簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 劉盈伶
Liu, Ying-Ling
論文名稱: 異性戀大學生情侶伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係適應之相關研究
The Relationships among Dyadic Perfectionism, Willingness and Behavior of Sacrifice, and Love Relationship Adjustment of Heterosexual College Couples
指導教授: 陳秀蓉
Chen, Hsiu-Jung
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2015
畢業學年度: 103
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 159
中文關鍵詞: 伴侶完美主義犧牲意願與行為愛情關係適應
英文關鍵詞: dyadic perfectionism, willingness and behavior of sacrifice, love relationship adjustment
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:190下載:28
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討異性戀大學生情侶的伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係適應之間的相關性、預測力與調節效果,並將男性與女性大學生分開檢視,以了解性別差異。本研究採用問卷調查的方式,並以立意取樣與便利取樣的方式進行問卷施測,總共回收272份有效問卷,共計136對異性戀情侶。將所得的資料進行統計分析,分析方法為單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、階層回歸分析。本研究主要研究發現如下:
    一、男性與女性大學生的「要求伴侶完美主義」、「被伴侶要求完美主義」皆與愛情關係適應的「滿意/成長」呈顯著負相關,與「衝突/矛盾」呈顯著正相關,與「自主」呈顯著負相關。
    二、男性大學生「主動犧牲意願與行為」、「被動犧牲意願與行為」皆與愛情關係適應的「滿意/成長」呈顯著正相關,與「衝突/矛盾」呈顯著負相關。女性大學生的「主動犧牲意願與行為」與其愛情關係適應的「滿意/成長」呈顯著正相關;「被動犧牲意願與行為」與其愛情關係適應的「滿意/成長」呈顯著正相關,與「衝突/矛盾」呈顯著負相關,與「自主」呈顯著正相關。
    三、女性大學生的「要求伴侶完美主義」與男性大學生愛情關係適應的「滿意/成長」呈顯著負相關,與「衝突/矛盾」呈顯著正相關。男性(或女性)大學生的「被伴侶要求完美主義」皆與女性(或男性)大學生愛情關係適應的「滿意/成長」呈顯著負相關,與「衝突/矛盾」呈顯著正相關,與「自主」呈顯著負相關。
    四、男性或女性伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為分別對其愛情關係適應之回歸分析結果:
    對男性的「滿意/成長」而言,男性的「要求伴侶完美主義」、「被伴侶要求完美主義」具有負向預測力,「主動犧牲意願與行為」具有正向預測力。對女性的「滿意/成長」而言,女性的「被伴侶要求完美主義」具有負向預測力,「被動犧牲意願與行為」具有正向預測力。男性的「要求伴侶完美主義」、「被伴侶要求完美主義」皆能正向預測男性的「衝突/矛盾」,女性的結果亦相同。男性的「被伴侶要求完美主義」能負向預測「自主」,女性的結果亦相同。
    五、男性與女性伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為共同對男性或女性的愛情關係適應回歸分析結果:
    對男性的「滿意/成長」而言,男性的「要求伴侶完美主義」與「被伴侶要求完美主義」具有負向預測力,「主動犧牲意願與行為」具有正向預測力。對女性的「滿意/成長」而言,男性與女性的「被伴侶要求完美主義」具有負向預測力、女性的「被動犧牲意願與行為」具有正向預測力。對男性的「衝突/矛盾」而言,男性的「要求伴侶完美主義」與「被伴侶要求完美主義」、女性的「被伴侶要求完美主義」具有正向預測力。但對女性的「衝突/矛盾」而言,只有女性的「被伴侶要求完美主義」具有正向預測力。男性與女性「被伴侶要求完美主義」分別對自己的「自主」具有負向預測力。
    六、被動犧牲意願與行為對被伴侶要求完美主義與愛情關係適應的調節效果成立。其中,男性的「被動犧牲意願與行為」在其「被伴侶要求完美主義」與「衝突/矛盾」之間具有調節效果。女性的「被動犧牲意願與行為」在其「被伴侶要求完美主義」與「自主」之間具有調節效果。

    最後,本研究並依據研究結果提出諮商輔導的實務及研究建議以供參考。

    The main purpose of the present study was to explore the relationships among dyadic perfectionism, willingness and behavior of sacrifice, and love relationship adjustment of heterosexual college couples. A total of 272 completed self-reported questionnaires (136 college couples) were collected through purposive sampling and accidental sampling. Data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, Pearson product-term correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis. The major findings of the present study were as follows:
    1. For both male and female, partner-oriented perfectionism and partner-prescribed perfectionism were negatively related to satisfaction/growth, positively related to conflict/paradox, and negatively related to autonomy.
    2. Male’s willingness and behavior of active sacrifice and willingness and behavior of passive sacrifice” were positively related to satisfaction/growth, and negatively related to conflict/paradox. In addition, female students’ “willingness and behavior of active sacrifice and willingness and behavior of passive sacrifice were positively related to Satisfaction/Growth. Moreover, female students’ willingness and behavior of passive sacrifice” were negatively related to conflict/paradox and positively related to autonomy.
    3. Female’s partner-oriented perfectionism were negatively related to male’s satisfaction/growth and positively related to male’s conflict/paradox. Moreover, both male’s and female’s partner-oriented perfectionism were negatively related to the opposite sex's satisfaction/growth, positively related to the opposite sex's conflict/paradox, negatively related to the opposite sex's autonomy.
    4. Male’s partner-oriented perfectionism and partner-prescribed perfectionism negatively predicted their satisfaction/growth, and male’s willingness and behavior of active sacrifice” positively predicted their satisfaction/growth”. In addition, female’s partner-prescribed perfectionism negatively predicted their satisfaction/growth, and female’s willingness and behavior of passive sacrifice” positively predicted their satisfaction/growth”. For both male and female, partner-oriented perfectionism and partner-prescribed perfectionism positively predicted conflict/paradox. For both male and female, partner-prescribed perfectionism negatively predicted their autonomy.
    5. Considering the effect from partner, male and female’s partner-prescribed perfectionism negatively predicted female’s satisfaction/growth. Male’s partner-oriented perfectionism, male and female’s partner-prescribed perfectionism positively predicted male’s conflict/paradox.
    6. For both male and female, willingness and behavior of passive sacrifice had moderating effect between partner-prescribed perfectionism and satisfaction/growth. Male’s willingness and behavior of passive sacrifice had moderating effect between their partner-prescribed perfectionism and conflict/paradox. Female’s willingness and behavior of passive sacrifice had moderating effect between their partner-prescribed perfectionism and autonomy.
    Lastly, implications for counseling and future research were proposed based on the results.

    Key words: dyadic perfectionism, willingness and behavior of sacrifice, and love relationship adjustment

    致謝詞.....................................................i 中文摘要.................................................iii 英文摘要...................................................v 目錄.....................................................vii 表目錄....................................................ix 圖目錄..................................................xiii 第一章 緒論................................................1 第一節 研究動機............................................1 第二節 研究目的............................................5 第三節 名詞釋義............................................6 第二章 文獻探討............................................9 第一節 伴侶完美主義及其相關研究.............................9 第二節 愛情關係中的犧牲意願與行為...........................18 第三節 伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為及愛情關係適應之相關研究...24 第三章 研究方法...........................................41 第一節 研究架構...........................................41 第二節 研究假設...........................................42 第三節 研究對象...........................................44 第四節 研究工具...........................................46 第五節 研究實施程序.......................................64 第六節 資料分析方法.......................................65 第四章 研究結果...........................................67 第一節 伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係適應之描述統計...67 第二節 不同背景變項在伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係適應 之差異情形................................................70 第三節 伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係適應之相關性.....76 第四節 伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為對愛情關係適應之預測分析...81 第五節 犧牲意願與行為對伴侶完美主義及愛情關係適應之調節效果...95 第五章 討論與建議.........................................111 第一節 討論..............................................111 第二節 實務建議..........................................125 第三節 研究貢獻、限制與建議...............................127 參考文獻.................................................131 中文部分.................................................131 英文部分.................................................134 附錄.....................................................141 附錄一 犧牲意願與行為預試問卷.............................141 附錄二 正式施測問卷......................................145 附錄三 量表使用同意書.....................................151 附錄四 關係適應量表的因素分析結果.........................153 附錄五 男性與女性伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係適應之描 述統計摘要表..............................................154 附錄六 男性與女性的年級在伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係 適應之分析摘要表..........................................155 附錄七 男性與女性的學院在伴侶完美主義、犧牲意願與行為、愛情關係 適應之分析摘要表..........................................157 附錄八 男性與女性大學生犧牲活動的百分比分佈.................159

    王慶福(2000)。當男孩愛上女孩:人際依附風格類型搭配、愛情關係與關係適應之研究。中華輔導學報,8,177-201。
    田安里、黃財尉、楊素圓(2006)。雙薪家庭夫妻間有一樣的婚姻滿意度嗎?從夫妻性別角色態度與角色承諾的觀點研究。國立臺北教育大學學報,19(2),255-280。
    李名揚(2006年12月19日)。大一生最想…交朋友 五成想談戀愛 只有兩成想讀名著。聯合報,C7版。
    江彥陵(2008)。大學生親密關係中依附類型、衝突因應與關係適應之相關研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    吳佳恬(2010)。大學生之完美主義傾向、情緒智力與人際關係。國立政治大學教育學研究所碩士論文。
    吳端靜(2011)女大學生親職化、關係性自我與愛情關係適應之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    李敏龍、楊國樞(2005)。華人社會取向的理論分析。載於楊國樞、黃光國、楊中芳(主編),華人本土心理學(173-214)。臺北:遠流。
    利翠珊(1995)。夫妻互動歷程之探討:以臺北地區年輕夫妻為例的一項初探性研究。本土心理學研究,4,260-321。doi:10.6254/1995.4.260
    利翠珊(1997)。婚姻中親密關係的形成與發展。中華心理衛生學刊,10(4),101-128。
    利翠珊(2006)。華人婚姻韌性的形成與變化:概念釐清與理論建構。本土心理學研究,25,101-137。doi:10.6254/2006.25.101
    利翠珊、蕭英玲(2008a)。華人婚姻品質的維繫:衝突與忍讓的中介效果。本土心理學研究,29,77-116。
    利翠珊、蕭英玲(2008b)。壓力下婚姻韌性的展現:夫妻情感與互動行為之影響。應用心理研究,38,151-172。
    利翠珊(2012)。夫妻關係間的忍與婚姻滿意度之關連。中華心理衛生學刊,25(3),447-475。
    余德慧、林麗雲(1991)。中國人的愛與苦-犧牲與求全。臺北:張老師。
    林美芳(2008)。臺北市高職學生完美主義、生活壓力與憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    陸洛(2003)。人我關係之界定--「折衷自我的現身」。本土心理學研究,20,139-207。
    陸洛、楊國樞(2005)。社會取向自我實現者與個人取向自我實現者的心理特徵:概念分析與實徵衡鑑。本土心理學研究,23,71-143。
    張益綸(2013)。大學生愛情態度對愛情關係適應之預測研究-以生氣表達方式為中介變項。東吳大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
    葉光輝(2004)。現代華人家人的互動關係及其心理歷程。本土心理學研究,22,81-119。
    彭雁群(2010)。探討已婚者之關係自我決定、犧牲知覺與婚姻滿意度及個人幸福感的關係。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    楊國樞(2005)。華人社會取向的理論分析。載於楊國樞、黃光國、楊中芳(主編),華人本土心理學(173-214)。臺北:遠流。
    楊中芳、彭泗清(2005)。人際交往中的人情與關係。載於楊國樞、黃光國、楊中芳(主編),華人本土心理學(483-520)。臺北:遠流。
    詹欣怡(2012)。戀愛中忍的行為與愛情關係品質之相關研究。中國文化大學心理輔導學研究所碩士論文。
    黃光國(2001)。儒家關係主義的理論建構及其方法論基礎。教育與社會研究,2,1-34。
    黃光國(2009)。儒家關係主義:哲學反思、理論建構與實徵研究。臺北:心理出版社。
    黃美淇(2009)。女大學生關係性自我、自我價值與愛情關係適應之相關研究。國立臺北教育大學心理與諮商學系碩士論文。
    黃囇莉(2002)。孰可忍?孰不可忍?──現代化「批判」與本土化「堅忍」之間。載於葉啟政(主編),從現代到本土──慶賀楊國樞教授七秩華誕論文集(111-136)。臺北:遠流。
    陳昱君(2009)。大學生父母管教方式、完美主義及心理健康之相關研究。中國文化大學心理輔導研究所碩士論文。
    陳秉華、游淑瑜(2001)。臺灣的家庭文化與家族治療。亞洲輔導學報,8
    (2),153–174。
    薛鈞芳(2007)。大學生自我分化、愛情態度與其愛情關係中衝突因應方式之關係研究。國立暨南大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
    林哲立、邱曉君、顏菲麗(譯)(2007)。人類行為與社會環境。(原作者:Ashford, J. B., LeCroy, C. W., & Lortie, K. L.)。臺北:雙葉。(原著出版年:2001)。
    孟祥森(譯)(1990)。愛的藝術(原作者:Fromm E.)。臺北:志文出版社。(原著出版年:1956)。
    劉瓊瑛(譯)(2011)。家族治療。(原作者:Nichols M. P.)。臺北市:洪葉文化。
    Bieling P. J., Israeli, A. L., Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1373–1385. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00235-6
    Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today,14(6), 34-52.
    Chen, F., & Li, T. (2007). Marital enqing: An examination of its relationship to spousal contributions, sacrifices, and family stress in Chinese marriages. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(4), 393-412. doi:10.3200/SOCP.147.4.393-412
    Dimitrovsky, L., Levy-Shiff, R., & Schattner-Zanany, I. (2002). Dimensions of depression and perfectionism in pregnant and nonpregnant women: Their levels and interrelationships and their relationship to marital satisfaction. Journal of Psychology, 136(6), 631-646. doi: 10.1080/00223980209604824
    Eidelson, R. J.& Epstein, N. (1982). Cognition and relationship maladjustment: Development of a measure of dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(5), 715-720. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.50.5.715
    Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Shapiro, B., & Rayman, J. (2001). Perfectionism, beliefs, and adjustment in dating relationships. Current Psychology, 20(4), 289-311.
    10.1007/s12144-001-1013-4
    Fox, J. (1991). Regression Diagnostics. CA: Sage Publications.
    Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 119-126.
    Gaelick, L., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Wyer, R. S. (1985). Emotional communication in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1246-1265. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1246
    Habke, A. M., & Flynn, C. A. (2002). Interpersonal aspects of trait perfectionism. In Perfectionism : theory, research, and treatment / edited by Flett G. L. and Hewitt
    P. L. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
    Habke, A. M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1999). Perfectionism and sexual satisfaction in intimate relationships. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral
    Assessment, 21, 307-322. doi:10.1023/A:1022168715349.
    Hammersla, J. F., & Frease-McMahan, L. (1990). University students' priorities: Life goals vs. relationships. Sex Roles, 23(1), 1-14.
    Haring, M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2003). Perfectionism, coping, and quality of intimate relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 143-158. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00143.x.
    Hendrick, S. S., Hendrick, C., & Adler, N. L. (1988). Romantic relationships: Love, satisfaction, and staying together. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 54(6), 980-988. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.980
    Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456-470.
    Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: A test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 58-65.
    Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Mikail, S. F. (1995). Perfectionism and relationship adjustment in pain patients and their spouses. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(3), 335-347. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.9.3.335
    Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Habke, M., Parkin, M., Lam, R. W., et al. (2003). The interpersonal expression of perfection: Perfectionistic self-presentation and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1303-1325. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1303
    Impett, E. A., Gable, S.L., & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Giving up and giving in: The costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 89(3), 327-344. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.327
    Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley.
    Kim, L. M., Johnson, J. L., & Ripley, J. (2011). A "perfect" storm: Perfectionism, forgiveness, and marital satisfaction. Individual Differences Research, 9(4), 199-209.
    Kogan, A., Impett, E. A., Oveis, C., Hui, B., Gordon, A. M., & Keltner, D. (2010). When giving feels good: The intrinsic benefits of sacrifice in romantic relationships for the communally motivated. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1918-1924. doi: 10.1177/0956797610388815
    Li, T., & Chen, F. (2002). Affection in marriage: A study of marital enqing and intimacy in Taiwan. Journal of Psychology In Chinese Societies, 3(1), 37-59.
    Lopez, F. G., Fons-Scheyd, A., Mor#westeur059#a, W., Chaliman, R. (2006). Dyadic perfectionism as a predictor of relationship continuity and distress among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 543-549. doi: 10.1037/0022-
    0167.53.4.543
    Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Schutte, N. S., Bhullar, N., & Rooke, S. E. (2010). The Five-Factor Model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research In Personality, 44(1), 124-127. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.09.004
    Nepon, T., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Molnar, D. S. (2011). Perfectionism, negative social feedback, and interpersonal rumination in depression and social anxiety.
    Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 43(4), 297-308.
    doi:10.1037/a0025032
    Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386-390. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386
    Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research. (3rd eds). NY: Harcouet Brace.
    Powell C., & Van Vugt G. (2003). giving or selfish sacrifice? The role of commitment and cost level upon willingness to sacrifice. European Journal of Social
    Psychology, 33(3),403-412. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.154
    Rice, F. P. (1993). Intimate relationship, marriages, and families (2nd ed.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
    Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. B. (1998). Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 304-314.
    Robins, R. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2000). Two personalities, one relationship: Both partners' personality traits shape the quality of their relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(2), 251-259. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.251
    Robins, R. W., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. (2002). It's not just who you're with, it's who you are: Personality and relationship experiences across multiple relationships. Journal of Personality, 70(6), 925-964. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.05028
    Rubin, Z. (1970). Measure of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(2), 265-273.
    Shea, A. J., Slaney, R. B., & Rice, K. G. (2006). Perfectionism in intimate relationships: The dyadic almost perfect scale. Measurement And Evaluation In Counseling And Development, 39(2), 107-125.
    Shen, C. T., (2002). Same marriage; two realities: gender differences in marriage. Social Policy & Social Work, 6(1) : 159-183.
    Sherry, S. B., Law, A., Hewitt, P. L., Flett G. L. & Besser, A. (2008). Social support as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and depression: A
    preliminary test of the social disconnection model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 339-344. Doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.001
    Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G, Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. (2001). The Revised Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 130-145.
    South, S. C., Doss, B. D., & Christensen, A. (2010). Through the ryes of the beholder: The Mediating role of relationship acceptance in the impact of partner behavior. Family Relations, 59(5), 611-622.
    Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15-28.
    Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J., (1992). Assessing commitment in personal relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 595-608.
    Stanley, S. M., Whitton, S. W., Sadberry, S., Clements, M. L., & Markman, H. J. (2006). Sacrifice as a predictor of marital outcomes. Family Process, 45(3), 289-303. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00171.x
    Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119-135. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119
    Stoeber, J. (2012). Dyadic perfectionism in romantic relationships: Predicting relationship satisfaction and longterm commitment. Personality and Individual
    Differences, 53(3), 300-305. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.002
    Sue, D. W., Sue D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
    Tiwari, A., Wong, M., & Ip, H. (2001). Ren and Yuan: A cultural interpretation of Chinese women’s responses to battering. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 33(3), 63-79.
    Van Lange, P. A. M., Rusbult, C. E., Drigotas, S. M., Arriaga, X. B., & Witcher, B. S. (1997). Willingness to sacrifice in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1373-1359.
    Van Lange, P. A. M., & Agnew, C. R. (1997). From game theory to real life: How social value orientation affects willingness to sacrifice in ongoing close
    relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1330-1344.
    Wang, K.T. (2010). The family almost perfect scale: Development, psychometric properties, and comparing Asian and European Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 186–199.
    White, J. K., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2004). Big five personality variables and relationship constructs. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7),1519-1530. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.019
    Whitton, S., Stanley, S., & Markman, H. (2002). Sacrifice in romantic relationships: An exploration of relevant research and theory. In Vangelisti, A. & Reis H.(Eds.), Stability and change in relationships: Advances in personal relationships (pp. 156–181). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Whitton, S. W., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2007). If I help my partner, will it hurt me? Perceptions of sacrifice in romantic relationships. Journal of Social &
    Clinical Psychology, 26(1), 64-91.
    Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A., & Agnew, C. R. (1999). Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 942-966. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.942
    Yang, K. S. (1996). Chinese social orientation: An integrative analysis. In Tseng, W.S., Lin, T. Y., & Yeh, Y. K. (Ed.), Chinese society and mental health (pp. 19–39).
    Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
    Yang, K. (2003). Beyond Maslow's culture-bound linear theory: a preliminary statement of the double-Y model of basic human needs. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 49, 175-255.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE