日益明顯的動物倫理爭議，背後的關鍵問題乃在於「人與動物之道德地位是否平等」。本研究為探討此問題，分別檢視了具代表性的不同動物倫理主張。在主張人與動物之道德地位為平等、甚至後者地位可能高於前者的一方，是以Peter Singer、Tom Regan與Mark Rowlands等人理論為例，並就三者理論歸納出「人無道德上相關之獨特性」與「根據理論得出之平等判斷」兩大部分。在主張人與動物之道德地位為不平等，並前者地位高於後者的一方，是以Holmes Rolston, III與Roger Scruton等人理論為例。其中，Rolston乃是就「人與動物是否存在道德上之相關差異」問題與Singer等人交鋒，然而，不僅其論述並不成功，這交鋒的結果以及雙方立場對抗至今的情形，也說明了其中缺少更具說服力的主張。本研究因此認為Scruton的理論能為此問題帶來嶄新視野，他揭露了Singer等人理論在追求取信於人之過程中，對現實中為人所享有的崇高道德地位的倚賴，但卻忽略了構成此現實的重要因素不在乎他們所羅列的人的表層能力，卻在乎人更深層的獨特本質。對此，Scruton是以先驗方法提出解釋，繼而綜合他對人類道德關係之脆弱性的發現，歸納出不應將人所享有之崇高道德地位歸給動物的結論。本研究除了以此為根據而初步提出一套動物倫理來回應人應如何對待動物之問題外，也欲藉此指出，將崇高道德地位唯獨歸給人並非是人們關懷動物的阻礙，相較於此，人們更需要在乎的，反倒是人自古以來就不斷得到證明的、在道德上的軟弱無力，它才是使人與動物都持續承受痛苦傷害的真正原因。

The crux of the increasingly visible animal ethical issue lies in whether humans and animals are morally equal. The aim of this study is to address the issue by attending to each of the representative theories about animal ethics. From the study on the accounts proposed by Peter Singer, Tom Regan and Mark Rowlands, the major advocates for an equal or higher moral status of animals comes the following conclusions: the dismissal of humans’ morally relevant uniqueness and the affirmation that humans and animals are morally equal. On the other hand, Holmes Rolston III, Roger Scruton and others oppose the idea and claim the former’s superiority to the latter. However, Rolston’s debate with Singer and others over the controversy of animal’s morally relevant difference can barely be called a success. The outcome and the continued debate point out the lack of persuasive arguments. Hence, as this study indicates, Scruton furthers his theories as one possible door to new perspectives by exposing the theoretic defects of Singer and others. According to Scruton, they establish the theories in the context of the high moral status entitled to human without realizing that the key to human’s morally unappalled status lies not in what we can obviously do, but in uniquely what we are deep inside. Scruton explicates the issue with the a priori method and what he uncovered about the fragility of moral relationship among humans to conclude that humans should by no means relinquish our high moral status to animals. In an appropriate way, this study proposes a preliminary animal ethics to respond to the question of how animals should be treated. Most importantly, it calls attention to the statement that human’s uniquely and morally high status is not the hindrance on the path to care for animals. The irrefutable fact that we are morally weak is, on the contrary, the bottom reason why humans and animals have suffered since the beginning of time.

立法院公報處（2001）。立法院公報，95（29），102-163。台北：立法院。
李茂生（2003）動物權的概念與我國動物保護法的文化意義，月旦法學，（94），155-180.。
沈清松（2004）大學理念與外推精神。臺北市：五南。
洪如玉（2009）從動物解放／權利議題之探討反思我國課程綱要之環境倫理內涵，當代教育研究，17(3)，125-148。
洪鐮德（2004）。當代主義。臺北市：揚智。
柯志明（2007）。何謂人：論胎兒的存有地位與墮胎之惡，獨者：臺灣基督徒思想論刊，（14），77-122。
─────（2011）。應如何對待動物──對動物倫理之基礎與原則的一個反省，應用倫理評論，（51），105-122。
教育部國教司. (2008)。國民中小學九年一貫課程綱要重大議題（環境教育），（台國（二）字第 0970082874B號）。台北市：教育部國民教育司。取自http://teach.eje.edu.tw/9CC2/9cc_97.php.
Armstrong, S. J., & Botzler, R. G. (2008). Animal ethics: A sketch of how It developed and where it is now. In S. J. Armstrong & R. G. Botzler (Eds.), The Animal ethics reader (pp. 1-13). Oxon: Routledge.
Attfield, R. (2012). Ethics: An overview. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Beauchamp, T. L.（2002）。 動物的道德地位 (錢永祥譯）。載於M. Bekoff（主編），動物權與動物福利小百科（頁 252-253）。臺北縣： 桂冠。
Becker, C. L.（2002）。十八世紀哲學家的天城（何兆武譯）。臺北縣：左岸文化。
Bentham, J. (1989). A utilitarian view. In T. Regan & P. Singer (Eds.), Animal rights and human obligations (2nd ed., pp. 25-26). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Burke, E. (1999). Reflections on the revolution in France. New York: oxford university press.
Carson, R.（2004）。寂靜的春天（李文昭譯）。台中市：晨星。
Clark, S. R. L. (2011). Animals in classical and late antique philosophy. In T. L. Beauchamp & R. G. Frey (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of animal ethics (pp. 35-60). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clarke, P. B., & Linzey, A. (1990). Introduction. In P. B. Clarke & A. Linzey (Eds.), Animal rights: A historical anthology (pp. xiii-xxii). New York: Columbia University Press.
Cohen, C., & Regan, T. (2001). The animal rights debate. MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Deane-Drummond, C. E. (2004). The ethics of Nature. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Degrazia, D. (2013). Animal rights: A very short introduction. 北京: 外語教學與研究.
Dooley, M. (2009). Roger Scruton: The philosopher on Dover beach. London: continuum.
ECI. (2000). The earth charter. Retrieved from: http://www.earthcharterinaction.org/content/pages/Read-the-Charter.html
Fox, M. A.（2005）。深層素食主義（王瑞香譯）。臺北市：關懷生命協會。
FR. (1789). Declaration of human and civic rights. [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/english/constitution/declaration-of-human-and-civic-rights-of-26-august-1789.105305.html.Francion, G. L.（2005）。動物權利導論：孩子與狗之間（张守东、刘耳譯）。北京：中國政法大學出版社。
GAP. (2014). World declaration on great primates. from http://www.projetogap.org.br/en/world-declaration-on-great-primates/
Garrett, A. (2011). Animals and ethics in the history of modern philosophy. In T. L. Beauchamp & R. G. Frey (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of animal ethics (pp. 61-87). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gruen, L. (2010). The moral status of animals. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/.
Hills, A. (2005). Do animals have rights? Cambridge: Icon Books Ltd.
Hungerfold, H. R., Volk, T. L., Ramsey, J. M., Litherland, R. A., & Peyton, R. B. (2003). Investigating and evaluating environmetal issue and action: Skill Development Program. Illinois: Stipes Publishing L.L.C.
Hursthouse, R. (2009). Ethics, humans and other animals: An introduction with readings. NJ: Routledge.
The Grounds of Moral Status. (2013). In The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy [online]. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2013/entries/grounds-moral-status/.
Jickling, B., Lotz-Sisitka, H., O'Donoghue, R., & Ogbuigwe, A. (2006a). Environmental education, ethics & action: A workbook to get started. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
Kant, I. (2002). Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals (A. W. Wood, Trans.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
─────（2012）。實用人類學（邓晓芒譯）。上海：上海人民。
Marsden, W. E. (1997). Environmental education: Historical roots, comparative perspectives, and current issues in Britain and the United States. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 13(1), 6-29.
Miligan, T. (2015). Animal ethics: The basics. Abingdon: Routledge.
Miller, D. (2015). Political philosophy: A very short introduction. 南京: 譯林出版社.
Morris, C. W. (2011). The idea of moral standing. In T. L. Beauchamp & R. G. Frey (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of animal ethics (pp. 255-275). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Muller, J. Z. (1997). Conservatism: An anthology of social and political thought from David Hume to the present. UK: Princeton University Press.
NAAEE. (2010). Excellence in environmental education: Guidelines for learning(K-12). Washington, D.C.: NAAEE Publications and Membership Office.
Nash, R. (1989). The rights of Nature : A history of environmental ethics. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
Nisbet, R. (2001). Conservatism: Dream and reality. NJ: Transaction Publishers.
O’Sullivan, S. (2011). Animals, equality and democracy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
PETA. (2003). Your mommy kills animals! PETA comic(1).
PETA. (2005). Your daddy kills animals! PETA comic(2).
Rawls, J.（2009）。正義論：修訂版（何怀宏譯）。北京：中國社會科學。
Regan, T. (2004a). The case for animal rights (2 ed.). CA: University of California Press.
─────(2004b). Empty cages: Facing the truth about animal cruelty in America. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC.
Rolston Ⅲ, H. (1988). Environmental ethics : Duties to and values in the natural world. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
───── (1994). Conserving natural value. New York: Columbia University Press.
───── (2008). Human uniqueness and human dignity: Persons in nature and the nature of persons. In E. D. Pellegrino, A. Schulman, & T. W. Merrill (Eds.), Human dignity and bioethics: Essays commissioned by the president's council on bioethics (pp. 129-153). Washington: US Independent Agencies and Commissions.
Rowlands, M. (1998). Animal rights: A philosophical defence. Hampshire: Macmillan Press.
───── (2002). Animals like us. London: Verso.
───── (2009a). Animal rights: Moral theory and practice. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
─────（2009b）。哲學家與狼（黃意然譯）。臺北市：麥田。
Sarabhai, K. V., Pandya, M., & Namagirl, R. (2007). Tbilisi to Ahmedabad: The journey of environmental education—a sourcebook. Ahmedabad: Centre for Environmental Education.
Schweitzer, A. (2001). Revernece for life (A. Naish, Trans.). In L. P. Pojman (Ed.), Environmental ethics: Readings in theory and application (3 ed., pp. 95-100). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Scruton, R. (1996). An intelligent person's guide to philosophy. London: Penguin Books.
───── (2000). Animal rights and wrongs (3rd ed.). London: Metro Books.
───── (2001). The meaning of conservatism. Hampshire: PALGRAVE.
───── (2004). Only human have rights. In A. Ojeda (Ed.), The right of animals: current controversies (pp. 50-57). MI: Greenhaven Press.
───── (2012a). The face of god. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
─────(2012b). Green philosophy: How to think seriously about the planet. London: Atlantic Books.
─────（2013）。Kant: A very short introduction（漢譯為康德）（刘华文譯）。南京：譯林。
─────(2014). How to be a conservative. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Singer, P. (1989). All animals are equal. In T. Regan & P. Singer (Eds.), Animal rights and human obligations (2 ed., pp. 73-86). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
─────(2002). Animal liberation. New York: Ecco.
───── (2011). Practial ethics (3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, W. J. (2012). A rat is a pig is a dog is a boy: The human cost of the animal rights movement. New York: Encounter Books.
Steiner, G. (2010). Anthropocentrism and its discontents: The moral status of animals in the history of western philosophy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Stuart, T. (2006). The bloodless revolution: A cultural history of vegetarianism from 1600 to modern times. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
Taylor, P. W. (1986). Respect for Nature: A theory of environmental ethics. NJ: Princeton University Press.
─────(2001). Biocentric egalitarianism. In L. P. Pojman (Ed.), Environmental ethics: readings in theory and application (3rd ed., pp. 100-112). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
UN. (1948). The universal declaration of human rights. [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.
UNCED. (1992a). Agenda 21. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/
───── (1992b). Agenda 21: Recommend 36: Promotng education, public awareness and training. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=52&ArticleID=4415&l=en
───── (1992c). Rio declaration on environment and development. Rio de Janeiro: UNCED, UN.
UNEP. (1972). Declaration of the united nations conference on the human environment. from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503
UNESCO, & UNEP. (1975). The Belgrade charter—a global framework for environmental education. Belgrade. [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.envir.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=1011467/The%2BBelgrade%2BCharter.pdf.
─────(1977). Intergovernmental conference on environmental education. (ED/MD/49). Tbilisi: UNESCO, UNEP. [Online]. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0002/000247/024771EB.pdf.
US. (1776). Declaration of independence. [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.ait.org.tw/en/declaration-of-independence.html.
Waldau, P.（2002）。物種主義：歷史觀點 (陳真 譯）。載於M. Bekoff（主編），動物權與動物福利小百科。（頁 322-323）。 臺北市： 桂冠。
Walters, J. W. (2004). Moral status. In S. G. Post (Ed.), Encyclopedia of bioethics (3rd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1855-1864). New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
Warren, M. A. (1997). Moral status: obligation to persons and other living things. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wenz, P. S. (1988). Environmental justice. Albany: State University of New York Press.
White, J. E. (2006a). Introduction of ethical theories. In J. E. White (Ed.), Contemporary moral problems (8th ed., pp. 2-10). CA: Wadworth.
─────(2006b). Introduction of Scruton's "the moral status of animals". In J. E. White (Ed.), Contemporary moral problems (8th ed., pp. 403-404). CA: Wadworth.
─────(2006c). Introduction of the moral status of Animals. In J. E. White (Ed.), Contemporary moral problems (8th ed., pp. 374-377). CA: Wadworth.