研究生: |
Sagar Talekar 德卡 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
禪 與 道 對 20世紀抽象畫的影響--兼論研究者的體驗與表現 “Zen and Taoism Influence on 20th Century Abstract Painting -- and Researcher's Art Creation Experience” |
指導教授: | 蘇憲法 |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
美術學系 Department of Fine Arts |
論文出版年: | 2013 |
畢業學年度: | 101 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 146 |
中文關鍵詞: | 禪 、道 、佛教 、冥想 、抽象表現主義 |
英文關鍵詞: | Zen, Taoism, Buddhism, Meditation, Abstract Expressionism |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:235 下載:83 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
緒論聚焦於東西方觀點下的禪與道,對其哲學及其對東西方藝術的影響進行相關文獻探究。縱然許多東西方藝術家的創作觀均深受禪與道的思想影響,將二者相互聯結的相關文獻卻極為不足。關於本研究的重要文獻均在此被詳盡地檢視。
第二章研究背景建構在二十世紀受禪與道的哲學觀影響的藝術家,他們對於呈現物質的外在表象不感興趣,而關注於其內在精神性,此即無限的中心。因之,本章在西方部分研究西方藝術家的涉入與觀點,東方部分則僅限於台灣及印度的藝術作品之探究。
第三章重要性與預期結果主要焦注於禪與道的多樣色彩及抽象形式,例如:円相(Ensoえんそう日文音譯)、陰陽、圓、三角形、四方形 及螺旋或拙火(Kundalini梵文)。因此,本章透過不同藝術家作品的線條、書法、色彩、技法及風格來建構其所受到的禪與道之哲學性影響。
第四章是以我個人的藝術經驗、禪與道的內涵及二十世紀抽象藝術家的影響作為基礎。我的藝術學養師承自蘇憲法及蕭瓊瑞二位教授,而集體潛意識此傳承自全人類的原型及來自情感、內在行為的象徵型態引領我向更高境界,而更深層的抽象藝術創作則受到禪與道的哲學觀激發。
第五章主要為對此研究的分析探討。二十世紀美國的藝術家研究書法的筆畫,透過聚焦於禪與道常見的書法作品及直接行動,而走向通往抽象繪畫的路徑。美國藝術家不自限於本身的文化而積極行動,於此期間,書道即為啟發為數不少的抽象表現主義藝術家的靈感源頭。
日本藝術與禪宗居主要影響性地位,肇因於美國的政治及經濟在歷史因素上與日本緊緊相繫,而中國或印度則相對影響性低。特別是歐洲藝術家多受此哲學觀激發,他們的作品構成仰賴瞬間偶然與隨機性,或即興式的手法,以期達到自過去經驗、學院式的窠臼及想像力受意識控制的限制中全然解脫。
二十世紀的眾多抽象藝術其根源是精神性的, 而其ㄧ則包含了神智學運動,
可從本章比較東方性靈系統的許多技法,到比較禪與道的不同冥思技法得知。
結論歸結於禪的無色相與道的放空,因此本研究聚焦於哲學觀的比較與畫作研究觀點而非宗教性的觀點。
First chapter focused on the introduction of Zen and Taoism philosophy by Eastern and Western viewpoints. Second part of this chapter investigates the literature review by number of books, novels, research papers, articles of Zen and Taoism philosophy, art influence on east and west. However, several painters from East and West have deeply influenced by this philosophy but there is very less information available about painting and philosophy connection. Some of literature are very important for this research and had details examination in this chapter.
Second chapter Research background is constructed on Twentieth century artists, who can be safely said to be influenced by Zen and Taoism philosophy, were not interested in a photographic representation of an object but in interpreting its spirits. It has been Cosmo centric. Therefore this chapter examines western artists and their involvement and viewpoints and for Eastern mainly concern on Taiwanese and Indian artists works.
Third chapter of significance and expected outcomes mainly focused on varied colors and abstract forms of Zen and Tao such as Enso, Yin-Yang, circle, square, triangular, spiral or (Kundalini). Therefore this Chapter is constructed on philosophical influence of Zen and Taoism by basic of line, calligraphy, color, techniques and styles by various artists.
Fourth chapter is based on my own art experience and an influence of Zen and Taoism philosophy as well as the influence of abstract painters of 20th century. The guidance of my fine art professor Su Hsian-Fa and Hsiao Chong Ray, about collective unconscious, that all humans have common inherited archetypal and symbolic patterns of emotional and mental behavior which took me to the higher levels and in depth in abstract paintings creation inspired by Zen and Taoism Philosophy.
Fifth chapter is main analysis of this research. It’s analyzed by number of artist of Europe and America. 20th century’s American artists explored the calligraphic brushstroke, which was an approach to abstract painting that focused on popular writings on Taoism and Zen and its ethics of direct action. American artists were searching beyond the limitations of their culture for motivation. Shodo, in general, served as inspiration to numerous Abstract Expressionist painters of the period.
Japanese art and Zen Buddhism dominated in part because America’s political and economic ties with Japan were historically stronger than those with China or India.
Especially European artists inspired by this philosophy and their composition were depending upon chance, random accident or highly improvisational execution, typically hoping to attain freedom from the past, from academic formulas and the limitations placed on imagination by the conscious mind.
20th century most of abstract art was spiritual in its origin and one of them was theosophy movement, it can compare with many of spiritual techniques in Eastern systems of spirituality, to compare the different meditation techniques of Zen and Taoism in this chapter.
Conclusion is arrived on Zen Philosophy is constructed on Nothingness whereas Taoist philosophy is constructed on Empty mind therefore this research focused on the aspects of comparative philosophical and painting study and view but not religious view.
Alexandra Munroe, The Third Mind: American Artists Contemplate Asia, 1860-1989
Anne Bancroft, ‘Zen :direct pointing to reality’, London ;Thames and Hudson, 1980
Barringer, T, ‘Colonialism and the Object: Empire’, Material Culture and the
Museum, 1998
Battaglia, John R., ‘Zen, Taoism, and American nature writing Spiritualism and
philosophy in works by Aldo Leopold, Edward Abbey, Annie Dillard, and Wendell
Berry’, University of Kansas, 1998
Benoy K. Behl, “Trans Himalayan Murals”, India's National Magazine ,Volume 21 - Issue 22, Oct. 23 - Nov. 05, 2004)
Cao Yi Qiang, ‘The Enlightened Vision: Robert Motherwell’s Prints in Singapore’, in The Enlightened Vision: Robert Motherwell’s prints in Singapore, exh.cat. Singapore: Singapore Taylor’s Print Institute, 2005.
Carl G. Jung, ed. Man and his Symbols.
Carl G. Jung: Memories, Dreams, Reflections.
Charles Lachman, ‘The Image Made by Chance” in China and the West: Ink Wang Meets Jackson Pollock’s Mother’, in The Art Bulletin, Vol. 74, no. 3 (Sep., 1992), pp. 499-510.
Chen Wen Hsi, Convergences: Chen Wen Hsi Centennial Exhibition, volume II, exh. cat. Singapore: Singapore Art Museum, 2006
Constance Shears, “Asian Journeys: Recent Works by Wong Keen”, in Recent Works by Wong Keen: Lotus. Figures, exh cat. Singapore: Shenn’s Fine Art, 1997.
Christopher Marano, ‘Zen wisdom :knowing and doing’, Taipei, Taiwan :Dharma
Drum, 1999
Christos M. Jochimides and Rosenthal,M, ‘American Art in the 20TH Century’, London: Royal Academy of Arts and the Saatchi Gallery, 1990
Creel, Herrlee Glessner, ‘What is Taoism? :and other studies in Chinese cultural
history’, Chicago :University of Chicago Press, 1982
D.T. Suzuki, ‘The Zen doctrine of no mind’, London :Rider, 1991
D. T. Suzuki, ‘Manual of Zen Buddhism’, New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1960
D. T. Suzuki, ‘Zen Buddhism and its influence on Japanese culture’ Sothern Materials Center, Taipei, 1979
David Clarke, ‘The All-Over Image: Meaning in Abstract Art’, in Journal of American Studies, Vol. 27, no. 3, American Art and Music (Dec. 1993), pp 355-375. Cambridge University Press.
David Fontana, Meditating with Mandalas, (Duncan baird publisher, 2005)
David Shapiro and Cecile Shapiro, Abstract Expressionism: A Critical Record. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992
Dean, Kenneth, ‘Taoism and popular religion in southeast Chinahistory and revival’, Stanford University, 1988
Edward Cozen, ‘Buddhist Meditation’ Dover publication, New York, 1969
Elizabeth ten Grotenhuis, Japanese Mandala, (University of Hawai press, Honolulu, 1999)
Eric Fernie. A critical anthology: Art History and its Methods. London: Phaidon Press Ltd, 1995
Fu, Zhongwen, "Yang Style Taijiquan (Yang Shi Taijiquan)", People's Sports Publishing Company, 1982
Ghurayya, S, ‘S.H. Raza: Symphony in White’, Mumbai: Arun and Chandra Sechdev, 1999
Golding, John, Paths to the Absolute – Mondrian, Malevich, Kandinsky, Pollock, Newman, Rothko, Still, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000
Giuseppe Tucci, The Theory and Practice of the Mandalaa, trans, (Alan Houghton Brodrick, New York: Samuel Weisner. 1973)
Gregory Battcock , ‘Minimal art :a critical anthology’, Berkeley :University of
California Press, 1995
Harvey, Peter (1995), An introduction to Buddhism. Teachings, history and practices, Cambridge University Press
Heine, Steven (2008), Zen Skin, Zen Marrow
Hugo M Enomiya Lassalle, ‘en unter Christen :Ostl. Meditation u. christl.
Spiritualitat’, Graz :Verlag Styria, 1974
http://www.mandala21century.org/the_mandala.html
Imbert, M, ‘Raza : An Introduction to his Painting’. Delhi: Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd,
2003.
J. R. Santiago, Sacred Mandala of Buddhism, (Book faith India publication, Delhi, 1999)
Jacquelynn Baas, Smile of the Buddha: Eastern Philosophy and Western Art from Monet to Today,
Jacquelyn Baas and Mary Jane Jacob, Buddha Mind in Contemporary Art, University of California press,
James H. Austin, ‘Zen and the brain: toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness’, Cambridge, Mass. :MIT Press, 1998
Jason C. Kuo, ‘Art and Culture Politics in Postwar of Taiwan’ University of
Washington Press, 2000
Johan Fairbank, ‘East Asia’ Houghton Mettle Company, Boston, 1989
John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, (published by University of Nebraska Press. 1932)
Joseph D. Parker, ‘Zen Buddhist landscape arts of early Muromachi Japan’, Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1999
Joshi, J, ‘Samakalin Kala’, New Delhi: Lalit Kala Academy, 2001
Johan Stanley Baker, ‘Japanese Art ’ Thomas and Hudson INC. New York, 1984
Kay Larson, Where the heart beats; John Cage, Zen Buddhism and inner life of artists, Penguin press, 375- Hudson street, New York, 20012, P. 388
Khanna, Madhu, Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity
King, Mike, 'Concerning the Spiritual in 20th C Art and Science' Leonardo, Vol. 31, No.1, pp. 21-31, 1998
King, Mike, 'Concerning the Spiritual in Cyberspace', in Roetto, Michael (Ed.), Seventh International Symposium on Electronic Art, Rotterdam: ISEA96 Foundation, 1997.
Larissa A. Zhadova, Malevich, Supermatism and Revaluation in Russian Art 1910-1930
Leroux, ‘Hsiao Chin Oh! Che Vertigine’, Milano: Giorgio Upiglio, 1966
Lin & Keng Gallery, ‘Hsiao Chin: A Traveler of the Universe’, Taipei: Lin & Keng
gallery, 2006.
Lipsey, Roger, An Art of Our Own - The Spiritual in Twentieth-Century Art, Boston and Shaftesbury: Shambhala, 1988
Maspero, Henri, ‘Taoism and Chinese religion’, Amherst :Univ. of Massachusetts,
1981
Matthews, R.H., The Burbung of the Darkinung Tribes, (Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 1897)
McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6
McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd
Philip, R, ‘The Indian Cult of Ecstasy: Tantra’, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd,
1973.
Michael Abrash, ‘Zen of code optimization’, Scottsdale, Ariz. :Criolis Group Books, 1994
Muramoto, Shoji, ‘Awakening and insight :Zen Buddhism and psychotherapy’, New
York: Howe, East Sussex ;Brunner-Routledge, 2002
National Palace Museum, ‘Chinese and Western Styles in Nineteenth Century’ Taipei, 1993
Oberdan, S, ‘Hsiao Chin: Opere 1958-2001’, Lattuada Art, Fondazione Mudima,
2002
Perlmutter, Dawn, and Koppman, Debra (Eds.), Reclaiming the Spiritual in Art: Contemporary Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999
Prashad, K, ‘Kalawarta’, Bhopal: Madhya Pradesh Art Academy, 2003
Pratapaditya, ‘Himalayas’ Art Institute of Chicago, 2003
R. H. Blyth, ‘Zen in English literature and Oriental Classics’, Tokyo :Hokuseido, 1942
Robert Ehrlich, ‘Why toast lands jelly-side down :zen and the art of physics
demonstrations’, Princeton, N.J. :Princeton University Press, 1997
Robert M. Pirsig, ‘Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance’, Toronto :Bantam
Books, 1975
Rose, B, ‘American Art Since 1900’ New York: Feederick A, Praeger, 1967
Roy C. Craven, ‘Indian Art’ Thomas and Hudson INC, New York, 1976
Roy, C, ‘Indian Art’, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1986
Ringbom, Sixten, The Sounding Cosmos; a Study in the Spiritualism of Kandinsky and the Genesis of Abstract Painting, Abo (Finland): Acta Academiae Aboensis, 1970
Rupert Cox., ‘The Zen arts: an anthropological study of the culture of aesthetics form
in Japan’ London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003
Saso, Michael R, ‘Taoism and the rite of cosmic renewal’, Pullman, Wash. :
Washington State University Press, 1990
Sen, G, 'Bindu: Space and Time in Raza's Vision', New Delhi: Media transasia Limited, 2004
Sharf, Robert H. (1995), Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited
Shigeru Mizuno., ‘Company-wide total quality control’, Tokyo, Japan: Asian
Productivity Organization, 1988
Stephen Little, Shawn Eichman, ‘Taoism and the Arts of China’ University of
California Press, 2001
Steve Van Beak, ‘The Arts of Thailand’ IBIS book LTD, Singapore, 1991
Susan L. Huntington and John C. Huntington, Leaves from the Bodhi Tree, (Seattle and London: Dayton Art Institute and University of Washington Press. 1990)
Taipei Fine Art Museum, ‘Hsiao Chin: The Odyssey 1953-1994’, Taipei: Taipei Fine arts Museum. 1995
Tao Art Gallery, ‘Rang Raas’ Mumbai: the view 165, 2006
Tenzin Namdak, Yasuhiko Nago, Musashi Tachikawa, Mandalas of the Bon Religion, (Saujanya Publication, Delhi, 2002)
Toh Lam Huat, Mei De Zu Ji: Zhong Guo Suo Jian Gu Shu Hua Ji. Singapore: Ji Ya Xuan, 1996,
Tomio Hirai, ‘Zen meditation and psychotherapy’, Tokyo ;Japan Publications, 1989
Tuchman, Maurice (Ed.), The Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting 1890-1985, New York, London, Paris: Abbeville Press Publishers (Los Angeles County Museum of Art), 1986
Tucker, Michael, Dreaming with Open Eyes: the Shamanic in 20th C Art and Culture, London: Aquarian/HarperSanFrancisco, 1992
Tucker, Michael (Ed.), Alan Davie – The Quest for the Miraculous, Brighton: University of Brighton Gallery (Lund Humphries), 1993
Ulrike Becks-Malorny, Wassily Kandinsky 1866-1944: The journey to abstraction. Los Angeles: Taschen, 2007
Vajpeyi, A, ‘A Life in Art: Raza’, New Delhi: Art Alive Gallery, 2007
Vajpeyi, A, ‘Passion: Life and Art of Raza’, New Delhi: Rajkamal Books, 2005
Walther, F, Eschenburg, B, Gussow, I, Shrista, Lengerke, V, Essers, V, ‘Master of Western Art’ Germany: F. Walther, Alling production, 1996.
Watts, Alan, ‘Taoism way beyond seeking’, Boston :Charles E. Tuttle, 1998
Weiss, Peg, Kandinsky and Old Russia: The Artist as Ethnographer and Shaman, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995
Wen Kuan Chu, ‘Tao and Longevity: Mind-Body Transformation’, Samuel Weiser, York Beach, 1984
Yang, Chengfu, "Applications of Taijiquan (Taijiquan Shiyongfa)", Wenguang Printing Press, 1931
Yashodhara Dalmia, ‘Contemporary Art of India and Pakistan’ Oxford Press, N. Delhi, 2007
Yi-li Kao ‘The Reinvention of Tradition’ the paintings and calligraphy of Taiwan artists Liu Kuo-sung, Hsiao Chin, and Tong Yang’, Taipei: Features of summer, 2003