簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 陳信愫
Chen, Hsin-Su
論文名稱: 柏林圍牆遺產再現與旅遊體驗:以東邊畫廊、查理檢查哨及柏林圍牆紀念館為例
Heritage Representation of Berlin Wall and Travel Experiences: East Side Gallery, Checkpoint Charlie and the Berlin Wall Memorial as study cases.
指導教授: 陳學毅
Chen, Hsueh-I
口試委員: 廖揆祥 賴嘉玲 陳學毅
口試日期: 2021/10/19
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 歐洲文化與觀光研究所
Graduate Institute of European Cultures and Tourism
論文出版年: 2021
畢業學年度: 109
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 230
中文關鍵詞: 柏林圍牆黑暗觀光旅遊體驗東邊畫廊查理檢查哨柏林圍牆紀念館
英文關鍵詞: Berlin Wall, Dark Tourism, Travel Experience, East Side Gallery, Checkpoint Charlie, Berlin Wall Memorial
研究方法: 參與觀察法深度訪談法半結構式訪談法田野調查法文獻分析法
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101816
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:179下載:36
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 柏林圍牆(Berliner Mauer)作為冷戰建築物象徵,自1961年8月13日至1989年11月29日,整整二十八年間聳立於前東德首都東柏林,劃破了都市的心臟,分裂了城市的天空,迫使同一德意志民族必須生活於不同政體之下。柏林作為德國大都會,經歷二戰的轟炸粉碎及冷戰的分割撕裂,在極為殘酷的歷史背景下,不停找尋自身在世界的定位。
    當歷史成為過去,遺留下來167.8公里的柏林圍牆,該何去何從?灰重的圍牆,背負著一代人在政治角力下的犧牲,對於自由的渴望及眾多因素,逼迫東德人民展開逃亡,幸運的人成功逃至西柏林,然而也有更多的生命在牆邊停止心跳,使得柏林圍牆成為「黑暗觀光」(dark tourism)脈絡下的遺產。
      至此,圍牆成為城市裡不忍直視,卻清晰存在的傷痕。面對這樣的棘手遺產(difficult heritage),柏林如何去處理、運用不同形式詮釋與再現圍牆?從而傳達給世人圍牆背後所發生過的一切,將之從充滿傷痛的地點(site),轉化成為令人想一探究竟的景點(attraction)?此外,觀光客於黑暗觀光景點──柏林圍牆的旅遊體驗,亦是本研究著重的重點之一。
    綜上,本研究聚焦於探討棘手遺產──柏林圍牆,以宏觀、微觀的歷史角度,從黑暗觀光、紀念/記憶空間、旅遊體驗等不同理論切入,揀選以不同面向呈現柏林圍牆之三類型景點,東邊畫廊(East Side Gallery)、查理檢查哨(Checkpoint Charlie)及柏林圍牆紀念館(Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer)作為研究個案。透過圍牆不同形式之呈現與詮釋,如何影響現代觀光客的旅遊體驗,以及如何具體化圍牆之記憶、意義與價值?透過梳理歷史文獻、網路資料、田野觀察筆記及深度訪談,輔以觀光客視角進行詳細論述分析,探討柏林圍牆三類型景點呈現、詮釋與旅遊體驗之關聯。

    The Berlin Wall, as a symbol for Cold War buildings, stood in the former East Germany capital, East Berlin, for 28 years from August 13, 1961, to November 29, 1989. It cut through the heart and split the skyline of the city, forcing the German people to live under different political systems. As the metropolis of Germany, Berlin has experienced the bombing and shattering of World War II and the division and tearing of the Cold War. Under this extremely cruel historical background, Berlin is constantly searching for its own position in the world.
    After the German reunification, there was a question of what to do with the 167.8-kilometer Berlin Wall. The grey wall is burdened with the sacrifices of a generation under the political struggle. The desire for freedom among other factors forced many people to try to flee. The lucky ones managed to escape to West Berlin, but more lives were cut short at the wall. This background also makes the Berlin Wall a heritage under the context of "dark tourism".
      So far, the wall has become a scar that one can't bear to look at directly but clearly exists. Faced with such a difficult heritage, how does Berlin deal with, interpret and represent the wall in different forms? So as to convey to the world what happened behind the wall, and transform it from a painful site into an attraction for tourism, commemoration, and education? In addition, the travel experience which the tourists had in the Berlin Wall attractions is also one of the focuses of this research.
    In summary, this research focuses on exploring the dissonant heritage—the Berlin Wall, from a macro and micro-historical perspective, from the aspect of dark tourism, spaces for commemoration and memory, and travel experience theories, focusing on how Berlin concretizes the memory of the wall? For case analysis, East Side Gallery, Checkpoint Charlie, and the Berlin Wall Memorial(Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer)were selected to represent the three types of attractions of the Berlin Wall from different angles. Through the presentation and interpretation of different forms of the wall, how do they affect the travel experience of post-modern tourists and their perception of the meaning and value of it? By sorting out historical documents, internet sources, field observation notes, and in-depth interviews supplemented by detailed discussion and analysis from the perspective of tourists, it explores the relationship between the presentation, interpretation, and tourists' travel experience of the three attractions of the Berlin Wall.

    謝誌 i 摘要 iii Abstract iv 目錄 vi 表目錄 ix 圖目錄 x 第一章緒論 1 第一節研究動機與背景 1 第二節研究目的與問題意識 10 第三節個案選取原因 13 第四節文獻回顧 15 一、柏林圍牆相關研究 15 二、黑暗觀光相關研究 21 三、紀念/記憶空間相關研究 26 四、旅遊體驗相關研究 30 小結 35 第五節研究方法 37 一、文獻分析法 37 二、田野觀察法 39 三、深度訪談法 40 第二章從建立、倒塌至現代:柏林圍牆的背景 41 第一節柏林圍牆的歷史 41 一、圍牆的起因(1945-1961) 41 二、圍牆下的生活(1961-1989) 44 三、圍牆的倒塌去留(1989-迄今) 51 第二節柏林圍牆在現代 53 一、有形柏林圍牆遺產再現 54 二、無形柏林圍牆的展現 64 第三章世界最長露天柏林圍牆──東邊畫廊 68 第一節從灰暗牆面轉變為著名景點之過程 68 第二節當藝術與歷史遺產互利共生 81 第三節「藝」起走圍牆──旅人之視角與體驗 85 一、彩繪牆的呈現 86 二、藝術注入新生命 92 三、周邊環境的影響 101 四、黑暗在東邊畫廊 104 第四章冷戰火線交鋒點──查理檢查哨 110 第一節從嚴肅緊張到輕鬆歡愉的檢查哨 110 第二節「瘋」玩圍牆──旅人之視角與體驗 126 一、「無形牆」在柏林 126 二、解說板及歷史照片 133 三、娛樂化的展演 136 四、黑暗在查理檢查哨 139 第五章紀念/記憶所在之處──柏林圍牆紀念館 141 第一節死亡發生地點轉化為紀念景點 141 第二節「真」在圍牆──旅人之視角與體驗 166 一、多樣性圍牆的結合 166 二、生與死的紀念 172 三、用故事說歷史 178 四、黑暗在柏林圍牆紀念館 183 五、柏林圍牆景點存在對於現今世界的價值與意義 186 第六章結論 190 第一節研究發現與反思 190 一、三景點牆體呈現與旅遊體驗之比較 190 二、三景點歷史詮釋與旅遊體驗之比較 193 三、三景點環境氛圍與旅遊體驗之比較 196 四、三景點遊客黑暗涉入程度之比較 199 五、研究反思 201 第二節研究限制與展望 204 參考文獻 206 外文參考文獻 206 中文參考文獻 216 附錄一:訪談問題大綱 221 附錄二:受訪者之基本資料及編號 227 附錄三:受訪者各自黑暗涉入分數 228 附錄四:筆者田野調查柏林圍牆三景點之統整時間表 229 附錄五:柏林圍牆紀念館訪客參觀規定 230

    外文參考文獻
    Abbas, A.(1997). Hong Kong: Culture and the politics of disappearance. Hong Kong University Press.
    Ahlfeldt, G. M., Redding, S. J., Sturm, D. M., & Wolf, N.(2015). The economics of density: Evidence from the Berlin Wall. Econometrica, 83(6), 2127-2189.
    Anderson, B. D.(2007). Students in a global village: The nexus of choice, expectation, and experience in study abroad. The University of Texas at Austin.
    Andrews, M.(2003). Continuity and discontinuity of East German identity following the fall of the Berlin Wall: A case study. Pluto Press, 107-126.
    Ashworth, G. J.(2004). Tourism and the heritage of atrocity: managing the heritage of South African apartheid for entertainment(pp. 95-108). CABI Publishing.
    Assmann, J.(2011). Communicative and cultural memory. In Cultural memories(pp. 15-27). Springer, Dordrecht.
    Bach, J.(2016). The Berlin Wall after the Berlin Wall: site into sight. Memory Studies, 9(1), 48-62.
    Baker, F.(1993). The Berlin Wall production, preservation and consumption of a 20th-century monument. Antiquity, 67(257), 709-733.
    Barthel, M.(2017). Artistic Interventions and Pockets of Memory on the Former Wall Strip in Berlin. In The Impact of Artists on Contemporary Urban Development in Europe(pp. 281-297). Springer, Cham.
    Bigley, J. D., Lee, C. K., Chon, J., & Yoon, Y.(2010). Motivations for war-related tourism: A case of DMZ visitors in Korea. Tourism Geographies, 12(3), 371-394.
    Blom, T.(2000). Morbid tourism-a postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 54(1), 29-36.
    Boniface, P.(2001). Dynamic tourism. Channel View Publications.
    Boorstin, D. J.(1992). The image: A guide to pseudo-events in America. Vintage.
    Borowiecki, K. J., & Castiglione, C.(2014). Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces. Tourism Economics, 20(2), 241-262.
    Briese, O.(2011). The Different Aesthetics of the Berlin Wall. In The German Wall (pp. 37-58). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
    Brooke, M. A.(2007). Mauerkunst, Lebenskunst: An Anlysis of the Art on the Berlin Wall. Scripps Senior Theses. 4.
    Bruner, M. S. (1989). Symbolic uses of the Berlin Wall, 1961–1989. Communication Quarterly, 37(4), 319-328.
    Burchardi, K. B., & Hassan, T. A.(2013). The economic impact of social ties: Evidence from German reunification. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(3), 1219-1271.
    Clay, G.(1980). Close-up: How to read the American city. University of Chicago Press.
    Cochrane, A., & Jonas, A.(1999). Reimagining Berlin: world city, national capital or ordinary place?. European urban and regional studies, 6(2), 145-164.
    Cramer, M.(2014). The Berlin Wall Trail: a cycling and hiking route on the traces of Berlin’s East–West division during the Cold War. In Greening in the red zone(pp. 445-449). Springer, Dordrecht.
    Crane, S. A.(2006). The conundrum of ephemerality Time, memory, and museums. A companion to museum studies, 98-109.
    Dann, G. M., & Seaton, A. V.(2013). Slavery, contested heritage, and thanatourism. Routledge.
    Darnton, R.(1991). Berlin Journal, 1989-1990. New York : Norton.
    Dobratz, B. A., & Waldner, L. K.(2021). Berlin Political Crises, Street Art and Graffiti from 1945 to 2019. Political Graffiti in Critical Times: The Aesthetics of Street Politics, 28, 175.
    Dolff-Bonekämper, G.(2002). The Berlin Wall: an archaeological site in progress. Matériel Culture: The Archaeology of Twentieth-century Conflict, 44, 236.
    Ferrell, J.(2001). Tearing down the streets: Adventures in urban anarchy. Palgrave Macmillan.
    Foley, M., & Lennon, J. J.(1996). JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 198-211.
    Foley, M., & Lennon, J. J.(2000). Dark tourism: The attraction of death and disaster. London: Continuum.
    Frank, S.(2009). Der Mauer um die Wette gedenken: Die Formation einer Heritage-Industrie am Berliner Checkpoint Charlie. Campus Verlag.
    Frank, S.(2015). Communist heritage tourism and its local (dis) contents at Checkpoint Charlie, Berlin. In Negotiating Urban Conflicts(pp. 195-208). transcript-Verlag.
    Frost, W., Laing, J. H., & Williams, K. M.(2015). Exploring the contribution of public art to the tourist experience in Istanbul, Ravenna and New York. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(1), 57-73.
    Gelbman, A., & Timothy, D. J.(2010). From hostile boundaries to tourist attractions. Current issues in tourism, 13(3), 239-259.
    Gemünden, G.(1999). Nostalgia for the Nation: Intellectuals and National Identity in Unified Germany. Acts of Memory: Cultural recall in the present, 123.
    Glassberg, D.(2001). Sense of history: The place of the past in American life. University of Massachusetts Press.
    Greiner, U.(1992). Die Mauer im Kopf Toward an Understanding of the 1990 German Literary Dispute. German Politics & Society, 61-68.
    Hall, C. M.(1991). Introduction to tourism in Australia: impacts, planning and development. Longman Cheshire.
    Hall, C. M.(1994). Tourism and politics: policy, power and place. John Wiley & Sons.
    Hamed, S., & El‐Bassiouny, N.(2013). Communicating social and religious values through visual arts in the aftermath of a revolution. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(1), 51-63.
    Harrington, D. F.(2012). Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War. University Press of Kentucky.
    Hartmann, R.(2014). Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism management: New directions in contemporary tourism research. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(2), 166-182.
    Heinsohn, B.(2015). Critical voices from the underground: Street art and urban transformation in Berlin. Envisioning social justice in contemporary German culture, 119-141.
    Héon-Klin, V., Sieber, E., Huebner, J., & Fullilove, M. T.(2001). The influence of geopolitical change on the well-being of a population: the Berlin Wall. American journal of public health, 91(3), 369.
    Holtorf, C. J.(1998). The life‐histories of megaliths in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern (Germany). World archaeology, 30(1), 23-38.
    Hopper, P., & Renfro, E.(2021). Speaking Graffiti: Imaging Human Rights from Belfast to the West Bank. Humanity & Society, 0160597620987006.
    Hrzic, R., & Brand, H.(2020). The old Iron Curtain split our continent in half: the new ones could tear apart our nations. European Journal of Public Health, 30(1), 1.
    Ivanova, M.(2013). Graffiti and the Symbolic Dismantling of the Berlin Wall. Our Europe. Ethnography–Ethnology–Anthropology of Culture, 2, 145-160.
    Karpinski, S. A.(2014). Contested spaces: Imagining Berlin's divided past through debated sites of heritage tourism. Temple University.
    Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B.(2011). Foundations of Behavioral Research: The Most Sustainable Popular Textbook By Kerlinger & Lee(2000). Journal of Social Development, 13(2), 131-144.
    Klausmeier, A., & Schmidt, L.(2004). Wall remnants, wall traces: the comprehensive guide to the Berlin Wall. Westkreuz-Verlag.
    Knischewski, G., & Spittler, U.(2006). Remembering the Berlin Wall: The Wall Memorial Ensemble Bernauer Strasse. German Life and Letters, 59(2), 280-293.
    Knox, D.(2006). The sacralised landscapes of Glencoe: From massacre to mass tourism, and back again. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(3), 185-197.
    Kowarik, I.(2019). The “Green Belt Berlin”: Establishing a greenway where the Berlin Wall once stood by integrating ecological, social and cultural approaches. Landscape and Urban Planning, 184, 12-22.
    Kraftl, P., & Horton, J.(2009). Urban representation/imagination. In International encyclopaedia of human geography(pp. 94-100). Elsevier Science.
    Kuhrmann, A., Liebermann, D., & Dorgerloh, A.(2011). Die Berliner Mauer in der Kunst: bildende Kunst, Literatur und Film. Ch. Links Verlag.
    Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S.(2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage.
    Lazarus, R. S.(1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American psychologist, 46(8), 819.
    Lee, Y., Dattilo, J., & Howard, D.(1994). The complex and dynamic nature of leisure experience. Journal of Leisure research, 26(3), 195-211.
    Lefebvre, H., Kofman, E., & Lebas, E.(1996). Writings on cities (Vol. 63). Oxford: Blackwell.
    Lertsuksakda, R., Netisopakul, P., & Pasupa, K.(2014). Thai sentiment terms construction using the Hourglass of Emotions. In 2014 6th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology(pp. 46-50). IEEE.
    Leuenberger, C.(2000). The Berlin Wall on the therapist_s couch. Human Studies, 23(2), 99-121.
    Leuenberger, C.(2006). Constructions of the Berlin Wall how material culture is used in psychological theory. Social Problems, 53(1), 18-37.
    Light, D.(2000). Gazing on communism: heritage tourism and post-communist identities in Germany, Hungary and Romania. Tourism Geographies, 2(2), 157-176.
    Light, D.(2017). Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research: An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 61, 275-301.
    Lloyd, D. W.(2014). Battlefield tourism: Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939. A&C Black.
    Loeb, C.(2006). Planning reunification: the planning history of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Planning Perspectives, 21(1), 67-87.
    Loshitzky, Y.(1995). Inverting images of the 40s The Berlin wall and collective amnesia. Journal of Communication, 45(2), 93-107.
    Lovenduski, J., & Woodall, J.(1987). The Implementation of Economic Reform in Eastern Europe. In Politics and Society in Eastern Europe (pp. 97-128). Palgrave, London.
    Lynch, K.(1960). The image of the city(Vol. 11). MIT press.
    MacCannell, D. (2013). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. University of California Press.
    Marković, S.(2010). Aesthetic experience and the emotional content of paintings. Psihologija, 43(1), 47-64.
    Marschall, S.(2004). Gestures of compensation: Post-apartheid monuments and memorials. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 55(1), 78-95.
    McKercher, B., & Du Cros, H.(2002). Cultural tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. Routledge.
    Merrill, S.(2011). Graffiti at heritage places: vandalism as cultural significance or conservation sacrilege?. Time and Mind, 4(1), 59-75.
    Miles, S.(2014). Battlefield sites as dark tourism attractions: An analysis of experience. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(2), 134-147.
    Miles, W. F.(2002). Auschwitz: Museum interpretation and darker tourism. Annals of tourism research, 29(4), 1175-1178.
    Niemelä, T.(2010). Motivation factors in dark tourism: Case: House of terror.
    Nuryanti, W.(1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of tourism research, 23(2), 249-260.
    Ostermann, C. F., & Byrne, M.(2001). Uprising in East Germany 1953: the Cold War, the German question, and the first major upheaval behind the Iron Curtain (Vol. 3). Central European University Press.
    Radosevic, L.(2013). Graffiti, Street Art, Urban Art: Terminological Problems and Generic Properties. In New Cultural Capitals: Urban Pop Cultures in Focus(pp. 1-13). Brill.
    Robb, E. M.(2009). Violence and recreation: Vacationing in the realm of dark tourism. Anthropology and Humanism, 34(1), 51-60.
    Rodrigues, A. A.(2015). Defining street art: What it is and what it is not. Retrieved from http://annarodrigues.com.
    Rojek, C.(1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. Springer.
    Romeike, S.(2016). Transitional Justice in Germany after 1945 and after 1990. International Nuremberg priciples academy.
    Rossetto, T. (2012). Embodying the map: Tourism practices in Berlin. Tourist Studies, 12(1), 28-51.
    Ryan, C., & Kohli, R.(2006). The Buried village, New Zealand–An example of dark tourism?. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11(3), 211-226.
    Sadatiseyedmahalleh, S., Rahman, S., & Abdullah, A.(2015). Analyzing street art to present the heritage of George Town, Malaysia. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 2(4), 24-30.
    Sawyer, R. D., & Norris, J.(2009). Duoethnography: Articulations/(re) creation of meaning in the making. In The Collaborative Turn(pp. 127-140). Brill Sense.
    Schlör, J.(2006). ‘It has to go away, but at the same time it has to be kept’ the Berlin Wall and the making of an urban icon. Urban History, 33(1), 85-105.
    Schmitt, B. H.(1999). Experiential Marketing: How to Get Customers to Sense, Feel, Think, Act, Relate. Simon and Schuster.
    Scott, M.(2008). Lacan's ‘Of the Gaze as Objet Petit a’as Anamorphic Discourse. Paragraph, 31(3), 327-343.
    Seaton, A. V.(1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 234-244.
    Seaton, A. V.(1999). War and thanatourism: Waterloo 1815–1914. Annals of tourism Research, 26(1), 130-158.
    Sharpley, R.(2009). Tourism development and the environment: Beyond sustainability?. Earthscan.
    Shaw, G. B. C.(2015). Tourism by design: Signature architecture and tourism. Tourism Review International, 19(4), 235–241.
    Skinner, J., & Jolliffe, L.(2017). Murals and tourism: heritage, politics and identity. Routledge.
    Smith, L.(2014). Visitor emotion, affect and registers of engagement at museums and heritage sites. Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, 14(2), 125-132.
    Soja, E. W., & Chouinard, V.(1999). Thirdspace: journeys to Los Angeles & other real & imagined places. Canadian Geographer, 43(2), 209.
    Sonnevend, J.(2015). Symbol of Hope for a World without Walls - The Fall of the Berlin Wall as a Global Iconic Event. Divinatio,(39-40), 223-232.
    Sonnevend, J.(2016). Stories without borders The Berlin Wall and the making of a global iconic event. Oxford University Press.
    Stein, M. B.(1989). The politics of humor: the Berlin Wall in jokes and graffiti. Western Folklore, 48(2), 85-108.
    Stone, P.(2006). A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 54(2), 145-160.
    Stone, P., & Sharpley, R.(2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595.
    Stone, P., & Sharpley, R.(2009). The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism. Channel view publications.
    Strange, C., & Kempa, M.(2003). Shades of dark tourism: Alcatraz and Robben Island. Annals of tourism research, 30(2), 386-405.
    Tarlow, P.(2005). Dark tourism:the appealing ‘dark’side of tourism and more. In Niche tourism(pp. 47-58). Routledge.
    Taussig, M. T.(1999). Defacement: Public secrecy and the labor of the negative. Stanford University Press.
    Taylor, F.(2006). The Berlin Wall: a world divided, 1961-1989. Harper Collins.
    Taylor, J.(1999). Berlin and its Culture: a historical portrait. European Business Review.
    Teutsch, T.(2013). Unverfugt. Lücken im Berliner Stadtraum. Essay. Berlin: Lukas Verlag.
    Thomas, M. C.(2018). The Ever-Changing Role of the East Side Gallery: The Relationship Between Memorialization and Urban Redevelopment.
    Thurnell-Read, T.(2009). Engaging Auschwitz: an analysis of young travellers’ experiences of Holocaust Tourism.
    Till, K. E.(2011). Interim use at a former death strip? Art, politics, and urbanism at Skulpturenpark Berlin_Zentrum. In The German Wall(pp. 99-122). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
    Tölle, A.(2010). Urban identity policies in Berlin From critical reconstruction to reconstructing the Wall. Cities, 27(5), 348-357.
    Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J.(1996). Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. John Wiley & Sons.
    Turner, L.(1990). The Berlin Wall: Fragment as Commodity. Border/Lines,(19), 2-4.
    Urry, J.(1994). Cultural change and contemporary tourism. Leisure Studies, 13(4), 233-238.
    van der Steen, B., & Verburgh, T. P.(Eds.)(2020). Researching Subcultures, Myth and Memory. Springer International Publishing.
    Verheyen, D.(2010). United city, divided memories?: Cold War legacies in contemporary Berlin. Lexington Books.
    Voase, R.(2002). Rediscovering the imagination: investigating active and passive visitor experience in the 21st century. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(5), 391-399.
    Weissler, S.(1990). Rettet die Mauer. Berlin: Presseerklarung det Al-Fraktion im Abgeordneten Haus.
    Westendorf, E. J.(2010). Banksy as Trickster: The Rhetoric of Street Art, Public Identity, and Celebrity Brands (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University).
    Yan, L., Xu, J. B., Sun, Z., & Xu, Y.(2019). Street art as alternative attractions: A case of the East Side Gallery. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 76-85.
    Young, J. E.(1992). The counter-monument: memory against itself in Germany today. Critical inquiry, 18(2), 267-296.

    中文參考文獻
    Andrews, M.(2015)。形塑歷史:政治變遷如何被敘述(陳巨擘譯:初版)。臺北市:聯經。(原著出版於2007)
    Assmann, A.(2016)。回憶空間:文化記憶的形式和變遷(潘璐譯:初版)。北京:北京大學出版社。(原著出版於2006)
    Assmann, A.(2017)。記憶中的歷史:從個人經歷到公共演示(袁思喬譯:初版)。南京:南京大學出版社。南京:南京大學出版社。(原著出版於2007)
    Bartlett, F. C.(2003)。記憶:一個實驗的與社會的心理學研究(黎煒譯:初版)。浙江:浙江教育出版社。(原著出版於1995)
    Benjamin, W.(2012)。柏林童年(王涌、宋淑明譯:初版)。臺北市:麥田。(原著出版於1950)
    Nooteboom, C.(2013)。邁向柏林之路:德國土地與歷史的迂迴與謎團(李佳純譯:初版)。臺北市:蔚藍文化。(原著出版於2017)
    Cresswell, T.(2006)。地方:記憶、想像與認同(王志弘、徐苔玲譯)。新北市:群學出版社。(原著出版於2004)
    Dean, D.(2002)。展覽複合體──博物館展覽的理論與實務(蕭翔鴻譯:初版)。臺北:藝術家出版社。(原著出版於1996)
    Frye, D.(2020)。城牆:從萬里長城到柏林圍牆,一部血與磚打造的人類文明史(韓翔中譯:初版)。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。(原著出版於2018)
    Kirschbaum, E.(2014)。撼動柏林圍牆:布魯斯.史普林斯汀改變世界的演唱會(楊久穎譯:初版)。臺北:時報出版。(原著出版於2013)
    Lynch, K.(2014)。城市的意象(胡佳璇譯:初版)。臺北:遠流。(原著出版於1960)
    MacGregor, N.(2017)。德意志:一個國家的記憶(周全譯:初版)。新北市:左岸文化出版。(原著出版於2014)
    Mitchell, G. W.(2017)。叛逃共和國:柏林圍牆下的隧道脫逃行動(張毓如譯:初版)。臺北市:馬可孛羅。(原著出版於2016)
    Mohnhaupt, J.(2019)。分裂的動物們:隔著冷戰鐵幕的動物園生存競賽,揭露東西柏林不為人知的半世紀常民史(劉于怡譯:初版)。臺北市:木馬文化。(原著出版於2017)
    Nora, P.(2012)。記憶所繫之處(戴麗娟譯:初版)。臺北:行人文化實驗室。(原著出版於1989)
    Pine II, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H.(2013)。體驗經濟時代(十週年修訂版):人們正在追尋更多意義,更多感受(夏業良、魯煒、江麗美譯:初版)。臺北:經濟新潮社。(原著出版於1999)
    Schmitt, B.(2000)。體驗行銷(王育英、梁曉鶯譯:初版)。臺北市:經典傳訊文化。(原著出版於1999)
    Schneider, P.(2015)。柏林: 歐洲灰姑娘的分裂與蛻變、叛逆與創新(莊仲黎譯:初版)。臺北市:麥田出版社。(原著出版於2014)
    Smith, M. K.(2014)。文化觀光學(劉以德審譯:初版)。臺北市:桂魯。(原著出版於2009)
    Urry, J. & Larsen, J.(2016)。觀光客的凝視3.0(黃宛瑜譯:初版)。臺北市:書林。(原著出版於2011)
    Urry, J.(2007)。觀光客的凝視(葉浩譯:初版)。臺北:書林。(原著出版於1990)
    Victor, J. C.(2013)。反抗的畫筆:媒體漫畫看全球時事,從柏林圍牆倒塌到敘利亞內戰(徐麗松譯:初版)。臺北:時報出版。(原著出版於2012)
    尤淑慧、賴政豪、張祐誠(2020)。災難主題紀念館遊客之遊憩體驗、地方感與重遊意願-以921地震教育園區為例。博物館學季刊,34(1),65-86。
    王明珂(2004)。歷史記憶與族群關係-埃期溝羌族「歷史」的反思。歷史月刊,(196),98-104。
    何芃諭(2020)。文化主導再生與文化觀光發展-以南特為個案研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣師範大學歐洲文化與觀光研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
    李明儒、郭家瑜、林菁真(2013)。澎湖漁村觀光其遊客意向之研究-以旅遊動機、知覺價值、滿意度與重遊意願為變項。鄉村旅遊研究,7(1),17-31。
    李珮宇(2019)。墓園如何成為觀光景點—以巴黎拉雪茲神父公墓為例。國立臺灣師範大學歐洲文化與觀光研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
    李維倫(2017)。受傷的時間性:受性侵害及家庭關係斷損少女之生活經驗的存在現象學分析。中華心理學刊,59(3),145-161。
    李蕙蓁、謝統勝(2008)。德意志製造。臺北市:時報出版。
    沈祉杏(2003)。穿.牆.故.事:再造柏林城市。臺北市:田園城市。
    赤瀨川原平、藤森照信、南伸坊(2014)。路上觀察學入門(嚴可婷、黃碧君、林皎碧譯:初版)。臺北:行人文化實驗室。(原著出版於2013)
    林正士、吳英偉、李忠榮(2015)。探索戰地觀光的旅遊動機與情緒體驗-以金門為例。休閒與遊憩研究,7(1),93-140。
    林淑慧(2014)。日治後期地方與空間的記憶:《三六九小報》、《風月報》遊記敘事策略。戶外遊憩研究,27(3),31-55。
    林蕙玟、傅朝卿(2008)。紀念場域、歷史的重新書寫與再現:228 事件紀念物設置於臺灣都市空間所呈現的歷史新意義。建築學報,66,119-141。
    花亦芬(2016)。在歷史的傷口上重生:德國走過的轉型正義之路。臺北市:先覺。
    柳相鉉(2019)。柏林HOLIDAY(獨島譯:初版)。臺北市:山岳。(原著出版於2017)
    徐瑞良、李坤城、高興一(2018)。以視覺感官產品置入性行銷旅遊地關鍵成功因素之研究-以高雄市為例。休閒運動管理學刊,4(2),1-12。
    耿鳳英(2011)。誰的故事?-論博物館展示詮釋。博物館學季刊,25(3)。
    高俊雄(1993)。休閒參與體驗形成之分析。戶外遊憩研究,6(4),1-12。
    張詠翔(2019)。柏林的塗鴉探討—從政治、社會、文化與藝術的角度分析。東吳大學德國文化學系碩士論文,臺北市。
    張群(2010)。從體驗角度看黑色旅遊及其發展探討。安徽:安徽農業科學,38(1),437-439。
    畢恆達(2011)。塗鴉鬼飛踢。臺北市:遠流。
    畢恆達(2014)。空間就是想像力。臺北市:心靈工坊。
    許雯捷(2016)。街頭藝術浪潮:街上的美術館,一線藝術家、經紀畫廊、英倫現場 直擊訪談。臺北市:原點。
    陳文德(2007)。黑盒子被打開了嗎?談「田野工作」與學術知識建構的關係。臺灣社會學,(13),243-264。
    陳佳利(2007)。創傷、博物館與集體記憶之建構。臺灣社會研究季刊,66,105-143。
    陳孟君(2019)。我們與柏林圍牆的距離。清流雙月刊,(23),20-24。
    陳思宏(2011)。叛逆柏林。臺北市:健行文化出版。
    陳貞吟(2009)。黑暗觀光:創傷再現之體驗與詮釋。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(編號:NSC 96-2415-H-343-004-SS2),未出版。
    陳碧琳(2011)。土銀古蹟遺構再現之空間歷史感浸潤與愉悅。臺灣博物季刊,30(1),34-41。
    陳學毅(2020)。呂格爾晚期思想中的記憶、歷史、忘記與原諒之概念與其互相關聯。哲學與文化,47(7),55-75。
    曾慈慧,沈進成,陳麗如(2011)。礦業遺產觀光中真實性對觀光意象、地方感與遊後行為意圖之影響。戶外遊憩研究,24(3),79-111。
    童欣婕(2015)。由黑暗觀光與博物館實踐探索柏林猶太博物館。國立臺灣師範大學歐洲文化與觀光研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
    鈕文英(2015)。研究方法與論文寫作。臺北市:雙葉書廊。
    黃慶源、邱志仁、陳秀鳳(2004)。博物館之體驗行銷策略。科技博物,8(2),47-66。
    楊凱成、廖怡雯、沈錳美(2011)。地方博物館與體驗活動-布袋洲南鹽場文化活動之劇場分析。博物館學季刊,25(4),73-103。
    廖揆祥(2008)。德國綠黨的發展與演變。新北市:韋伯文化。
    劉松達、李晶(2011)。再現國族或是地方:論象徵性場所在臺北市城市品牌建立中可能扮演的角色。臺灣學誌,(4),65-86。
    劉淑瓊(2008)。推倒“柏林圍牆”-論家庭暴力防治之網絡治理課題。東吳社會工作學報,(19),1-35。
    劉翠華、李銘輝(2008)。觀光心理學。新北市:揚智。
    潘淑滿(2003)。質性研究:理論與應用。臺北市:心理。
    鄭先興(1999)。也論歷史感:與雷戈先生商榷。學術月刊,3,95-101。
    賴韻文(2012)。黑暗觀光遊客之情緒體驗與再訪意願:黑暗吸引力之中介效果-以臺灣「國民革命忠烈祠」為例。國立臺灣大學生物產業傳播暨發展學研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
    羅欣怡(2016)。地方.文化.博物館:博物館的社會關懷與實踐。臺北市:國立臺灣歷史博物館。

    下載圖示
    QR CODE