal studies on socially prescribed perfectionism, stress and burnout in the workplace. Work & Stress, 26(4), 347-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.737547
De Vries, R. E. (2012). Personality predictors of leadership styles and the self–other agreement problem. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 809-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.03.002
Downton, J. V. (1973). Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in the revolutionary process. Free Press.
Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2006a). Personal standards and evaluative concerns dimensions of “clinical” perfectionism: A reply to Shafran et al.(2002, 2003) and Hewitt et al.(2003). Behaviour research and therapy, 44(1), 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.12.004
Dunkley, D. M., & Blankstein, K. R. (2000). Self-critical perfectionism, coping, hassles, and current distress: A structural equation modeling approach. Cognitive therapy and research, 24, 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005543529245
Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism: Developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and individual differences, 33(6), 921-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00202-1
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. American Psychological Association.
Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and individual differences, 14(1), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive therapy and research, 14, 449-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of social issues, 30(1), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
Gotwals, J. K. (2011). Perfectionism and burnout within intercollegiate sport: A person-oriented approach. The Sport Psychologist, 25(4), 489-510. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.4.489
Gill, A. S., Flaschner, A. B., & Shachar, M. (2006). Mitigating stress and burnout by implementing transformational‐leadership. International Journal of contemporary hospitality management, 18(6), 469-481. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110610681511
Johnson, D. P., & Slaney, R. B. (1996). Perfectionism: Scale development and a study of perfectionistic clients in counseling. Journal of college student development, 37(1), 29–41.
Hampson, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2006). A first large cohort study of personality trait stability over the 40 years between elementary school and midlife. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(4), 763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.763
Harari, D., Swider, B. W., Steed, L. B., & Breidenthal, A. P. (2018). Is perfect good? A meta-analysis of perfectionism in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(10), 1121. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000324
Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A journal of human behavior.
Halbesleben, J. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of management, 30(6), 859-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Sherry, S. B., & McGee, B. (2003). Perfectionism Is Multidimensional: a reply to. Behaviour research and therapy, 41(10), 1221-1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00021-4
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(3), 456. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513. https://doi.org/:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.
Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive psychiatry, 6(2), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(65)80016-5
Hong, R. Y., Paunonen, S. V., & Slade, H. P. (2008). Big Five personality factors and the prediction of behavior: A multitrait–multimethod approach. Personality and individual differences, 45(2), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.015
Hurley, R., & Ryman, J. (2003). Making the transition from micromanager to leader. Micromanagement Paper, Fordham University, 113, 2-9.
Kobori, O., Yoshie, M., Kudo, K., & Ohtsuki, T. (2011). Traits and cognitions of perfectionism and their relation with coping style, effort, achievement, and performance anxiety in Japanese musicians. Journal of anxiety disorders, 25(5), 674-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.001
Kristof‐Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences OF INDIVIDUALS'FIT at work: A meta‐analysis OF person–job, person–organization, person–group, and person–supervisor fit. Personnel psychology, 58(2), 281-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00672.x
Lee, Y. D., Lain, J. W., & Chen, C. Y. (1999). A study on the measurement of productivity for white-collar employees-A case of electronic industry in Taiwan. The Chinese Military Academy Journal, 14(1), 345-361.
Li, X., Hou, Z. J., Chi, H. Y., Liu, J., & Hager, M. J. (2014). The mediating role of coping in the relationship between subtypes of perfectionism and job burnout: A test of the 2× 2 model of perfectionism with employees in China. Personality and Individual Differences, 58, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.007
MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Rich, G. A. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and salesperson performance. Journal of the academy of Marketing Science, 29, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/03079459994506
Mahmoodi-Shahrebabaki, M. (2017). The effect of perfectionism on burnout among English language teachers: The mediating role of anxiety. Teachers and teaching, 23(1), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1203776
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). Maslach burnout inventory. Scarecrow Education.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual 3rd edition. Palo Alto.
Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research, 19–32.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). The Maslach Burn-Out Inventory Manual (2nd edn.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Moreh, J. (1998). The pursuit of excellence. Social science information, 37(2), 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901898037002006
Mor, S., Day, H. I., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (1995). Perfectionism, control, and components of performance anxiety in professional artists. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229695
Ocampo, A. C. G., Wang, L., Kiazad, K., Restubog, S. L. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2020). The relentless pursuit of perfectionism: A review of perfectionism in the workplace and an agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(2), 144-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2400
Otto, K., Geibel, H. V., & Kleszewski, E. (2021). “Perfect leader, perfect leadership?” Linking leaders’ perfectionism to monitoring, transformational, and servant leadership behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 657394. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.65739
Rafaeli, A., & Worline, M. (2001). Individual emotion in work organizations. Social science information, 40(1), 95-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901801040001006
Schneider, B. (2001). Fits about fit. Applied psychology, 50(1), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00051
Schwenke, T. J. (2012). The relationships between perfectionism, stress, coping resources, and burnout among sign language interpreters. Georgia State University. https://doi.org/10.57709/3030752
Scheel, T. E., Otto, K., Vahle-Hinz, T., Holstad, T., & Rigotti, T. (2019). A fair share of work: Is fairness of task distribution a mediator between transformational leadership and follower emotional exhaustion?. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2690. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02690.
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2003). " Clinical perfectionism" is not" multidimensional perfectionism": a reply to Hewitt, Flett, Besser, Sherry & McGee.Behaviour research and therapy, 41(10), 1217-1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00020-2
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive–behavioural analysis. Behaviour research and therapy, 40(7), 773-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00059-6
Sherry, S. B., Hewitt, P. L., Sherry, D. L., Flett, G. L., & Graham, A. R.(2010). Perfectionism dimensions and research productivity in psychology professors: Implications for understanding the (mal) adaptiveness of perfectionism. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 42(4), 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020466
Shih, S. S. (2012). An examination of academic burnout versus work engagement among Taiwanese adolescents. The Journal of Educational Research, 105(4), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2011.629695
Slaney, R. B., & Ashby, J. S. (1996). Perfectionists: Study of a criterion group. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74(4), 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01885.x
Slaney, R. B., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., Ashby, J. S., & Johnson, D. (1996). Almost Perfect Scale—Revised [Unpublished scale]. State College: Pennsylvania State University.
Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The revised almost perfect scale. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 34(3), 130-145. http://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2006.11909793.
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., Chen, S., Saklofske, D. H., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2016). Perfectionism and narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.012
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and social psychology review, 10(4), 295-319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
Stoeber, J., & Stoeber, F. S. (2009). Domains of perfectionism: Prevalence and relationships with perfectionism, gender, age, and satisfaction with life. Personality and individual differences, 46(4), 530-535. http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.006
Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: Relationships with emotion, motivation, and performance. International review of sport and exercise psychology, 4(2), 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.604789
Stoeber, J. (2012b). Perfectionism and performance. The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology, 294-306.
Stordeur, S., D'hoore, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2001). Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff. Journal of advanced nursing, 35(4), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01885.x
Terry-Short, L. A., Owens, R. G., Slade, P. D., & Dewey, M. E. (1995). Positive and negative perfectionism. Personality and individual differences, 18(5), 663-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00192-U
Tsui, A.S. & O’Reilly, C.A. (1989). Beyond Simple Demographic Effects: The Importance of Relational Demography in Superior-Subordinate Dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 402-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256368
Walumbwa, F. O., Orwa, B., Wang, P., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). Transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction: A comparative study of Kenyan and US financial firms. Human resource development quarterly, 16(2), 235-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1135
Watkins, M. B., Ren, R., Umphress, E. E., Boswell, W. R., Triana, M. D. C., & Zardkoohi, A. (2015). Compassion organizing: Employees' satisfaction with corporate philanthropic disaster response and reduced job strain. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(2), 436-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12088
Weissman, A. N., & Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: A preliminary investigation.
Wright, T. A. & Cropanzano, R.(1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(5), 491-499. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5<491::AID-JOB804>3.0.CO;2-I
Yukl, G., Gordon, A., & Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: Integrating a half century of behavior research. Journal of leadership & organizational studies, 9(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900102
Yukl, G.(1989). Management leadership:A review of theory and research.Journal of management, 15(2), 251-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500207
Zenger, T. R., & Lawrence, B. S.(1989). Organizational demography:The differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communication. Academy of Management journal, 32(2), 353-376. https://doi.org/10.5465/256366