研究生: |
潘任飛 PUN, IAM-FEI |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
Estimation of upper-ocean thermal structure in the North West Pacific Ocean by satellite remote sensing and its application to typhoon intensity change Estimation of upper-ocean thermal structure in the North West Pacific Ocean by satellite remote sensing and its application to typhoon intensity change |
指導教授: |
吳朝榮
Wu, Chau-Rou 林依依 Lin, I-I |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
地球科學系 Department of Earth Sciences |
論文出版年: | 2005 |
畢業學年度: | 93 |
語文別: | 英文 |
中文關鍵詞: | typhoon 、upper-ocean thermal structure 、satellite 、intensity change 、SST cooling 、Topical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) |
英文關鍵詞: | typhoon, upper-ocean thermal structure, satellite, intensity change, SST cooling, Topical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:238 下載:57 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
Lack of the information on upper-ocean thermal structure is one of the identified major reasons causing unsatisfactory typhoon intensity forecast. Therefore it is critical to study the relationship between upper-ocean thermal structure typhoon intensity change. This study uses a two-layer reduced gravity ocean model (TLM_NWPO), TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1 sea surface height anomaly data, TRMM/TMI sea surface temperature data and climatological ocean data estimate upper-ocean thermal structure in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The estimated profiles were validated by 2258 co-located and near co-incident in situ profiles from the Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) and the ARGO floats. It is found that the two-layer reduced gravity model is not always applicable in the entire NWPO; depends on location and month. The ‘safe zones’ where the TLM_NWPO can accurately use are defined. It is encouraging to find that most category-4 and 5 typhoons intensify in the ‘safe zones’, thus we can apply the estimated profiles to study its association with typhoon intensity change.
All 33 intense and super typhoons (category-4 and 5) occur during the typhoon season (May-October) in the past 6 years (1999-2004) are studied. The sensitivity of four possible parameters (pre-typhoon SST, inner-core SST cooling, pre-typhoon Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential and inner-core Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential) are assessed. It is found that the inner-core SST cooling is the most sensitive parameter and typhoon stops intensification when the inner-core SST cooling exceeds 2.5℃. In contrast, the often emphasized pre-typhoon TCHP is found to be insensitive. It is found that TCHP is over-supplying parameter and the available TCHP is always at least an order higher than typhoons can extract, suggesting that TCHP should not be a limiting factor controlling typhoon intensification.
Lack of the information on upper-ocean thermal structure is one of the identified major reasons causing unsatisfactory typhoon intensity forecast. Therefore it is critical to study the relationship between upper-ocean thermal structure typhoon intensity change. This study uses a two-layer reduced gravity ocean model (TLM_NWPO), TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1 sea surface height anomaly data, TRMM/TMI sea surface temperature data and climatological ocean data estimate upper-ocean thermal structure in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The estimated profiles were validated by 2258 co-located and near co-incident in situ profiles from the Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) and the ARGO floats. It is found that the two-layer reduced gravity model is not always applicable in the entire NWPO; depends on location and month. The ‘safe zones’ where the TLM_NWPO can accurately use are defined. It is encouraging to find that most category-4 and 5 typhoons intensify in the ‘safe zones’, thus we can apply the estimated profiles to study its association with typhoon intensity change.
All 33 intense and super typhoons (category-4 and 5) occur during the typhoon season (May-October) in the past 6 years (1999-2004) are studied. The sensitivity of four possible parameters (pre-typhoon SST, inner-core SST cooling, pre-typhoon Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential and inner-core Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential) are assessed. It is found that the inner-core SST cooling is the most sensitive parameter and typhoon stops intensification when the inner-core SST cooling exceeds 2.5℃. In contrast, the often emphasized pre-typhoon TCHP is found to be insensitive. It is found that TCHP is over-supplying parameter and the available TCHP is always at least an order higher than typhoons can extract, suggesting that TCHP should not be a limiting factor controlling typhoon intensification.
Agarwal, N., R. Sharma, S. Basu, and V. K. Agarwal 2005,: Retrieval of Temperature Profiles in the Indian Ocean from Satellite observation: Comparison with ARGO Profiles. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., (in press)
Bender, M. A., and I. Ginis, 2000: Real-case simulations of hurricane-ocean interaction using a high-resolution coupled model: effects on hurricane intensity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 917-946.
Chu, J. H., C. R. Sampson, A. S. Levine, and E. Fukada, 2002: The Joint Typhoon Warning Center Tropical Cyclone Best-Tracks. NRL Reference Number: NRL/MR/7540-02-16.
Emanuel, K. A., 1999: Thermodynamic control of hurricane intensity. Nature, 401, 665-669.
Emanuel, K. A., C. DesAutels, C. Holloway, and R. Korty, 2004: Environmental control of tropical cyclone intensity. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61, 843–858.
Fu, L. L., E. J. Christensen, C. A. Yamarone, M. Lefebvre, Y. Menard, M. Dorrer, and P. Escudier, 1994: TOPEX/POSEIDON Mission Overview. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 24369-24381.
Cione, J. J., and E. W. Uhlhorn 2003: Sea surface temperature variability in hurricanes: Implications with respect to intensity change. Mon. Wea. Rev., v.131, 1783-1796.
DeMaria, M., and J. Kaplan, 1994: Sea surface temperature and the maximum intensity of Atlantic tropical cyclones. J. climate, 7, 1324-1334.
Gallacher, P. C., Rotunno, R. and Emanuel, K. A., 1989: Tropical cyclogenesis in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Preprints, 18th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, San Diego, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 121-122.
Goni, G. J., and J. A. Trinanes, 2003: Ocean thermal structure monitoring could aid in the intensity forecast of tropical cyclones. EOS, 84, 573-580.
Goni, G. J., S. Kamholtz, S. Garzoli, and D. B. Olson, 1996: Dynamics of the Brazil–Malvinas confluence based upon inverted echo sounders and altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 101 (7), 16 273–16 289.
Gould, J., D. Roemmich, S. Wijffels, H. Freeland, M. Ignaszewesky, X. Jianping, S. Pouliquen, Y. Desaubies, U. Send, K. Radhakrishnan, K. Takeuchi, K. Kim, M. Danchenkov, P. Sutton, B. King, B. Owens, and S. Riser, 2004: Argo Profiling Floats Bring New Era of In Situ Ocean Observations. EOS, 85, 179&190-191.
Hwang, C., C. R. Wu, and R. Kao, 2004: TOPEX/Poseidon observations of mesoscale eddies over the subtropical countercurrent: kinematic characteristics of an anticyclonic eddy and of a cyclonic eddy. J. Geophy. Res., 109, C08013.
Kara, A. B., P. A. Rochford, and H. E. Hurlburt, 2002: Naval Research Laboratory Mixed Layer Depth (NMLD) Climatologies. NRL Report No. NRL/FR/7330--02-9995, 26.
Keeley, B., C. Sun, and L. P. Villeon, 2003: GTSPP Annual Report.
Ko, D. S., Preller, R. H., Jacobs, G. A., Tang, T. Y., and Lin, S. F., 2003: Transport reversals at Taiwan Strait during October and November 1999. J. Geophys. Res., 108, C11, 3370.
Koblinsky, C. J., Ray, R. D., Beckeley, B. D., Wang, Y. M., Tsaoussi, L., Brenner, A., and R.Williamson, 1999: NASA ocean altimeter Pathfinder project report 1: Data processing handbook, NASA/TM-1998-208605.
Lee, I. H., 2003: Meso-scale eddies in the western Pacific and their influences on the Kuroshio. PhD Thesis, Inst. of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Leipper, D., and D. Volgenau, 1972: Hurricane heat potential of the Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 2, 218-224.
Lin, I. I., C. C. Wu, K. A. Emanuel, I. H. Lee, C. R. Wu, and I. F. Pun: The Interaction of Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) with a Warm Ocean Eddy, Mon. Wea. Rev. (accepted).
Liu, W. T., X. Xie, P. S. Polito, S. P. Xie, and H. Hashizume (2000): Atmospheric Manifestation of Tropical Instability Wave Observed by QuickSCAT and Tropical Rain Measuring Mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27. 2545-2548.
Lungu T., 2001: QuikSCAT Science Data Product User's Manual, version 2.2. JPL, California Institute of Techology.
James N. H., and Bryan W. S., 2000: Multidimensional Histogram (MUDH) Rain Flag. JPL, California Institute of Techology.
Millero, F. J., Chen, C. T., Bradshaw, A., and Schleicher, K., 1980: A new high pressure equation of state for seawater. Deep Sea Research., 27A, 255-264.
Palmen, E., 1948: On the formation and structure of tropical cyclones. Geophysics, 3, 26-38.
Picot, N., K. Case, S. Desai and P. Vincent, 2003: AVISO and PODAAC User Handbook. IGRDR and GRD Jason Products. SMM-MU-M5-OP-13184-CN (AVISO), JPL D-21352 (PODAAC).
Powell, Mark D., P. J. Vickery, and T. A. Reinhold, 2003: Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature, 422, 279-283.
Price, J. F., 1981: Upper ocean response to a hurricane. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 153–175.
Price, J. F., R. A. Weller, and R. Pinkel, 1986: Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427.
Qiu, B., 1999: Seasonal eddy field modulation of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent: TOPEX/Poseidon observations and theory. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1670-1685.
Qiu, B., 2001: Kuroshio and Oyashio currents. Academic Press, Depart. of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA.
Roemmich, D., and J. Gilson, 2001: Eddy transport of heat and thermalcline waters in the north pacific: a key to interannual/decadal climate variability? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 675-687.
Shay, L. K., G. J. Goni, and P. G. Black, 2000: Effects of a warm oceanic feature on Hurricane Opal. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1366-1383.
Shay, LK, AJ Mariano, SD Jacob and EH Ryan,1998: Mean and Near-Inertial Ocean Current Response to Hurricane Gilbert. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 858-889.
Stephens, C., Antonov, J. I., Boyer T. P., Conkright M. E., Locarnini R. A., O’Brien TD, Garcia HE. 2002: World Ocean Atlas 2001 Volume 1: Temperature, S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 49. U. S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D. C.
Uehara, H., T. Suga, K. Hanawa and N. Shikama, 2003: A role of eddies in formation and transport of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water. Geophys. Res. Letters, 30(13), 1705.
Unesco 1983: Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. Unesco Tech. Pap. in Mar. Sci., No. 44, 53.
Wentz F. J., C. Gentemann, D. Smith, D. Chelton, 2000: Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds. Science, 288, 5467, 847-850.
Yang, Y., 1999: Mesoscale eddies’ influence on the Taiwan current (Kuroshio) volume transport. PhD Thesis, Inst. of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Yasuda, I., K. Okuda, and M. Hirai, 1992: Evolution of a Kuroshio warm-core ring – variability of the hydrographic structure. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 131-161.