本研究選擇高中電化學概念為主題，蒐集文獻探討學生常見的另有概念，發展電化學概念教學媒體，做為教學輔助之用，以協助學生建立電化學的微觀世界。
為驗證所發展的教學媒體在協助學生電化學概念的成效，以台北市某公立高中之69名高二升高三的學生為研究樣本，分實驗組與對照組各一班，比較該教學媒體對學生之影響，並對實驗組學生施以問卷調查，了解學生對此種教學的看法。再者，本研究亦想探討老師的教學策略對學生的學習成效。
由研究結果顯示，教學時有使用此教學媒體為輔助的學生的學習成就顯著高於未使用者；並分析不同先備知識學生的學習成效，顯示只有低先備知識的學生經此教學媒體輔助的學習成效顯著高於未使用者。推測低先備知識的學生經具體的呈現概念，較能得到全盤的了解。另外，問卷結果顯示，學生對本教學媒體於學習的幫助給予正面的肯定，也喜歡此種的上課方式，但也建議需在畫面的精緻度與測驗題的數量上做改進，並且需提供講義來輔助教學。 而在教學策略方面，學生對於研究教師給予正面的評價，因此一個優良的教學，應可沿用傳統講述教學法之優點，並結合教學媒體加以輔助，提昇學生學習的成效。

This research chose the concept of high school electrochemistry as the subject. To provide support for education and help students to build up a micro view of the field of electrochemistry by collecting documents in search for students’ misconception, and developing electrochemistry concept learning media.
In order to test the effort of the developed educational media in terms of helping to understand the concepts of electrochemistry, an experiment consisted 69 grade 11 students of a public high school in Taipei were been chosen and divided into one experimental and as well one control group. Comparison among both groups has been made to determine the effect of the educational media, and a questionnaire has been done along with the students from the experimental group to understand students’ opinions on this educational method. Furthermore, this experiment also wishes to investigate the effects on students’ achievement in learning due to instructors’ teaching strategies.
According to the result of the experiment, students who did use this educational media as support, achieve a higher standard compare to those who didn’t. Also, base on the analysis on students of different knowledge background, it appeared that low knowledge background students who did use the educational media, had greater effect in learning achievement. Then, it was to predict that students with low knowledge background would obtain a better result in overall understanding in electrochemistry after receive embodying of basic concepts. Other than that, as for the result of the questionnaire, students gave positive feedbacks towards the educational media for its contribution in learning, and admitted to like this way of lecture; however, suggestions had also been made on improving delicacy of the picture, adjusting amount of testing questions, and providing of the lecture notes to help the lecture.
From the aspect of teaching strategy, students had positive comments toward this research; therefore, it is possible for a good teaching activity to keep the advantages from traditional teaching technique while combining with teaching media to promote students' learing efficiency.

一、中文部份
L. E. Berk & A. Winsler(1999)，谷瑞勉譯，鷹架兒童的學習－維高斯基與幼兒教育。台北：心理出版社。
Richard E. Mayer(1990)，林清山譯，教育心理學—認知取向。台北，台北遠流出版公司，p133-135。
尹基勉（民88）：「原子結構」概念之建構式教學研究。台北：國立台灣師範大學碩士論文。
王文科（民86）：教育研究法。台北：五南圖書出版公司。
王立行（民81）：電腦輔助教學理論與實務探討。資訊與教育雜誌，29，p24-35。
朱延平（民85）：多媒體在教學上的應用實驗，資訊與教育，55，p9-14。
吳鐵雄（民72）：電腦輔助教學之補救教學效果初探，教育心理學報，16，p61-69。
吳鐵雄（民81）：電腦輔助教學。學習與成長（三），台灣省教育廳，p269-290。
宋志雄（民81）：探究國三學生酸與鹼的迷思概念並應用以發展教學診斷工具。國立彰化師範大學科學教育研究所碩士論文。
李宗薇（民80）：教學媒體與教育工學。台北：師大書苑。
沈中偉（民83）：魏考斯基理論在認知策略上的應用。教學科技與媒體，2，p23-31。
林生傳（民85）：教育心理學。台北：五南圖書出版公司。
林秀美（民84）：從學習理論談課程軟體設計。視聽教育雙月刊，36(6)，p26-32。
林清山、陳李綢（民78）：教育心理學的回饋與展望，刊於當前師範教育問題研究，國立台灣師範大學學術研究委員會編。台北：五南圖書公司。
林麗娟（民85）：多媒體電腦圖像設計與視覺記憶的關係。教學科技與媒體，28，p3-12。
林麗娟（民86）：精研策略及視覺刺激與電腦輔助之增進。輔仁學誌，26，p1-17。
邱貴發（民83）：電腦輔助學習的理念與發展方向。教學科技與媒體，13，p15-22。
春水堂－阿貴的故鄉。http://www.a-kuei.com.tw/
洪榮昭（民84）：電腦輔助教學之設計原理與應用。台北市：師大書院。
國立編譯館（民85）：高級中學化學教師手冊第三冊。台北：國立編譯館。
國立編譯館（民87）：高級中學化學第三冊。台北：國立編譯館。
張春興（民89）：教育心理學－三化取向的理論與實踐。台北：東華書局。
張馨文，蘇育任（民89）：師院學生有關電化學的心智模式與迷思概念研究。論文發表於中華民國第十六屆科學教育學術研討會。
教育部（民87）：國民教育階段九年一貫課程總綱綱要。台北：教育部。
莊雅茹（民85）：CAL軟體電腦動畫應用與學習成效分析。視聽教育雙月刊，38(2)，p9-16。
許健將（民90）：建構主義者式的教學理念與教學實務。國立中興大學教育學程中心。http://www.hs.ntnu.edu.tw/~chem/discus/maker.htm
許銘津和劉明洲（民86）：CAI軟體色彩組合對不同特質學童記憶單字、片語與句子之影響，花蓮師院學報，7，p427-447。
郭重吉（民86）：迎接二十一世紀的科學教育。教學科技與媒體，33，p3-11。
郭順利（民87）：高中學生在電化學的錯誤概念。台北：國立台灣師範大學碩士論文。
陳文靜（民88）：何不把科學史融入高中基礎理化教材。科學教育月刊，216，p34-42。
陳盈霖（民89）：電腦輔助教學模式與天文學習成效。論文發表於中華民國第十六屆科學教育學術研討會。
傅麗玉、賴芳君、鍾崇榮（民88）：如何學習困難的化學問題。科學教育月刊，221，p10-13。
黃台珠（民73a）：概念的研究及其意義。科學教育月刊，66，p44-51。
黃台珠（民73b）：學生所學到的概念正是您所要教的。科學教育月刊，74，p41-51。
黃美珠（民86）：電腦輔助教學軟體設計原則之探討，視聽教育，38，p17-24。
楊純珠（民88）：「溶液」多媒體CAL之概念學習研究。台北：國立台灣師範大學碩士論文。
廖淑苹（民89）：發展國中「分子」多元媒體與概念學習研究。台北：國立台灣師範大學碩士論文。
熊昭弟、王美芬、段曉林等譯（民87）：科學學習心理學。台北：心理出版社。
潘志強、黃台珠（民89）：網路資源融入高中基礎生物科教學之行動研究。論文發表於中華民國第十六屆科學教育學術研討會。
蔣勝發（民87）：以CAL促進高中化學「氧化還原」單元有意義學習之研究。國立高雄師範大學碩士論文。
鄭麗玉（民82）：認知心理學：理論與應用。台北：五南書局。
顏若映（民81）：教科書內容設計與閱讀理解之認知研究。教育與心理研究，15，p101-128。

二、英文部份
Alessi, S. M. & Trollip, S. R. (1998). Incorporating Computers Effectively into Classrooms. Journal of Research on Computing in Education; 21(1), 70-81.
Appleton, K. (1989). A learning model for science education. Research in Science Education, 19 ,13-24.
Butts, B., & Smith, R. (1987). What do students perceive as difficult In H.S.C. chemistry? Australian Science Teachers’ Journal, 32(4), 45-51.
ChanLin, L. & Reeves, T. C. (1994). New directions for research on graphics design for interactive learning environments. Paper presented at the 1994 National Convention of AECT.
Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3, 149-210.
De Jong, Onno; & Others (1995). Problems in Teaching the Topic of Redox Reactions: Actions and Conceptions of Chemistry Teachers. Journal of Research in Science Teaching; 32(10), 1097-1110.
Dori, Y. J. & Barnea, N. (1997). In-service chemistry teachers’ traning: the impact of introducing computer technology on teachers’ attitudes and classroom implementation. International Journal of Science Education, 19, 577-592.
Finley,F. N., Stewart, J., & Yarroch, W. L. (1982). Teachers’ perception of important and difficult science content. Science Education, 66(4), 531-538.
Garnett, P. J. , & Treagust, D. F. (1992a). Conceptual difficulties experience by high school students of electrochemistry : electric circuits and oxidation-reduction equations. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29(2), 121-142 .
Garnett, P. J. , & Treagust, D. F. (1992b). Conceptual difficulties experience by senior high school students of electrochemistry : electrochemical ( galvanic ) and electrolytic cells. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29(2), 1079-1099.
Greenbowe, T. J. (1994). An interactive multimedia software program for exploring electrochemical cells. Journal of Chemical Education , 71(7), 555-557.
Hedegaard, M. (1990). The zone of proximal development as basis for instruction In L. C. Moll(ed.), Vygotsky and education: Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Henriques, L. (1997). A study of define and verify a model of interactive constructive elementary school science teaching. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Herron, J. D. & Greenbow, T. J. (1986). What Can We Do About Sue: A Case Study of Competence. Journal of Chemical Education, 63(63), 528-531.
K. Korfiatis, E. Papatheodorou, G. P. (1999). An investigation of the effectiveness of computer simulation programs as tutorial tools for teaching population ecology at university. International Journal of Science Education , 21(12) ,1269-1280.
Leonard, W. H. (1992). A comparison student performance following instruction by interactive videodisc versus conventional laboratory. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 29, 93-102.
M. Dubois & I.Vial (2000). Multimedia design : the effects of relating multimodal information. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16, 157-165.M.Vrtacnik, M. Sajovenc & D. Dolnicar & C. Pucko-Razdevsek & A. Glazar & N. Zupancic Brouwer (2000). An Interactive Multimedia Tutorial Teaching Unit and its Effects on Student Perception and Understanding of Chemical concepts. Westminster Studies in Education, Vol.23, 91-105
Maor, D. & Fraser, B. J. (1996). Use of classroom environment perceptions in evaluating inquiry-based computer-assisted learning. International Journal of Science Education, 18, 401-421.
Mary B. Nakhlen & William J. Donovan (2000). Evaluation of Interactive Technologies for Chemistry Websites: Educational Materials For Organic Chemistry Web Site. Journal of Computers in mathematics and Science Teaching, 19(4),
Mayer, R. E., Bove, W., Bryman, A., Mars, R., & Tapangco, L. (1996). When less is more: Meaningful learning from visual and verbal summaries of science textbook lessons. Journal of educational Psychology, 88, 64-73.
Nanard, J. & M. Nanard, M. (1995). Hypertext design environments and the hypertext design process. Communications of the ACM, 38(8), 49-56.
Ogude, A. N., & Bradley, J. D. (1994). Ionic conduction and electrical neutrality in operating electrochemical cells . Journal of Chemical Education , 71(1) , 29-34.
Ogude, A. N., & Bradley, J. D. (1996). Electrode processes and aspect relating to cell e.m.f., current, and cell component in operating electrochemical cells . Journal of Chemical Education , 73(12) , 1145-1149.
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representation: A dual coding approach. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Penelope Ann Huddle, Margaret Dawn White and Fiona Rogers (2000). Using a Teaching Model to Correct Known Misconceptions in Electrochemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 77(1), 1517-1520.
Reid, D. J. (1990a). The Role of Pictures in Learning Biology: Part1, Perception and Observation. Journal of Biological Education, 24(3), 161-172.
Richard E. Mayer (1999). Multimedia aids to problem-solving transfer. International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 611-623.
Sanger, M. J. , & Greenbow, T. J . (1997b). Students’ misconceptions in electrochemistry : current flow in electrolyte solutions and the salt bridge . Journal of Chemical Education , 74(7) , 819-823.
Sanger, M. J. , & Greenbow, T. J. (1997a) . Common student misconceptions in electrochemistry : galvanic, electrolytic, and concentration cells . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 34(4), 337-398 .
Shymansky, J. A. (1992). Using constructivist ideas to teach science teachers about constructivist ideas,or teachers are students too！Journal of Science Teacher Education, 3(2), 53-57.
Toulmin, S. E. (1972). Human Understanding, Volumme 1:The Collection Use and Evolution of Concepts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Osborne, Roger & Freyberg, Peter(1985). Learning in Science. The Implications of Children's Science. United Kingdom England, 203.
Claxton,G.(1990).Teaching to learn: A direction for education. London: Cassell.
Rogoff, B.(1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. New York:Oxford University Press.
Wood, D. J., J. Bruber & G.Ross.(1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Greenfield, William D.(1984). Sociological Perspectives for Research on Educational Administrators: The Role of the Assistant Principal. Paper presented at the Annual
Meeting of the American Educational Research Association(New Orleans, LA, April, 23-27).
Palincsar, Annemarie Sullivan; Brown, Ann L.(1986). Interactive Teaching to Promote Independent Learning from Text. Reading Teacher; 39(8), 771-777.

二、英文部份
Alessi, S. M. & Trollip, S. R. (1998). Incorporating Computers Effectively into Classrooms. Journal of Research on Computing in Education; 21(1), 70-81.
Allsop, R. T., & George, N. H. (1982). Redox in Nuffield advanced chemistry. Education in Chemistry, 19, 57-59.
Appleton, K. (1989). A learning model for science education. Research in Science Education, 19 ,13-24.
Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J.,& Austin, G. A.(1961). A study of thinking. New York: Wiley.
Butts, B., & Smith, R. (1987). What do students perceive as difficult In H.S.C. chemistry? Australian Science Teachers’ Journal, 32(4), 45-51.
ChanLin, L. & Reeves, T. C. (1994). New directions for research on graphics design for interactive learning environments. Paper presented at the 1994 National Convention of AECT.
Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3, 149-210.
Claxton,G.(1990).Teaching to learn: A direction for education. London: Cassell.
De Jong, Onno; & Others (1995). Problems in Teaching the Topic of Redox Reactions: Actions and Conceptions of Chemistry Teachers. Journal of Research in Science Teaching; 32(10), 1097-1110.
Dori, Y. J. & Barnea, N. (1997). In-service chemistry teachers’ traning: the impact of introducing computer technology on teachers’ attitudes and classroom implementation. International Journal of Science Education, 19, 577-592.
Duit, Reinders.(1991) On the Role of Analogies and Metaphors in Learning Science. Science Education; 75(6), 649-672.
Ferguson, N. H.; Chapman, S. R.(1993). Computer-Assisted Instruction for Introductory Genetics. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, 22, 145-152.
Finley,F. N., Stewart, J., & Yarroch, W. L. (1982). Teachers’ perception of important and difficult science content. Science Education, 66(4), 531-538.
Garnett, P. J. , & Treagust, D. F. (1992a). Conceptual difficulties experience by high school students of electrochemistry : electric circuits and oxidation-reduction equations. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29(2), 121-142 .
Garnett, P. J. , & Treagust, D. F. (1992b). Conceptual difficulties experience by senior high school students of electrochemistry : electrochemical ( galvanic ) and electrolytic cells. Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29(2), 1079-1099.
Greenbowe, T. J. (1994). An interactive multimedia software program for exploring electrochemical cells. Journal of Chemical Education , 71(7), 555-557.
Greenfield, William D.(1984). Sociological Perspectives for Research on Educational Administrators: The Role of the Assistant Principal. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
Hedegaard, M. (1990). The zone of proximal development as basis for instruction In L. C. Moll(ed.), Vygotsky and education: Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Henriques, L. (1997). A study of define and verify a model of interactive constructive elementary school science teaching. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Herron, J. D. & Greenbow, T. J. (1986). What Can We Do About Sue: A Case Study of Competence. Journal of Chemical Education, 63(63), 528-531.
Hewson, David.(1996). Problem Solving with General Semantics. ETC: A Review of General Semantics; 53(2), 173-190.
Hewson, Mariana G.. Effect of Instruction Using Students' Prior Knowledge and Conceptual Change Strategies on Science Learning. Part I: Development, Application and Evaluation of Instruction. .; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching.
Hewson, Peter W.; Hewson, Mariana G.(1981). Effect of Instruction Using Students' Prior Knowledge and Conceptual Change Strategies on Science Learning. Part II: Analysis of Instruction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching.
Hughes, William.(1974). A Study of the Use of Computer Simulated Experiments in the Physics Classroom. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 1( 1), 1-6.
Jegede, Olugbemiro J.(1991). Computers and the Learning of Biological Concepts: Attitudes and Achievement of Nigerian Students. Science Education, 75(6), 701-706.
K. Korfiatis, E. Papatheodorou, G. P. (1999). An investigation of the effectiveness of computer simulation programs as tutorial tools for teaching population ecology at university. International Journal of Science Education , 21(12) ,1269-1280.
Leonard, W. H. (1992). A comparison student performance following instruction by interactive videodisc versus conventional laboratory. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 29, 93-102.
Levine, Tamar.(1994). A Computer-Based Program Can Make a Difference: The Case of the Rediscover Science Program. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 20(2), 283-296.
M. Dubois & I.Vial (2000). Multimedia design : the effects of relating multimodal information. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16, 157-165.M.Vrtacnik, M. Sajovenc & D. Dolnicar & C. Pucko-Razdevsek & A. Glazar & N. Zupancic Brouwer (2000). An Interactive Multimedia Tutorial Teaching Unit and its Effects on Student Perception and Understanding of Chemical concepts. Westminster Studies in Education, Vol.23, 91-105
Maor, D. & Fraser, B. J. (1996). Use of classroom environment perceptions in evaluating inquiry-based computer-assisted learning. International Journal of Science Education, 18, 401-421.
Mary B. Nakhlen & William J. Donovan (2000). Evaluation of Interactive Technologies for Chemistry Websites: Educational Materials For Organic Chemistry Web Site. Journal of Computers in mathematics and Science Teaching, 19(4),
Mayer, R. E., Bove, W., Bryman, A., Mars, R., & Tapangco, L. (1996). When less is more: Meaningful learning from visual and verbal summaries of science textbook lessons. Journal of educational Psychology, 88, 64-73.
Mayer, Richard E.(1999). Multimedia Aids to Problem-Solving Transfer. International Journal of Educational Research; 31(7), 611-623.
Mayer, Richard E.; Gallini, Joan K.(1990). When Is an Illustration Worth Ten Thousand Words? Journal of Educational Psychology; 82(4), 715-726.
Mayer, Richard E.; Schustack, Miriam W.; Blanton, William E.(1999). What Do Children Learn from Using Computers in an Informal, Collaborative Setting? Educational Technology; 39(2), 27-31.
McCoy, Leah P.(1991). The Effect of Geometry Tool Software on High School Geometry Achievement. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 10(3), 51-57.
Morrell, Patricia D.(1992). The Effects of Computer Assisted Instruction on Student Achievement in High School Biology. School Science and Mathematics, 92(4), 177-181.
Nanard, J. & M. Nanard, M. (1995). Hypertext design environments and the hypertext design process. Communications of the ACM, 38(8), 49-56.
Nir Orion, Yaniv Dubowsk & Jeff Dodick.(2000). The Educational Potential of Multimedia Authoringas a Part of the Earth Science Curriculum－A Case Study. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(10), 1121-1153.
Ogude, A. N., & Bradley, J. D. (1994). Ionic conduction and electrical neutrality in operating electrochemical cells . Journal of Chemical Education , 71(1) , 29-34.
Ogude, A. N., & Bradley, J. D. (1996). Electrode processes and aspect relating to cell e.m.f., current, and cell component in operating electrochemical cells . Journal of Chemical Education , 73(12) , 1145-1149.
Osborne, Roger & Freyberg, Peter(1985). Learning in Science. The Implications of Children's Science. United Kingdom England, 203.
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representation: A dual coding approach. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Palincsar, Annemarie Sullivan; Brown, Ann L.(1986). Interactive Teaching to Promote Independent Learning from Text. Reading Teacher; 39(8), 771-777.
Penelope Ann Huddle, Margaret Dawn White and Fiona Rogers (2000). Using a Teaching Model to Correct Known Misconceptions in Electrochemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 77(1), 1517-1520.
Posner, J., Strike, K., Hewson, P.& Gertzog, W.(1982). Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change, Science Education, 66(2), 211-227.
Reid, D. J. (1990a). The Role of Pictures in Learning Biology: Part1, Perception and Observation. Journal of Biological Education, 24(3), 161-172.
Richard E. Mayer (1999). Multimedia aids to problem-solving transfer. International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 611-623.
Rogoff, B.(1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. New York:Oxford University Press.
Sanger, M. J. , & Greenbow, T. J . (1997b). Students’ misconceptions in electrochemistry : current flow in electrolyte solutions and the salt bridge . Journal of Chemical Education , 74(7) , 819-823.
Sanger, M. J. , & Greenbow, T. J. (1997a) . Common student misconceptions in electrochemistry : galvanic, electrolytic, and concentration cells . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 34(4), 337-398 .
Sanger, Michael J.& Greenbowe, Thomas J.(2000). Addressing Student Misconceptions Concerning Electron Flow in Aqueous Solutions with Instruction Including Computer Animations and Conceptual Change Strategies. International Journal of Science Education, 22(5), 521-537.
Shymansky, J. A. (1992). Using constructivist ideas to teach science teachers about constructivist ideas,or teachers are students too！Journal of Science Teacher Education, 3(2), 53-57.
Summerlin, Lee & Gardner, Marjorie.(1973). A Study of Tutorial-Type Computer Assisted Instruction in High School Chemistry. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 10(1), 75-82.
Toulmin, S. E. (1972). Human Understanding, Volumme 1:The Collection Use and Evolution of Concepts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Wainwright, Camille L.(1989). The Effectiveness of a Computer-Assisted Instruction Package in High School Chemistry. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 26(4) , 275-290.
Whiting, John.(1985). The Use of a Computer Tutorial as a Replacement for Human Tuition in a Mastery Learning Strategy. Computers and Education, 9(2), 101-109.
Wood, D. J., J. Bruber & G.Ross.(1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Yalcinalp, Serpil & Others.(1995). Effectiveness of Using Computer-Assisted Supplementary Instruction for Teaching the Mole Concept. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32(10), 1083-1095.