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研究生: 湯宜婷
Eveline Yi-ting Tang
論文名稱: 培養思辨創造能力之高中英文課堂補充教材形成性研發
The Formative Development of Supplementary In-Class Materials for Senior High School English That Enhance Logical and Creative Thinking Abilities
指導教授: 周中天
Chou, Chung-Tien
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2014
畢業學年度: 102
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 232
中文關鍵詞: 思考能力批判性思考思辨創意思考高層次思考思考教學形成性發展課程綱要批判性語言覺識
英文關鍵詞: thinking skills, critical thinking, logial thinking, creative thinking, higher-order thinking, thinking instruction, formative development, curriculum guidelines, citical language awareness (CLA)
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 本研究旨在探討如何利用教材編製具體實踐高中英文課程綱要目標。研究主題是:民國99年教育部頒布《普通高中必修科目英文課程綱要》第二項目標:「培養以英語文進行邏輯思考、分析、判斷與整合創新的能力」。本研究透過五個形成性發展階段研發一課內補充教材範例,此五個階段為:編纂預備期(專家諮詢)、教材原型編製、教材試用及使用者意見回饋、原型修正(二度專家諮詢)、教材成品產出。
    本研究探討教材中哪些特色元素有助於學生思考能力之訓練,並實際研發適合提供於每課的補充材料與活動。研究發現:特色元素包括具爭議探討性的內容、文本組織特色、問答活動設計、以及異質性分組活動。至於本研究所研發的補充教材,是經由參考Anderson及Krathwohl (2001)修正Bloom的認知階層分類、99課綱的能力指標、以及Fairclough (1989)的批判性語言覺識(critical language awareness approach),發展出模組(model),最後編寫而成。此補充教材考量了學生的需求與能力、融入聽說讀寫技能、並依據思考層次的高低訂出選用次序及難易度。
    本研究以教材實例表現如何具體實踐課綱理念的作法,希能作為英語教師及教科書編輯者的參考。至於本研究所發展出的模組適用於英文教材文本的各種文體,亦可供教師在選擇教科書時,評估其是否有助於促進學生邏輯及創造性思考。

    The study aims to explore some practical means to facilitate the realization of one of the goals in the 2010 Curriculum Guidelines for Senior High School English: students have to develop their abilities to think logically, judge, integrate and innovate. A sample set of supplementary in-class materials are developed through formative development of five phases: pre-compilation preparation (consultation with experts), prototype compilation, trial teaching and user feedback, further consultation with experts, and compilation of the final product.
    The researcher probed into the features that contributed to the fostering of critical thinking abilities in the lesson design of senior high school English textbooks and investigated what could be provided as supplements to a textbook lesson to enhance the fostering of critical thinking abilities. The features that were found to play a role in the design of instructional materials are controversy in text content, text organization, question-and-answering implementation, and heterogeneous grouping in activity design. The sample materials compiled in the study were based on a model derived on the basis of Bloom’s Taxonomy updated and revised by Anderson and Krathwohl (2001), the competence descriptors mentioned in the 2010 Curriculum Guidelines, and Fairclough’s (1989) critical language awareness approach. Considerations in the design of the sample materials include the students’ needs and proficiency levels, integration of four skills, and the thinking process with a hierarchy scale of priorities and difficulties.
    The present study has provided an example of how to explicate the ideas in the curriculum guidelines as a reference for English teachers and EFL teaching materials developers. The model mentioned earlier can be used with texts of different genres. It can also serve as a checklist for teachers to evaluate a textbook and examine whether it enhances critical thinking instruction.

    CHINESE ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………......i ENGLISH ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………….iv TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...v LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….x LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………...xi INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..1 Background of the Study…………………………..…………………………………..1 Motivation…………………………………………………………….…….................5 Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………………6 Purpose of the Study.…………………………………………………………………..8 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………9 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………...9 Organization of the Study…………………………………………………………….10 LITETURARE REVIEW…………………………………………………………….11 Critical Thinking, Logical Thinking, Creative Thinking, and Higher-Order Thinking……………………………………………………………………………...11 Critical Thinking………………………………………………………………..11 Logical Thinking………………………………………………………………..18 Creative Thinking……………………………………………………………….19 Higher-Order Thinking………………………………………………………….20 Summary………………………………………………………………………..22 Studies on the Facilitation of Critical Thinking Skills…………………….................23 General Instructional Guidelines………………………......................................24 Instructional Guidelines for Teaching Critical Literacy……………...................34 Teaching Critical Thinking in Diverse Disciplines……………………………..42 Summary………………………………………………………………………..45 Studies on Textbook Evaluation……………………………………………………...46 Textbook Evaluation Methods…………………………………………………..46 Studies Employing Methods of Theoretical Analysis…………………………..47 Studies Employing Empirical-Analytical Methods……………………………..50 Studies Employing Statistical (Quantitative) Methods…………………………54 Summary………………………………………………………………………..56 A Review of the Five Major Senior High School English Textbooks Used in Taiwan………………………………………………………………………………..58 Overview of the Five Titles of Textbooks………………………………………59 FES………………………………………………………………………...59 FEC………………………………………………………………………...60 LT……………………………………………………………….................61 SM…………………………………………………………………………61 NY…………………………………………………………………………62 Comparisons and Contrasts of the Five Titles of Textbooks concerning Critical Thinking Instruction…………………………………………………………….63 Questioning Implementation………………………………………………63 Topic Selection/Controversy………………………………………………66 Activity Design……..................…………………………………………..69 Text Organization………...............………………………………………..72 Summary................……...............…………………………………………74 Summary of Chapter Two……………………………………………………………74 METHODOLOGY………………………………….................................................76 Formative Evaluation………………………………………………………………...76 Research Procedure…………………………………………………………………..77 Phase One: Pre-Compilation Preparation (Consultation with Experts)………...78 Phase Two: Prototype Compilation……………………………………………..80 Phase Three: Trial Teaching and User Feedback……………………………….83 Phase Four: Further Consultation with Experts………………………………...84 Phase Five: Compilation of the Final Product………………………………….85 Summary of Chapter Three…………………………………………………………..85 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………...87 Pre-Compilation Preparation (Consultation with Experts)—Phase One…………….88 The Result of the Interviews with Committee Members in the Compilation of the 2010 Curriculum Guidelines………………………………………………..88 Questions 1-3………………………………………………………………89 Questions 4………………………………………………………………...90 Questions 5-6….…………………………………………………………...91 Question 7…………………………………………………………………92 Miscellaneous.……………………………………………………………..92 The Results of the Interview with the Chief Editors of Senior High School English Textbooks………………………………………………………………93 Question 1…………………………………………………………………94 Question 2…………………………………………………………………95 Question 3….…...…………………………………………………………96 Question 4…………………………………………………………………98 Miscellaneous.……………………………………………………………..99 Collected Feedback in Phase One……………………………………………..100 Worksheet Compilation--Phase Two………………………………………………..102 Justification for the Selection of LT B2L4 “Because She Is My Best Friend”……… ………………………………………………………………...102 The Compilation of the Prototype……………………………………………..104 The Rationale behind the Design………………………………………...104 The Design of the Worksheet…………………………………………….105 The Design of the Teacher’s Manual…....………………………………..108 The Compilation Work Done in Phase Two…………………………………...110 Implementation of the Trial Teaching—Phase Three……………………………….110 Feedback from the Teachers…………………………………………………...111 Question 1…………………………………..…………………………….111 Question 2……...…………………………………………………………111 Question 3….…...………………...………………………………………112 Question 4……………..………………………………………………….113 Question 5.……………….……………………………………………….113 Feedback from the Students…………………………………………………...113 Question 1…………………………………..…………………………….114 Question 2……...…………………………………………………………116 Question 3….…...………………...………………………………………117 Question 4……………..………………………………………………….118 Question 5.……………….……………………………………………….119 Collective Feedback in Phase Three…………………………………………..121 Further-Consultation with Experts—Phase Four…………………………………...121 The Comments and Suggestions from Committee Members of the 2010 Curriculum Guidelines………………………………………………………...122 Question 1…………………………………..……………………………122 Question 2……...………………………………………………………...123 Question 3….…...………………...……………………………………...123 The Comments and Suggestions from the Editors of Senior High School English Textbooks………………………………………………………..........124 Question 1…………………………………..……………………………124 Question 2……...………………………………………………………...125 Question 3….…...………………...……………………………………...125 The Comments and Suggestions from English Teachers……………………...126 Question 1…………………………………..……………………………127 Question 2……...………………………………………………………...128 Question 3….…...………………...……………………………………...128 Question 4……………..…………………………………………………129 Question 5.……………….………………………………………………130 Question 6……...………………………………………………………...131 Question 7….…...………………...……………………………………...131 Question 8……………..…………………………………………………132 Question 9.……………….………………………………………………133 Summary...……..……………...…………….………………….………………134 Compilation of the Final Product—Phase Five……………………………………..137 Revision to the Worksheet (see Appendix X)………………………………….138 Revision to the Teacher’s Manual (see Appendix XI) ………………………...142 Responses to the Miscellaneous Feedback…………………………………….144 Summary of Chapter Four…………………………………………………………..145 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………..148 Summary of the Study………………………………………………………………148 Contributions of the Study………………………………………………………….153 Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Research……………………153 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………155 APPENDIX A: Interview Questions for the Committee Members of the 2010 Curriculum Guidelines for Senior High School English in Phase One………………………………………………………………….168 APPENDIX B: Interview Questions for Editors of the Senior High School English Textbook Writers in Phase One……..……………………………..170 APPENDIX C: The Questionnaire for the Two English Teachers Who Implemented the Trial Teaching in Phase Three……..…………..171 APPENDIX D: The Questionnaire for the Students Who Received the Trial Teaching in Phase Three……………..…………………………...172 APPENDIX E: Interview Questions for the Committee Members of the 2010 Curriculum Guidelines for Senior High School English and the Editors of the Senior High School English Textbooks in Phase Four……………………….…………….........................................173 APPENDIX F: The Questionnaire for English Teachers in Phase Four……………174 APPENDIX G: Lung-Teng Book II Lesson Four Because She Is My Best Friend…………..………………………..………...........................175 APPENDIX H: Worksheet—Prototype………….…………………………............195 APPENDIX I: Teacher’s Manual—Prototype…………...……………….................199 APPENDIX J: Worksheet—Final Product…………...……….…………….............213 APPENDIX K: Teacher’s Manual—Final Product..…...…………………...............217

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