近年來，網際網路發展迅速，大量資訊得以迅速傳遞，網路也成為各式各樣的訊息交流平台，無論訊息的正確性或是善惡性，都藉著網路及媒體傳遞出去，進而影響許多民眾模仿、學習及跟進，此現象則稱之為meme。Meme現象已廣泛的被使用在廣告行銷及宣傳上，儼然成為一種趨勢。過去在meme的相關文獻中，大多以網路用語來探討meme現象的形成，因此本研究將針對個人的人格特質對保健食品的meme現象是否有相關，並以期望價值理論為基礎來進行分析。研究對象係針對曾經使用或正在使用保健食品的消費者，以及網路上相關的保健食品論壇使用者，本研究以網路問卷調查的方式蒐集資料進行實證研究，總共回收有效問卷252份，並以結構方程模型去驗證研究假說內容。本研究結果發現 ( 1 ) 人格特質中，神經質性跟謹慎性可以預測期望因素 ( 2 ) 期望因素跟價值因素可以正向預測複製行為與傳遞行為 ( 3 ) 複製行為可以正向預測傳遞行為。

In recent years, the rapid development of Internet, a lot of information to be passed quickly, the network has also become a platform for a wide range of information, regardless of the correctness of the message or the nature of good and evil, are passed out through the Internet and the media, and then affect many people imitate, learn and follow-up, this phenomenon is called meme. Meme phenomenon has been widely used in advertising and marketing and publicity, has become a trend. Meme of the past in the relevant literature, most network-term meme formed to explore the phenomenon, so this study is relevant for the individual personality traits of health food meme phenomenon, and expected value theory as a basis for analysis.Department of the study have been used or is being used for health food consumers, as well as the network- related health food forum users to network questionnaire to collect data for the empirical study, a total of 252 valid questionnaires were recovered, and structural equation modeling to verify the hypotheses. The results of the study found that (1) personality traits, emotional stability with strict conscientiousness can predict the expectation factor (2) factors expected value factors that can positively predict with copying and transmission behavior (3) copying transfer behavior can positively predict .

中文部分
王年正（2004）。台灣都會區保健食品消費者購買決策之研究。臺中健康暨管理學院經營管理研究所，碩士論文。
王俊元（2008）。上班族生活型態、人格特質對消費異國餐廳知覺價值與消費意願影響之研究。淡江大學企業管理學系碩士在職專班，碩士論文。
衛生署（2014）。社會福利統計月報。
行政院公平交易委員會（2009）。多層次傳銷事業營運發展狀況線上查報結果報告。http://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docList.aspx?uid=488。
李淑玲（1998）。我國健康食品之管理、消費者認知與消費行為之調查研究。國立海洋大學食品科學系，碩士論文。
李英柔（2010）。旅遊服務業消費者行為之研究。亞洲大學國際企業學系研究所，碩士論文。
林邦傑、翁淑緣（1990）。大專人格測驗。台北：教育部。
林財丁、林瑞發譯 ( 2003 )。組織行為(第7版)。臺中：滄海書局。
林瑩禎 ( 2011 )。美國機能性食品發展趨勢，產業服務資訊網。http://www.itis. Org.tw/
林章榜（2004）。運動期望與價值量表之編製—以 Eccles 的期望-價值理論為基礎。國立台灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
何自然、何雪林 ( 2003 )。模因論與社會語用。現代外語，(2) : 200-209.
范倩瑋 ( 2009 )。懂得又善用【保健食品】。台肥季刊，50（2）：41。
吳武典、林幸台、王振德、郭靜姿（1997）。基本人格量表。台北：心理。
吳明隆、涂金堂（2012）。SPSS與統計應用分析。台北：五南，第二版。
吳俊毅 ( 2000 )。科技接受模型之實徵研究一從動機角度。國立中央大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文.
淩瑋育（2005）。分享或不分享？知識分享動機與知識類型之影響研究。國立中央大學資訊管理研究所，碩士論文。
許庭耀（2011）。人格特質與人際網絡對大學生消費行為之影響。逢甲大學企業管理所碩士班，碩士論文。
陳艾婷（2006）。保健食品態度、人格特質與多層次傳銷經營績效之影響。海洋大學食品科學系碩士班，碩士論文。
陳淑芳（2005）。2004年食品產業回顧與展望。食品工業發展研究所。
陳淑芳（2007）。台灣保健食品產業現況分析與趨勢。農業生技產業季刊，(11)， 8-15。
陳淑芳（2009）。台灣保健食品產業現況分析與趨勢。農業生技產業季刊，(18)， 12。
陳伶俐（2008）。教育機構責任保險消費者人格特質、認知涉入與購買行為之研究。大葉大學事業經營研究所在職專班，碩士論文。
彭子倞 ( 2003 )。國中教師食用健康食品行為及相關因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
徐珮軒（2006）。消費者人格特質與知覺風險態度對線上購買旅行平安險之影響。逢甲大學保險研究所，碩士論文。
姚繽勝（2011）。黑色行銷-透過模仿行為建構真實性。臺灣大學國際企業學研究所，碩士論文。
蔡文仁 ( 2013 )。線上購物環境與消費者特徵對網路衝動性購買影響之研究。東方學報，(34)，143-166。
潘小波 ( 2010 )。模因論的新發展——國外模因地圖研究。廣西社會科学，(8)， 131-134。
張偉豪（2011）。SEM論文寫作不求人。台北市：鼎茂。
張春興（1991）。現代心理學。台北市：東華。
賴保禎、賴美玲（2003）。賴氏人格測驗。台北：千華。
廖主民 ( 2004 )。價值信念與運動行為。中華體育季刊，18(1)，102-112。
楊惠淳（2006）。藏私或分享？專業機構內知識分享行為之競爭理論比較。國立彰化師範大學會計學系，碩士論文。
簡明輝（2007）。組織行為。臺北：新文京文化。
經濟部技術處產業技術知識服務計畫（2010）。食品所ITIS計畫推估與調查。http://www.itis.org.tw/index.jsp。
鍾遠芳（1999）。台北市成年人對自服藥品與健康食品之認知與行為。國立臺灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所，碩士論文。
謝秀芬 ( 2006 )。社會個案工作—理論與技巧。台北：雙業書廊。
劉翠玲（2012）。全球保健食品產業趨勢。台灣經濟研究月刊
戴廷晃（2011）。社會凝聚機能與社群結構動態對爆紅現象之影響-網絡玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚原理之應用。中央大學企業管理學系，碩士論文。
廖英栗（2013）。保健食品的購買行為之研究。淡江大學國際商學在職專班碩士論文。

英文部分
Allemand, M., Zimprich, D., & Hertzog, C. (2007). Cross-sectional age differences and longitudinal age changes of personality in middle adulthood and old age. Journal of Personality, 75(2), 323-358.
Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(211).
Allport, G. W. (1961). Patterns and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359-372.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
Barone, D. F., Hersen, M., & Van Hasselt, VB (Eds.).(1998). Advanced personality.
Barton, K., & Cattell, R. B. (1974). Changes in psychological state measures and time of day. Psychological reports, 35(1), 219-222.
Bender, M. M., Levy, A. S., Schucker, R. E., & Yetley, E. A. (1992). Trends in prevalence and magnitude of vitamin and mineral supplement usage and correlation with health status. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 92, 1096-1101.
Bentler, P. M. (2007). On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 825-829.
Betancourt, H., & Blair, I. (1992). A cognition (attribution)-emotion model of violence in conflict situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 343-350.
Blendon, R. J., DesRoches, C. M., Benson, J. M., Brodie, M., & Altman, D. E. (2001). Americans' views on the use and regulation of dietary supplements. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(6), 805-810.
Boomsma, A. (2000). Reporting analyses of covariance structures. Structural equation modeling, 7(3), 461-483.
Byrne, B.B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: Guilford Press.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). Personality and motivation structure and measurement. Yonkers-on hudson. New York: World.
Constant, D., Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. (1994). What's mine is ours, or is it? A study of attitudes about information sharing. Information Systems Research, 5, 400-421.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). Updating norman’s adequate taxonomy: intelligence and personality dimensions in naturnal language and in questionaires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49,710-721.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81-90.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory and NEO five-factor inventory: Professional manual. FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 4(1), 5-13.
Dawkin, R. (1976). The selfish gene. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
De Jong, N., Ocke, M. C., Branderhorst, H. A., & Friele, R. (2003). Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of functional food consumers and dietary supplement users. British Journal of Nutrition, 89(2), 273-281.
Denissen, J. J., Geenen, R., van Aken, M. A., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). Development and validation of a dutch translation of the big five Inventory(BFI). Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(2), 152-157.
Doddema-Winsemius, M., & De Raad, B. (1993). Factors in teachers’ ratings of schoolchildren: Heymans’ data reconstructed by modern standards. European Journal of Personality, 7, 283-298.
Driskell, J. A. (1999), Vitamin-mineral supplementation habits and beliefs of male and female graduate students. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 91(1), 99-103.
Duckworth, J. C., & Anderson, W. P. (1986). MMPI interpretation manual for counselors and clinicians (3rd ed.). Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development.
Durante, K. M., Whitmore, B., Jones, C.A., & Campbell, N. R. C. (2001). Use of vitamins, minerals and herbs: A survey of patients attending family practice clinics. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 24(4), 242-9.
Dwigh, S. A., Cummings, K. M., & Glenar, J. L. (1998). Comparison of criterion-related validity coefficients for the mini-markers and Golrberg’s markers of the big five personality factors. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70(3), 541-550.
Eccles, J. S., Ander, T. F., Futterman, R., Goff, B., Kaczala, C. M., Meece, J. L., & Midgley, C. (1983). Expectancies, value, and academic behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motivation (pp. 75-146). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Eccles, J. S., Adler, T., ＆ Meece, J. L. (1984). Sex differences in achievement: A test of alternate theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(1), 26-43.
Eccles , J. S., ＆ Harold, R. (1991). Gender differences in sport involvement: Applying the Eccles expectancy-value model. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 3, 7-35.
Eisenberg, D. M., Davis, R. B., & Ettner, S. L. (1998). Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, (1990-1997). Results of a follow-up national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1569-1575.
Feltz, D. L., ＆ Petlichkoff, L. (1983). Perceived competence among interscholastic sport participants and dropouts. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science, 8(4), 231-235.
Feather, N. (1982). Human values and the prediction of action: An Expectancy- Value Analysis. In expectations and actions: Expectancy-Value Models in psychology (pp. 263-289), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Frank, E., Bendich, A., & Denniston, M. (2000), Use of vitamin-mineral supplements by female physicians in the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 969-975.
Fredricks, J., ＆ Eccles, J. S. (2002). Children’s competence and value beliefs from childhood through adolescence: Growth trajectories in two male-sex-typed domains. Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 519-533.
Freeman, F. N. (1926). Mental Tests.
Fung, H. H., & Ng, S. K. (2006). Age differences in the sixth personality factor: Age differences in interpersonal relatedness among Canadians and Hong Kong Chinese. Psychology & Aging, 21(4), 810-814.
Furnham, A., Monsen, J., & Ahmetoglu, G. (2009). Typical intellectual engagement, big five personality traits, approaches to learning and cognitive ability predictors of academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 769-782
Gao, D., Nolan, D. J., Mellick, A. S., Bambino, K., McDonnell, K., & Mittal, V. (2008). Endothelial progenitor cells control the angiogenic switch in mouse lung metastasis. Science, 319(5860), 195-198.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “Description of Personality”: The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993).The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologists, 48, 26-34.
Goldberg, L. R. (2001). Analyses of digman’s child-personality data: Derivation of big-five factor scores from each of six samples. Journal of Personality, 69(5), 709-743.
Greger, J. L. (2001), Dietary supplement use: Consumer characteristics and interests. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 1339S-1343S.
Harwell, S.E., & Driskell, J. A. (2000). Ethnicity of caucasian adults influences vitamin/mineral usage. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 92(3), 52-57.
Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R.E., & Tatham, R.L. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis(7thed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Hayden, T., & Mischel, W. (1976). Maintaining trait consistency in the resolution of behavioral inconsistency: The wolf in sheep's clothing?. Journal of Personality, 44(1), 109-132.
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995). A life-span theory of control. Psychological Review, 102(2), 284-304.
Hergenhahn, M., Kusumoto, S., & Hecker, E. (1984). On the active principles of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology, 108(1), 98-109.
Hong, J. C., Hwang, M. Y., Liu, M. C., Ho, H. Y., & Chen, Y. L. (2014). Using a “prediction–observation–explanation” inquiry model to enhance student interest and intention to continue science learning predicted by their Internet cognitive failure. Computers & Education, 72, 110-120.
Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modelling(pp. 158-176). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
International food information council. Functional foods: Attitudinal research. washington, DC: International food information council (2002). Available at: http://ific.org/funcfoodsres02.cfm.
International food information council foundation. Food for thought : Reporting of diet, nutrition and food safety, executive summary. Washington, DC: International food information council (2001). Available at: http://ific.org/research/fftive.cfr.
Irvine, R. F., & Moor, R. M. (1986). Micro-injection of inositol 1, 3, 4, 5-tetrakisphosphate activates sea urchin eggs by a mechanism dependent on external Ca2+. Biochem. j, 240, 917-920.
Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J. and Barrick, M. R. (1999). The Big Five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52, 621-652.
Jackson, D.L, Gillaspy-Jr, J.A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis:An overview and some recommendations. Psychological methods, 14(1), 6-23.
Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling.NY: Guilford.
Kimiecik, J. C., ＆ Horn, T. S. (1998). Parental beliefs and children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(2), 163-175.
Kotler, P. Keller. KL (2006). Marketing management, 12, 181-183.
Lamb, M. E., Chuang, S. S., Wessels, H., Broberg, A. G., & Huang, C. P. (2002). Emergence and construct validation of the big five factors in early childhood: A longitudinal analysis of their ontogeny in Sweden. Child Development, 73(3), 1517-1524.
Libert, R. M., & Libert, L. L. (1998). Libert & Spiegler’s personality strategies and issues. California: brooks/cole publishing company.
Llewellyn, D. J., & Wilson, K. M. (2003). The controversial role of personality traits in entrepreneurial psychology. Education & Training, 45(6), 341-345.
Lochbaum, M. R., Rhodes, R. E., Stevenson, S. J., Surlesd, J., Stevens, T., & Wang, C. K. J. (2010). Does gender moderate the exercising personality? An examination of continuous and stage-based exercise. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(1), 50–60.
Lounsbery, J. W., Smith, R. M., Levy, J. J., Leong, F. T., & Gibson, L. W. (2009). Personality characteristics of business majors as defined by the big five and narrow personality traits. Journal of Education for Business, 84(4), 200-205.
Lyle, B.J., Mares-Perlman, J.A., Klein, B.E.K., Klein, R. & Greger, J. L. (1998). Supplement Users Differ from Nonusers in Demographic, Lifestyle, Dietary and Health Characteristics. Journal of Nutrition, 128, 2355-2362.
McDonald, R.P., & Ho, M.R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological methods, 7(1), 64-82.
Meece, J. L., Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (1990). Predictors of math anxiety and its consequences for young adolescents’ course enrollment intensions and performances in mathematics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 60-70.
Mervielde, I., Buyst, V., & De Fruyt, F. (1995). The validity of the big-five as a modelfor teachers’ ratings of individual differences among children aged 4–12 years. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 525–534.
Mervielde, I., & De Fruyt, F. (2000). The big five personality factors as a model for the structure of children's peer nominations. European Journal of Personality, 14, 91-106.
Messerer, M., Johansson, S. E., & Wolk, A. (2001). Sociodemographic and health behavior factors among dietary supplement and nature remedy users. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55, 1104-1110.
Moscoso, S., & Iglesias, M. (2009). Job experience and big five personality dimensions. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17(2), 239-242.
Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,13, 405-413.
Norman, W.T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Pervin, L. A. (1994). A critical analysis of current trait theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5(2), 103-113.
Pervin, L. A., Cervone, D., & John, O. P. (2005). Personality: Theory and research. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Radimer, K. L., Subar, A. F., & Thompson, F. E. (2000), Nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements: Issues and findings form NHANES Ш. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100, 447-454.
Rantanen, J., Metsäpelto, R. L., Feldt, T., Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2007). Long-term stability in the big five personality traits in adulthood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 511-518.
Reber, C. A. (1993). The upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS). Geophysical research letters, 20(12), 1215-1218.
Richardson, M., & Abraham, C. (2009). Conscientiousness and achievement motivation predict performance. European Journal of Personality, 23, 589-605.
Rioux, K. S. (2005). Rioux's information aqcquiring-and-sharing framework. In S. Erdelez, K. Fisher., & L. McKechnie (Eds. ), Theories of information behavior: A researcher’s guide. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Organizational behavior (13th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Robden, K. L. (1993). Increasing the predictive validity of personality tests: Private self-consciousness ans priming of trait-relevant knowledge. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (101st, Ortario, Canada, August 20-24, 1993).
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(609).
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Ross, A. J., Crozet, P., Effantin, C., d'Incan, J., & Barrow, R. F. (1987). Interactions between the A (1) 1Σ+ u and b (1) 3Πu states of K2. Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, 20(23), 6225.
Ryckman, R. M., Libby, C. R., Borne, B. V. D., Gold, J. A., & Lindner, M. A. (1997) Values of hypercompetitive and personal development competitive individuals. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69(2), 271-283.
Satia-Abouta, J., Kristal, A. R., Patterson, R. E., Littman, A. J., Stratton, K. L. & White, E. (2003), Dietary supplement use and medical conditions: The VITAL study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(1), 43-51.
Sand-Jecklin, K., Hoggatt, B., & Badzek, L. (2004), Know the benefits and risks of using common herbal therapies. Holistic Nursing Ractice, 18(4), 192-198.
Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar big-five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506-616.
Schreiber, J.B. (2008). Core reporting practices in structural equation modeling. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 4(2), 83-97.
Schreiber, J.B, Nora, A., Stage, F.K., Barlow, E.A.,& King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338.
Schreurs, B., Druart, C., Proost, K., & De Witte, K. (2009). Symbolic attributes and organizational attractiveness: The moderating effects of applicant personality. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17(1), 35-46.
Steunenberg, B., Braam, A. W., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Kerkhof, J. F. M. (2009). Evidence for an association of the big five personality factors with recurrence of depressive symptoms in later life. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24, 1470-1477.
Stevens, C. D., & Macintosh, G. (2002-2003). Personality and attractiveness of activities within sales jobs. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(1), 23-37.
Sodiya, A. S., Longe, H. O. D., Onashoga, S. A. O., Awodele, L., & Omotocho, L. O. (2007). An improved assessment of personality traits in software engineering. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 2, 163-177.
Thoresen, C. J., Bradley, J. C., Bliese, P. D., & Thoresen, J. D. (2004). The big five personality traits and individual job performance growth trajectories in maintenance and transitional job stages. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 835-853.
Toner, C., & Pitman, S., (2004). Functional foods, educating consumers about foods with health promoting benefits in today’s challenging communications environment. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 19(1), 71-78.
Tok, S., & Morali, S. L. (2009). Trait emotional intelligence, the big five personality dimensions and academic success in physical education teacher candidates. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(7), 921-932.
Tokar, D. M., Fischer, A. R., Snell, A. F., & Harik-Williams, N. (1999). Efficient assessment of the five-factor model of personality: Structural validity analyses of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Form S). Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development.
Van Lieshout, M. N. M. (1995). Markov point processes and their applications in high-level imaging. Bulletin of the international statistical institute, 56, 559-576.
Weiner, B. (1992). Human motivation: Metaphors, theories, and research. Sage.
Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Yoon, K. S., Harold, R. D., Arbreton, J. A., Freedman-Doan, C., ＆ Blumenfeld, P. C. (1997). Change in children’s competence beliefs and subjective task values across the elementary school years: A 3-year study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 451-469.
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 68-81.
Wilson, R. R., & Cooper, R. J. (1998). Acadian flycatcher nest placement: Does placement influence reproductive success? The Cooper Ornithological Society, 100(4), 673-679.