本研究首先論述「有+動詞片語」之「有」為時態標記，與表完成的英語have + VP和日語句末標記「た」對照，再觀察「有」與漢語助動詞的互動，進而證明「有」為時態標記。漢語助動詞後接限定或非限定子句與時態有關。接著為探究漢語二語者是否能習得作為時態標記的「有」，本研究討論兩種假說：完全遷移/完全運作假說 (Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis)和詮釋假說 (Interpretability Hypothesis)。完全遷移/完全運作假說認為學習二語之初，參數設定受一語遷移影響，隨著二語者程度提升，普遍語法能逐漸將一語的參數重設為二語的參數，二語者終能習得二語；詮釋假說則認為參數重設的前提是語義上為可詮釋的特徵，語義上無法詮釋的特徵即使是高程度的二語者也難以藉由普遍語法重設，因此二語者最終可能習得可詮釋的特徵，但較難習得無法詮釋的特徵。本研究中之「有」隱含時態，為語義上無法詮釋的特徵，若詮釋假說成立，則即使是高程度的漢語二語者也難以習得作為時態標記的「有」，若完全遷移/完全運作假說成立，則高程度的漢語二語者能設定「有」的參數並習得「有」。本研究採用接受度判斷實驗，受試者為漢語一語者和以英語為一語的中級至高級漢語二語者，實驗材料為「有+動詞片語」搭配時間詞和「有+動詞片語」搭配助動詞的句子。英語have + VP和漢語「有+動詞片語」分別表示時貌和時態，「有」對於以英語為一語的漢語二語者來說不僅是無法詮釋的特徵，還與have的時間意義不同。實驗結果顯示漢語一語者和以英語為一語的漢語二語者在「有+動詞片語」的接受度判斷上無顯著差別，表示漢語二語者對「有」的參數設定和一語者無差別，漢語二語者能將have的參數重設為「有」的參數並習得時貌標記「有」，因此本研究支持完全遷移/完全運作假說。

Firstly, the present study argues that “you” in “you + VP” functions as tense marker by comparing the structure with “have + VP” in English and the sentence final particle “た” in Japanese, which both imply completion. The study also discusses the interaction between “you” and Chinese auxiliary verbs, suggesting that “you” is a tense marker. Whether Chinese auxiliary verbs take finite or nonfinite complements concerns with tense. Following the function of “you”, the study examines whether L2 learners of Chinese are capable of acquiring “you” as tense marker. Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis and Interpretability Hypothesis are presented in the study. Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis argues that in the initial stage of L2 acquisition, learners transfer L1 parameter value. With higher proficiency, L1 parameter value will be reset to L2 parameter value through Universal Grammar gradually. Learners will acquire L2 ultimately. On the other hand, Interpretability Hypothesis argues that the presupposition of parameter resetting relies on semantically interpretable features. Semantically uninterpretable features through UG are inaccessible even to advanced learners. L2 learners may acquire interpretable features ultimately but lost access to uninterpretable features. “You” in the study is a semantically uninterpretable feature which implies tense. Interpretability Hypothesis will propose that L2 learners of Chinese are inaccessible to “you” as tense marker. Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis will propose that learners with higher proficiency are capable of setting the parameter of “you” and acquire the marker. The study uses grammatical judgment tasks to test the questions above. The participants consist of Chinese L1 speakers and L2 learners of Chinese with intermediate to high proficiency whose first language is English. “You + VP” with time expressions and with auxiliary verbs are tested. English “have + VP” and Chinese “you + VP” convey aspect and tense respectively. “You” is an uninterpretable feature for English L2 learners of Chinese. Moreover, “have” and “you” differs from each other regarding temporal meanings. The result indicates no significant difference between Chinese L1 speakers’ and English L2 learners’ grammatical judgments on “you + VP”, showing no difference between L1’s and L2’s parameter setting of “you.” L2 learners of Chinese are capable of resetting the parameter of “you” and acquiring “you” as a tense marker. The study supports Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis.

Aarts, B. (2013). Movement. In M. Tallerman (Eds.), English syntax and argumentation (pp. 141-147). Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Arcodia, G. F. (2014). The Chinese adjective as a word class. In S. Raffaele & M. Francesca (Eds.), Word classes: Nature, typology and representations (pp. 95-118). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Carnie, A (2013). Head-to-head movement. In Syntax: A generative introduction (pp. 292-307). West Sussex, England: Blackwell Publishing.
Chen, J. & Shirai, Y. (2010). The development of aspectual marking in child Mandarin Chinese. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31(1), 1-28. doi:10.1017/S0142716409990257
Chomsky, N. (2015). Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation & A Minimalist Program for linguistic theory. In The Minimalist Program: 20th anniversary edition (pp. 133-137, 153-199). Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Gabriele, A. (2009). Transfer and transition in the SLA of aspect: a bidirectional study of learners of English and Japanese. SSLA, 31(3), 371-402. doi: 10.1017/S0272263109090342
Hawkins, R. & Chan Y. (1997). The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition: the ‘failed functional features hypothesis.’ Second Language Research, 13(3), 187-226. doi: 10.1191/026765897671476153
Hicks, G. & Dominguez, L. (2020). A model for L1 grammatical attrition. Second Language Research, 36(2), 143-165. doi: 10.1017/0267658319862011
Huang, N. (2018). Control complements in Mandarin Chinese: implications for restructuring and the Chinese finiteness debate. J East Asian Linguist, 27(4), 347-376. doi: 10.1007/s10831-018-9185-1
Kim, K. (2012). Argument structure licensing and English have. J. Linguistics 48(1), 71-105. doi: 10.1017/S0022226711000168
Klein, W., Li, P., & Hendriks, H. (2000). Aspect and assertion in Mandarin Chinese. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 18(4), 723-770. doi:10.1023/A:1006411825993
Lin, J. W. (2005). Time in a language without tense: the case of Chinese. Journal of Semantics, 23(1), 1-53. doi:10.1093/jos/ffh033
Lin, T. H. J (2011). Finiteness of clauses and raising of arguments in Mandarin Chinese. Syntax, 14(1), 48-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9612.2010.00145.x
Lin, T. H. J (2012). Multiple-modal constructions in Mandarin Chinese and their finiteness properties. J. Linguistics, 48(1), 151-186. doi: 10.1017/S0022226711000272
Lin, T. H. J (2015). Tense in Mandarin Chinese sentences. A Journal of Theoretical, Experimental and Interdisciplinary Research, Syntax, 18(3), 320-342. doi: 10.1111/synt.12032
Partee, B. H. (1973). Some structural analogies between tenses and pronouns in English. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(18), 601-609. doi: 10.2307/2025024
Paul, W. (1999). Verb gapping in Chinese: A case of verb raising. Lingua 107(3-4), 207-226. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3841(98)00040-0
Paul, W. (2000). Verb movement and the VP shell in Chinese: some critical remarks. Cashiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 29(2), 255-269. doi:10.1163/19606028-90000083
Paul, W. (2002). Sentence-internal topics in Mandarin Chinese: The case of object preposing. Language and Linguistics 3(4), 695-714.
Paul, W. (2005). Adjectival modification in Mandarin Chinese and related issues. Linguistics 43(4), 757-793. doi: 10.1515/ling.2005.43.4.757
Paul, W. (2010). Adjectives in Mandarin Chinese: The rehabilitation of a much ostracized category. In P. C. Hofherr & O. Matushansky (Eds.), Adjectives: Formal analyses in syntax and semantics (pp. 115-152). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Paul, W. (2015). Adjectives: Another neglected category-which turns out to be two. In W. Bisang & N. N. Zhang (Eds.), New perspectives on Chinese syntax (pp. 151-156). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton
Peck, J., Lin, J., Sun, C. (2013). Aspectual classification of Mandarin Chinese verbs: a perspective of scale structure. Language and Linguistics 14(4), 663-700. doi:
Ramscar, M. & Yarlett, D. (2007). Linguistic self-correction in the absence of feedback: A new approach to the logical problem of language acquisition. Cognitive Science, 31(6), 927-960. doi: 10.1080/03640210701703576
Roberts, L. & Liszka, S. A. (2013). Processing tense/aspect-agreement violations on-line in the second language: A self-paced reading study with French and German L2 learners of English. Second Language Research, 29(4), 413-439. doi: 10.1177/0267658313503171
Schachter, J. (1988). Second language acquisition and its relationship to Universal Grammar. Applied Linguistics, 9(3), 219-235. doi: 10.1093/applin/9.3.219
Shen, L. (2004). Aspect agreement and light verbs in Chinese: a comparison with Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 13(2), 141-179. doi:10.1023/B:JEAL.0000019115.71381.48
Simpson, A. & Wu, Z (2002). From D to T - determiner incorporation and the creation of tense. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 11, 169-209. doi: 10.1023/A:1014934915836
Slabakova, R. (1999). The parameter of aspect in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 15(3), 283-317. doi: 10.1191/026765899674229440
Slabakova, R. (2002). The compounding parameter in second language acquisition. SSLA, 24(4), 507-540. doi: 10.1017.S0272263102004011
Slabakova, R. (2015). Acquiring temporal meanings without tense morphology: The case of L2 Mandarin Chinese. The Modern Language Journal, 99(2), 283-307. doi: 10.1111/modl.12216
Smith, C. S. (1997). The parameter of aspect. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Schwartz, B. & Sprouse, R. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access hypothesis. Second Language Research 12(1), 40-72. doi: 10.1177/026765839601200103
Sybesma, R. (2007). Whether we tense-agree overtly or not. Linguistic Inquiry, 38(3), 580-587. doi: 10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.580
Tang, M. (2020). Crosslinguistic influence on Chinese EFL learners’ acquisition of English finite and nonfinite distinctions. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1-17. doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2020.1721642
Tsimpli, I. M. & Dimitrakopoulou, M. (2007). The interpretability hypothesis: evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 23(2), 215-242. doi:10.1177/0267658307076546
Vendler, Z. (1967). Verbs and times. In Linguistics in philosophy (pp. 97-121). New York: Cornell University Press.
Yao, P. & Chen, B. (2017). Cross-linguistic differences affect late Chinese-English learners on-line processing of English tense and aspect. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21(3), 268-290. doi: 10.1177/1367006915624248
Yuan, B. (2007). Behaviours of wh-words in English speakers’ L2 Chinese wh-questions: evidence of no variability, temporary variability and persistent variability in L3 grammars. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(3), 277-298. doi: 10.1017/S1366728907003070
邢福義（1998）。動詞的基本類型。載於季羨林（主編），漢語語法學（168-171頁）。吉林，中國：東北師範大學出版社。
宋金蘭（1994）。“有”字句新探—“有”的體助詞用法。青海師專學報，2，33-37。
林宜樺（2014）。從否定詞「不」探討「又」、「再」之句法結構及意象基模（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
傅習濤（2007）。「有+VP」研究述評。漢學研究通訊，26（3），1-9。
陳麗君（2012）。台、華語言接觸下的「有」字句。台灣學誌，5，1-26。
國家華語測驗推動工作委員會華語八千詞表。https://tocfl.edu.tw/index.php/exam/download
黃宣範（譯）（2014）。漢語語法（C. N. Li & S. A. Thompson）。臺北市：文鶴出版有限公司。（原著出版年：1981）
楊文全、董于雯（2003）。語言變異：漢語“有+VP”句簡析。語文建設通訊（香港），75，27-32。