簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 屈紫綺
Chiu,Tzu-Chi
論文名稱: 臺灣北中南地區婦女懷孕期間之 飲食差異及植化素攝取情形
Comparisons of dietary and phytochemicals intakes of pregnant women in different areas of Taiwan
指導教授: 盧立卿
Lyu, Li-Ching
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 人類發展與家庭學系
Department of Human Development and Family Studies
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 183
中文關鍵詞: 孕期營養植化素異黃酮類胡蘿蔔素類黃酮
英文關鍵詞: nutrition intake in pregnancy, phytochemicals, isoflavone, carotenoid, flavonoid
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202204811
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:164下載:12
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 研究背景與目的
    近年來臺灣衛生福利部推行彩虹飲食,均衡攝取多彩蔬果,獲得不同的植化素以降低國人罹患慢性疾病及癌症之風險。臺灣各個鄉鎮因地理位置及歷史背景,而擁有自己獨特的飲食文化,但目前國內缺乏統合多地區針對女性及母嬰飲食健康飲食差異性的探討。本研究為一前瞻性研究,探討臺灣北中南三區婦女懷孕期間飲食差異及初步瞭解臺灣國人植化素攝取情形。

    研究方法
    自民國98年11月至100年10月分別於於臺北市立聯合醫院婦幼院區、臺中市中山醫學大學附設醫院及高雄市義大醫院的產科門診,招募451位懷孕20週以內的健康婦女,利用面對面、電話訪談、郵寄及電子郵件等方式收集相關資料,包括孕婦基本資料、24小時飲食回憶問卷及新生兒基本資料。參考美國農業部網站及國內植化素分析研究,更新及補遺本研究室研發之營養素運算系統NUFOOD中植化素資料,進行營養素計算,利用統計軟體SPSS 21.0及STATA 8.0版進行統計分析。

    研究結果
    扣除中途退出者,研究分析以335位(北區122位、中區104位、南區109位)孕婦,平均年齡31歲,招募時懷孕週數為6~20週,平均身高160公分,孕前平均體重56公斤,平均BMI為22公斤/公尺2。北區及中區孕婦高社經地位及教育程度大學以上的人數比例高於南區孕婦。
    以24小時飲食回憶分析營養素攝取情形,孕婦懷孕第一、二、三期平均熱量攝取分別為1627、1939、2007大卡,醣類、蛋白質、脂質三大營養素比例分別為15~16%、30~32%、53~54%。孕婦的熱量、蛋白質;脂質、單元不飽和脂肪酸、多元不飽和脂肪酸、飽和脂肪酸、膽固醇、動物性蛋白質、動物性脂質、植物性脂質、維生素A、維生素E、維生素K、維生素B1、維生素B2、維生素B6、維生素C、泛酸、生物素、葉酸、鉀、鈣、鎂、磷、鐵等營養素有顯著地區性差異存在(p <0.05),大部分營養素攝取量是中區顯著高於其他兩區。
    孕婦植化素平均攝取量,異黃酮類:total isoflavone 22.9mg、daidzein 9.8mg、genistein 12.4mg、glycitein 1.1mg;類胡蘿蔔素:α-carotene 276.4µg、β-carotene 3442.1µg、β-cryptoxanthine 181.8µg 、lutein+zeaxanthin 7487.8µg、lycopene 1269.0µg;類黃酮:quercetin 10.3mg、kaempferol 2.6mg、myricetin 1.3mg、isorhamnetin 0.3mg、luteolin 1.1mg、apigenin 0.5mg、hesperetin 10.4mg、naringenin 5.1mg、eriodictyol 0.5mg。大部分植化素平均攝取量略高於國內外植化素研究,但仍低於達蔬果攝取建議之族群。主要食物來源: 異黃酮類以黃豆及其製品為主;類胡蘿蔔素:α-carotene、β-carotene來源為深色蔬菜類、β-cryptoxanthine為水果類、lutein+zeaxanthin為深色蔬菜類、lycopene為水果類;類黃酮:quercetin主要食物來源為水果類、kaempferol為深色蔬菜類、myricetin為深色蔬菜類、isorhamnetin為深色蔬菜類、luteolin為水果類、apigenin為淺色蔬菜類,hesperetin、naringenin及eriodictyol皆由水果類所提供。
    探討植化素與孕期體重增加量及新生兒出生體重、身長、頭圍、胸圍之相關性發現,並未發現顯著相關性。

    結論
    綜上所述,本研究初步探討臺灣北中南地區婦女於懷孕期間飲食結果存在地區性差異,植化素攝取多以深色蔬菜為主。基於植化素能降低癌症及慢性疾病風險之功效,建議國人每天均衡攝取各種顏色的蔬果,以攝取不同類別的植化素,滿足不同的生理需求。

    Background & purpose
    In recent years, promoting having a balanced diet and intake multicolored food by The Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. By choosing a variety of colour in the diet, we can get different phytochemicals to prevent and reduce the risk of cancer and chronic diseases. There are many studies evaluate dietary intakes, but the lack of studies investigate about diatary intakes of pregnant women in different areas.The purpose of this study is to collect and evaluate the current diatary and phytochemicals intakes of pregnant women of Taiwan by a prospective study..

    Study method
    We recruited 451 health pregnant women less than 20 weeks from the Taipei City Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and E-Da Hospital from Nov. 2009 to Oct. 2011. The basic characteristics, five 24 hour dietary recalls and the neonatal information by using face-to-face, telephone, mail and e-mail. Phytochemicals values of food in the NUFOOD system were based on The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and domestic databases. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21.0 and STATA 8.0 software.

    Result
    The final analyses included total 335 women and their newborns ,the northern Taiwan (n=122), the central Taiwan (n=104) and the southern Taiwan (n=109). Before pregnancy, the average age was 31 years old, height was 160 cm, weight was 56 kg, BMI was 22 kg/m2. The results showed that The northern and central Taiwan proportion of high social-economic backgrounds and education is higher than higher than the southern of pregnant women.
    The results of the 24-hour dietary recalls evaluation indicated that the participants’ average daily calorie intake of three trimesters were 1627 Kcal, 1939 Kcal and 2007 Kcal, respectively. The percentage of energy was 15~16% of protein, 30~32% of fat, and 53~54% of carbohydrate.The women from the central Taiwan consumed more nutrients than those from the northern Taiwan and the southern Taiwan.
    The the results of the 24-hour dietary recalls evaluation indicated that the participants’ average daily phytochemaicals intake were slightly higher than other researches: total isoflavone 22.9mg, daidzein 9.8mg, genistein 12.4mg, glycitein 1.1mg, α-carotene 276.4µg, β-carotene 3442.1µg, β-cryptoxanthine 181.8µg, lutein+zeaxanthin 7487.8µg, lycopene 1269.0µg, quercetin 10.3mg, kaempferol 2.6mg, myricetin 1.3mg, isorhamnetin 0.3mg, luteolin 1.1mg, apigenin 0.5mg, hesperetin 10.4mg, naringenin 5.1mg, eriodictyol 0.5mg. Analysis showed that women’s main food sources of isoflavone (total isoflavone, daidzein, genistein, glycitein), carotenoid (α-carotene and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthine, lutein+zeaxanthin, lycopene) and flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, luteolin, apigenin, hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol) are soy products, dark-colored vegetables vegetable and fruits, and light-colored vegetables, dark-colored vegetables vegetable and fruits, respectively.
    However, the maternal phytochmeicals intakes didn’t show relationships with the gestational weight gain and birth outcomes by partial correlation analysis.

    Conclusion
    The above results showed that there are difference of dietary and phytochemicals intakes between different areas of Taiwan during pregnancy. maternal dietary preferences do affect the nutrient intakes. However, the dietary preferences during pregnancy did not show relationships with the gestational weight gain and birth outcomes . Since an appropriate phytochemicals intake can reduce the risks of cancer and chronic diseases, for people phytochemicals intake below the recommended value of the vegetable and fruit, it is recommended to promote public increased intake of multicolored food, and increase rich in phytochemicals used to protect people's health.
    Key words:nutrition intake in pregnancy, phytochemicals, isoflavone, carotenoid, flavonoid

    目錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一章 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 2 第三節 名詞解釋 3 第二章 文獻探討 4 第一節 植化素之分類、特性與食物來源 4 第二節 國內外植化素之攝取情況 13 第三節 植化素之建議攝取量 23 第三章 研究方法 25 第一節 研究架構 25 第二節 研究設計與實施程序 26 第三節 研究對象 28 第四節 研究工具 30 第五節 資料收集及訪員訓練 32 第六節 資料處理 39 第七節 統計分析 41 第四章 研究結果 43 第一節 孕婦基本資料分析 43 第二節 孕婦營養素攝取情形 62 第三節 孕婦營養素攝取與孕期體重增加量之相關性分析 118 第四節 孕婦營養素攝取與新生兒出生體型之相關性分析 121 第五章 討論 129 第一節 孕婦營養素攝取情形 129 第二節 植化素資料庫建立及植化素攝取狀況 139 第三節 植化素對體重增加量及新生兒出生體型之影響 146 第六章 結論 149 第七章 研究限制與建議 152 參考文獻 155 中文 155 英文 157 附錄 162 附錄一:民98孕產婦飲食研究招募流程 163 附錄二:受訪者同意書(孕產婦) 165 附錄三:孕婦基本資料 168 附錄四:孕婦24小時飲食回憶及活動量問卷 171 附錄五:新生兒基本資料 174 附錄六:研究追蹤過程登記表 175 附錄七:量化工具使用原則 180 附錄八:訪員注意事項 181 附錄九:植化素食物來源類別 182 附錄十:第七版國人膳食營養素參考攝取量 183 圖目錄 圖3-1.1 研究架構圖 25 圖3-2.1 實施程序流程圖 27 表目錄 表2-1.1植化素種類 10 表2-2.1 國內植化素攝取情況 19 表2-2.2 國外植化素攝取情況 21 表3-3.1 民98研究對象追蹤流失情形 29 表3-5.1 問卷實施過程表 33 表3-5.2 植化素資料庫 37 表3-6.1 24小時飲食回憶問卷回收情形(份數) 40 表4-1.1 孕婦基本資料次數分配表 44 表4-1.2 北中南地區孕婦基本資料之差異 46 表4-1.3 懷孕期間體重增加量 47 表4-1.4北中南地區孕期體重增加量之差異 47 表4-1.5懷孕期間總體重增加量分佈 48 表4-1.6不同孕婦基本資料與孕期體重增加之相關性 49 表4-1.7新生兒出生體型 53 表4-1.8不同孕婦基本資料與新生兒出生體型之關係 55 表4-1.9新生兒出生體重分組與孕婦基本資料之相關性 60 表4-1.10懷孕期間體重增加情形與新生兒出生結果之相關性 61 表4-2.1營養素完成率百分比 63 表4-2.2植化素完成率百分比 64 表4-2.3以24小時飲食回憶評估懷孕三期營養素攝取量 66 表4-2.4北中南地區懷孕第一期(12~14週)營養素攝取量 69 表4-2.5北中南地區懷孕第二期(15~28週)營養素攝取量 71 表4-2.6北中南地區懷孕第三期(29~40週)營養素攝取量 73 表4-2.7北中南地區懷孕全期營養素攝取量 75 表4-2.8以24小時飲食回憶評估懷孕三期植化素平均攝取量 78 表4-2.9以24小時飲食回憶評估懷孕全期植化素平均攝取量 79 表4-2.10懷孕全期total isoflavone、daidzein、genistein、glycitein與孕婦基本資料之相關性 82 表4-2.11懷孕全期α-carotene、β-carotene、β-cryptoxanthine與孕婦基本資料之相關性 85 表4-2.12懷孕全期lutein+zeaxanthin、lycopenen、quercetin與孕婦基本資料之相關性 88 表4-2.13懷孕全期kaempferol、myricetin、isorhamnetin、luteolin與孕婦基本資料之相關性 91 表4-2.14懷孕全期apigenin、hesperetin、naringenin、eriodictyol與孕婦基本資料之相關性 94 表4-2.15全期植化素與身高、懷孕前體重及孕期總體重增加量之相關性 97 表4-2.16懷孕全期植化素與及營養素攝取之相關性 103 表4-2.17懷孕全期植化素與及營養素攝取之淨相關 106 表4-2.18懷孕全期植化素與及營養素攝取之淨相關 109 表4-2.19 18項植化素間之相關性 113 表4-2.20孕婦植化素食物來源 116 表4-3.1營養素與孕婦體重增加量之相關性分析 119 表4-3.2植化素與孕婦體重增加量之相關性分析 120 表4-4.1營養素與新生兒出生體重之相關性 122 表4-4.2營養素與新生兒出生身長之相關性 123 表4-4.3營養素與新生兒出生頭圍之相關性 124 表4-4.4營養素與新生兒出生胸圍之相關性 125 表4-4.5植化素與新生兒出生體重之相關性 127 表4-4.6植化素與新生兒出生身長之相關性 127 表4-4.7植化素與新生兒出生頭圍之相關性 128 表4-4.8植化素與新生兒出生胸圍之相關性 128 表5-1.1國內研究懷孕婦女三期營養素攝取量比較 131 表5-1.2北部-國內研究懷孕婦女三期營養素攝取量比較 133 表5-1.3中部-國內研究懷孕婦女三期營養素攝取量比較 135 表5-1.4南部-國內研究懷孕婦女三期營養素攝取量比較 137 表5-2.1植化素資料庫建立之資料來源 140 表5-2.2植化素資料庫完成率之比較 141 表5-2.3國內膳食植化素攝取之相關研究 143 表5-2.4國外膳食植化素攝取之相關研究 144 表5-3.1國內研究懷孕期間體重增加量 148 表5-3.2國內研究新生兒出生體重 148

    中文
    1. 行政院衛生福利部國民健康署(民96)。IPAQ台灣活動量調查。摘自:http://www. hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/Easy/FormCenter.aspx
    2. 駱慧雯(民104年3月17日)。台灣紅色蔬果攝取缺最大,恐增肺疾。華人健康網。摘自: https://www.top1health.com/Article/80/23596
    3. 陳葵蓉(民100)。懷孕婦女三期營養攝取及飲食喜好之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭教育學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    4. 許祐寧(民94)。婦女懷孕三期飲食狀況、膳食評估法與影響新生兒體型之前瞻性研究分析。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭教育學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    5. 許惠琛(民101)。懷孕期飲食營養素攝取量與新生兒體型相關性之探討。中山醫學大學營養學系碩士論文,未出版,台中市。
    6. 宋玉貞(民93)。飲食計劃對懷孕前期營養狀態相關因素之探討。國立屏東科技大學食品科學系碩士論文,未出版,屏東縣。
    7. 宋新娜, & 汪之頊(民96)。成人膳食中類胡蘿蔔素攝入量分析。中國公共衛生,23(11), 1378-1380。
    8. 張承晉、郭詩伶(民97)。探討蔬菜製備與草酸含量之關係。台灣營養學會雜誌,33(1),39-44。
    9. 張建成、鄭瑞棠(民88)。臺灣茶中草酸的含量。中華民國泌尿科醫學會雜誌,10(3),109-113。
    10. 黃力威(民98)。大蒜炸油對倉鼠脂質代謝,抗氧化及抗血栓特性之探討。 台北醫學大學保健營養學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    11. 黃惠煐(民95)。大豆異黃酮素對更年期症狀改善之影響。台北醫學大學保健營養學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    12. 黃惠瑛、黃士懿、葉聯舜、謝明哲(2006). 台中地區更年期婦女飲食中營養素,異黃酮素及相關食物攝取狀況之研究。臺灣營養學會雜誌,31(2),49-58。
    13. 蔡旻都(民95)。蔬果中類黃酮之抗氧化作用與生物活性。國立中正大學化學所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義縣。
    14. 王慧雲編著(民103)。植物營養素的力量。臺北市:遠見天下文化出版股份有限公司。
    15. 吳淑敏(民96)。嘉南地區懷孕婦女飲食攝取與營養狀況。嘉南藥理科技大學營養與保健科技研究所碩士論文,未出版,台南市。
    16. 衛生福利部國民健康署(民103)。孕婦健康手冊(10版)。台中: 16. 衛生福利部國民健康署。
    17. 高秋華(民96)。數種植物性雌激素對代謝症候群的影響。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭教育學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    18. 莊政衡(民97)。以懷孕期飲食品質指數(Diet Quality Index for Pregnancy, DQI-P)評估懷孕婦女整體飲食品質。靜宜大學食品營養研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中縣。

    英文
    American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2010). Terminations-abortions. Retrieved from http://www.acog.org/from_home/departments/coding/terminations-abortions.pdf
    Adlercreutz, H. (1995). Phytoestrogens: epidemiology and a possible role in cancer protection. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(Suppl 7), 103.
    Ankri, S., & Mirelman, D. (1999). Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect, 1(2), 125-129.
    Beecher, G. R. (2003). Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake. J Nutr, 133(10), 3248S-3254S.
    Boker, Lital Keinan, Van der Schouw, Yvonne T, De Kleijn, Miriam JJ, Jacques, Paul F, Grobbee, Diederick E, & Peeters, Petra HM. (2002). Intake of dietary phytoestrogens by Dutch women. J Nutr, 132(6), 1319-1328.
    Chan, J. Y., Yuen, A. C., Chan, R. Y., & Chan, S. W. (2013). A review of the cardiovascular benefits and antioxidant properties of allicin. Phytother Res, 27(5), 637-646. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4796
    Chu, Da-Ming, Wahlqvist, Mark L, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Yeh, Nai-Hua, & Lee, Meei-Shyuan. (2012). Choline and betaine food sources and intakes in Taiwanese.
    Craig, Winston J. (1997). Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J Am Diet Assoc, 97(10), S199-S204.
    de Kleijn, Miriam JJ, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Wilson, Peter WF, Adlercreutz, Herman, Mazur, Witold, Grobbee, Diederick E, & Jacques, Paul F. (2001). Intake of dietary phytoestrogens is low in postmenopausal women in the United States: The Framingham Study1–4. J Nutr, 131(6), 1826-1832.
    de Pascual-Teresa, S., Santos-Buelga, C., & Rivas-Gonzalo, J. C. (2000). Quantitative analysis of flavan-3-ols in Spanish foodstuffs and beverages. J Agric Food Chem, 48(11), 5331-5337.
    Dreosti, I. E. (2000). Recommended dietary intake levels for phytochemicals: Feasible or fanciful? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 9(S1), S119-S122.
    Egert, S., & Rimbach, G. (2011). Which Sources of Flavonoids: Complex Diets or Dietary Supplements? Advances in Nutrition, 2(1), 8-14. doi: DOI 10.3945/an.110.000026
    Fraser, P. D., & Bramley, P. M. (2004). The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Prog Lipid Res, 43(3), 228-265. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2003.10.002
    Harland, B. F., & Morris, Eugene R. (1995). Phytate: a good or a bad food component? Nutrition Research, 15(5), 733-754.
    Holden, J. M., Eldridge, Alison L, Beecher, Gary R, Marilyn Buzzard, I, Bhagwat, Seema, Davis, Carol S, . . . Schakel, Sally. (1999). Carotenoid content of US foods: an update of the database. J Food Compost Anal, 12(3), 169-196.
    Howarth, N. C., Saltzman, Edward, & Roberts, Susan B. (2001). Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutrition Rev, 59(5), 129-139.
    Kidmose, Ulla, Yang, R-Y, Thilsted, SH, Christensen, Lars Porskjær, & Brandt, Kirsten. (2006). Content of carotenoids in commonly consumed Asian vegetables and stability and extractability during frying. J Food Compost Anal, 19(6), 562-571.
    Lee, H. S., Cho, Y. H., Park, J., Shin, H. R., & Sung, M. K. (2013). Dietary intake of phytonutrients in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption in Korea. J Acad Nutr Diet, 113(9), 1194-1199. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.04.022
    Maga, J. A. (1982). Phytate: its chemistry, occurrence, food interactions, nutritional significance, and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 30(1), 1-9.
    Maiani, Giuseppe, Periago Castón, María Jesús, Catasta, Giovina, Toti, Elisabetta, Cambrodón, Isabel Goñi, Bysted, Anette, . . . Valoti, Massimo. (2009). Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans. Mol. Nutr. Food Res, 53(S2), S194-S218.
    Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Remesy, C., & Jimenez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr, 79(5), 727-747.
    Matthews, J., & Gustafsson, J. A. (2003). Estrogen signaling: a subtle balance between ER alpha and ER beta. Mol Interv, 3(5), 281-292. doi: 10.1124/mi.3.5.281
    Mayne, S Taylor. (1996). Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and disease prevention in humans. The FASEB Journal, 10(7), 690-701.
    McRae, M. P. (2013). Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in healthy adult participants: a meta-analysis. J Chiropr Med, 12(1), 20-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2012.11.001
    Mikkelsen, T. B., Osler, Merete, Orozova-Bekkevold, Ivanka, Knudsen, Vibeke K, & Olsen, Sjurdur F. (2006). Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and birth weight: a prospective study among 43,585 Danish women. Scand J Public Health, 34(6), 616-622.
    Mink, P. J., Scrafford, C. G., Barraj, L. M., Harnack, L., Hong, C. P., Nettleton, J. A., & Jacobs, D. R., Jr. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(3), 895-909.
    Mink, P. J., Scrafford, Carolyn G, Barraj, Leila M, Harnack, Lisa, Hong, Ching-Ping, Nettleton, Jennifer A, & Jacobs, David R. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 85(3), 895-909.
    Most, M. M. (2004). Estimated phytochemical content of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet is higher than in the Control Study Diet. J Am Diet Assoc, 104(11), 1725-1727.
    Olson, J. A., & Krinsky, N. I. (1995). Introduction: the colorful, fascinating world of the carotenoids: important physiologic modulators. FASEB J, 9(15), 1547-1550.
    Ovaskainen, Marja-Leena, Törrönen, Riitta, Koponen, Jani M, Sinkko, Harri, Hellström, Jarkko, Reinivuo, Heli, & Mattila, Pirjo. (2008). Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr, 138(3), 562-566.
    Qanungo, Suparna, & Mukherjea, Manju. (2000). Ontogenic profile of some antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in human placental and fetal tissues. Mol. Cell. Biol., 215(1-2), 11-19.
    Rao, Shobha, Yajnik, Chittaranjan S, Kanade, Asawari, Fall, Caroline HD, Margetts, Barrie M, Jackson, Alan A, . . . Lubree, Himangi. (2001). Intake of micronutrient-rich foods in rural Indian mothers is associated with the size of their babies at birth: Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. J Nutr, 131(4), 1217-1224.
    Romagnolo, D. F., & Selmin, O. I. (2012). Flavonoids and cancer prevention: a review of the evidence. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr, 31(3), 206-238. doi: 10.1080/21551197.2012.702534
    Setchell, K. D., & Cassidy, A. (1999). Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health. J Nutr, 129(3), 758S-767S.
    Sommerburg, O., Keunen, J. E., Bird, A. C., & van Kuijk, F. J. (1998). Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 82(8), 907-910.
    Stahl, W., & Sies, H. (2005). Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1740(2), 101-107.
    Tsai, JJ, Huang, CW, Wu, JK, Tony, T, & Lee, Y. (2005). Comparison of oxalate content in foods and beverages in Taiwan. J Taiwan Urol Assoc, 16, 93-99.
    Ueland, P. M. (2011). Choline and betaine in health and disease. J Inherit Metab Dis, 34(1), 3-15. doi: 10.1007/s10545-010-9088-4
    Wada, K., Nakamura, K., Tamai, Y., Tsuji, M., Kawachi, T., Hori, A., . . . Nagata, C. (2013). Soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk in Japan: from the Takayama study. Int J Cancer, 133(4), 952-960. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28088
    Wang, Yuan-Chuen, Chuang, Yueh-Chueh, & Ku, Yu-Hua. (2007). Quantitation of bioactive compounds in citrus fruits cultivated in Taiwan. Food Chem., 102(4), 1163-1171.
    Weaver, C. M., & Cheong, J. M. (2005). Soy isoflavones and bone health: the relationship is still unclear. J Nutr, 135(5), 1243-1247.
    Yang, Ray-Yu, Lin, Shou, & Kuo, George. (2008). Content and distribution of flavonoids among 91 edible plant species. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 17(S1), 275-279.
    Yonemori, Kim M, Lim, Unhee, Koga, Karin R, Wilkens, Lynne R, Au, Donna, Boushey, Carol J, . . . Murphy, Suzanne P. (2013). Dietary Choline and Betaine Intakes Vary in an Adult Multiethnic Population. J Nutr, 143(6), 894-899.
    Zhang, Cai‐Xia, Pan, Mei‐Xia, Li, Bin, Wang, Lian, Mo, Xiong‐Fei, Chen, Yu‐Ming, . . . Ho, Suzanne C. (2013). Choline and betaine intake is inversely associated with breast cancer risk: A two‐stage case‐control study in China. Cancer science, 104(2), 250-258.
    Zhou, Jin R, & Erdman Jr, John W. (1995). Phytic acid in health and disease. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. & Nut., 35(6), 495-508.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE