簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 葉韻翠
Yeh Yun Tsui
論文名稱: 國族論述下的新加坡華人聚落變遷
The Change of Singapore Chinese Settlements: A Discourse on Nationalism
指導教授: 陳國川
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 地理學系
Department of Geography
論文出版年: 2010
畢業學年度: 98
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 163
中文關鍵詞: 公共組屋國族主義新加坡華人聚落變遷
英文關鍵詞: Public Housing, Nationalism, Singapore Chinese, Settlement Transformation
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:136下載:20
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本文為了解「在區域脈絡下,新加坡政府與華人地方社群對於聚落土地書寫上,所展現出的差異與變遷」所進行的一項研究。係透過對於聚落地景、社會空間、公共空間的分析,來解析聚落變遷。
    為了對夾峙於周圍的馬來西亞、印尼兩大族裔國族主義國家造成的壓迫,及國內多元族群所潛藏的國家不穩定因素作出回應,新加坡政府以倡導公民國族主義作為柔性反制。在聚落變造過程中注入國族建構的想法,新加坡政府自1960年代以來強力介入了新、舊聚落的演替過程,以大規模的現代化政府組屋取代傳統聚落景觀。新、舊聚落的變遷不僅僅是為了解決長期的嚴重屋荒問題,由於國族論述趁勢加諸於變遷之中,使得華人聚落變遷存在著一些特性。
    本文的研究結果顯示:新加坡政府透過對於聚落地景、空間的清除與改造,塑造出其認為有助於國族建構的基層社會環境。藉由組屋中族群比例的調配,使得一致性的組屋地景可以成為國家身分的象徵符號。混合不同族群、社群所創造出來的社會空間,以及各項規劃新構的公共空間,都成了政府建構國族認同的一項手段。而在從事「建構」之前,對於傳統聚落的「破除」,是新加坡政府國族建構中相當重要的一個環節。華人傳統聚落地景的破除,象徵著清除了殖民時期舊有的族群、城鄉、社經差異;蘊藏在傳統聚落地景中的社會空間的打破,解構了原有的族群間,甚至是華人地方社群間的居住領域隔離現象,也消除了社會分類下的強烈地方社群意識;華人傳統聚落公共空間的消失,是聚落地景演替下的連帶結果,但重新座落在組屋區中的華人廟宇,卻又將原先遭到破除了華人地方社群空間,在廟宇所在的「異地」重新地建構起來。組屋政策雖對於傳統人際網絡、家庭成員的緊密聯繫產生了影響,但在高度國家認同的背後,新社區的人際關係卻是疏離的。

    This study mainly looked into the differences and changes of land-writing between the Singapore government and Chinese local communities. It analyzed the transformation of settlements by means of dealing with settlement landscapes, social spaces and public spaces.
    The Singapore government has been intervening in the transformation of settlement with strong national attempts. In order to react to the pressure of Malaysian and Indonesian ethnic nationalism and internal multiethnic society, the Singapore government has advocated civic nationalism as a gentle response. Rewriting the land is one of her powerful means. Since 1960s, the Singapore government has greatly involved in the process of the transformation of settlements. Extensive public housing has been replacing traditional residential landscapes. The transformation of settlement not only solved problems of house shortages, there are some special characteristics within it since the national idea was poured into.
    This study indicated that public housing was changes of land-writing and symbols-endowing made by the government, and caused the relationship change between the land and people. As for Singapore government, the new settlement which replaced the old one was the beginning of national identity construction. But to Chinese local communities, it made some deconstructions and changes to Chinese traditional culture.

    第一章 緒 論………………………………………………………… 1 第一節 問題緣起…………………………………………………… 1 第二節 理論觀點、基本論點與研究目的………………………… 6 第三節 研究方法、界定與架構…………………………………… 18 第四節 研究區概況:新加坡的多元社會與華人人口…………… 21 第二章 影響新加坡發展的區域脈絡-以馬來西亞、印尼族裔統治為中心 29 第一節 馬來西亞的族裔統治與華人處境………………………… 30 第二節 印尼的族裔統治與華人處境……………………………… 43 第三節 馬來西亞與印尼對新加坡的影響………………………… 53 第四節 小結:區域脈絡與新加坡發展特性……………………… 70 第三章 聚落地景的變遷………………………………………………… 71 第一節 殖民時期的聚落地景……………………………………… 71 第二節 聚落地景的重新編寫—組屋市鎮的打造………………… 79 第三節 聚落地景變遷的意涵……………………………………… 91 第四節 小結:聚落地景變遷的特性……………………………… 93 第四章 聚落組成與空間變遷…………………………………………… 95 第一節 殖民時期聚落的居住領域隔離…………………………… 95 第二節 組屋社區中的「混合」空間………………………………100 第三節 組屋政策下的傳統地方社群空間變遷……………………108 第四節 小結:聚落組成與空間變遷的特性…………………………116 第五章 聚落公共空間的變化與社會網絡………………………………117 第一節 傳統聚落中的公共空間……………………………………117 第二節 組屋社區中的公共空間……………………………………120 第三節 公共空間變遷下的飛地信仰網絡…………………………124 第四節 小結:聚落公共空間變遷的特性…………………………132 第六章 代結論:新加坡國族論述的反思………………………………133 第一節 傳統人際網絡的鬆動與解構………………………………133 第二節 組屋制度中家庭政策的推動………………………………136 第三節 國族認同促進下的新社區關係……………………………138 第四節 小結:聚落變遷與國族論述………………………………143 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………147

    一、專書
    巴素著、郭湘章譯(1966)《東南亞之華僑(上冊)》。臺北:國立編譯館。
    巴素著、劉前度譯(1950)《馬來亞華僑史》。馬來西亞檳榔嶼:光華日報有限公司。
    王國璋(1997)《馬來西亞的族群政黨政治(1955~1995)》。臺北:唐山出版社。
    丘正歐(1995)《蘇加諾時代印尼排華史實》,中央研究院近代史研究所史料叢刊26。臺北:中央研究院近代史研究所。
    安東尼・紀登斯(Anthony Giddens)著、李康、李猛譯(2002)《社會的構成》(The Constitution of Society)。臺北:左岸文化。
    宋明順(1980)《新加坡青年的意識結構》。新加坡:教育出版社。
    李光耀(1964)《李光耀總理對當前形勢的分析》。新加坡:人民行動黨中央政治局。
    ______(1965)《為馬來西亞人的馬來西亞而鬥爭》。新加坡:文化部。
    ______(1967a)《李光耀語錄》。新加坡:東南書報出版公司。
    ______(1967b)《新嘉坡之路李光耀政論集》。新加坡:國際出版公司。
    ______(1998)《李光耀回憶錄1923-1965》。臺北:世界書局。
    ______(2000)《李光耀回憶錄1965-2000》。臺北:世界書局。
    李威宜(1999)《新加坡華人游移變異的我群觀:語群、國家社群與族群》,清華人類學叢刊一。臺北:唐山出版社。
    李美賢(2005)《印尼史:異中求同的海上神鷹》。臺北:三民書局。
    李恩涵(2003)《東南亞華人史》。臺北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
    周南京等編(1996)《印度尼西亞華人同化問題資料匯編》。中國北京:北京大學亞太研究中心。新加坡:新加坡亞洲研究學會。
    林孝勝(1991)《潘家村史》,東南亞史料叢刊1。新加坡:新加坡亞洲研究學會。
    ______(1995)《新加坡華社與華商》,新加坡亞洲研究學會叢書10。新加坡:新加坡亞洲研究學會。
    林若雩(2001)《馬哈迪主政下的馬來西亞:國家與社會關係(1981-2001)》。臺北:韋伯文化事業出版社。
    林開忠(1999)《建構中的”華人文化”:族群屬性、國家與僑教運動》。馬來西亞吉隆坡:華社研究中心。
    建屋發展局(1973)《住戶手冊》。新加坡:建屋發展局。
    洪鎌德(1997)《新加坡學》。臺北:揚智文化事業股份有限公司。
    馬來西亞新聞部(1964)《印尼對馬來西亞的意圖》。馬來西亞吉隆坡:馬來西亞新聞部。
    崔貴強(2007)《新馬華人國家認同的轉向1945-1959》,修訂卷,南洋大學學術論叢二。新加坡:新加坡青年書局。
    曹樹基(1997)《中國移民史 第六卷 清民國時期》。中國福建:福建人民出版社。
    莊國土等(2003)《二戰以後東南亞華族社會地位的變化》,東南亞與華僑華人研究系列之八。中國廈門:廈門大學出版社。
    許雲樵(1969)《新加坡一百五十年大事記》。新加坡:青年書局。
    郭俊麟(1998)《新加坡的政治領袖與政治領導》。臺北:生智文化事業有限公司。
    陳衍德(2004)《對抗、適應與融合—東南亞的民族主義與族際關係》。中國湖南:岳麓書社。
    陳烈甫(1979)《東南亞洲的華僑、華人與華裔》。臺北:正中書局。
    ______(1985)《李光耀治下的新加坡》,二版。臺北:臺灣商務印書館。
    陳傳仁(2007)《海外華人的力量:移民的歷史與現狀》。中國北京:世界知識出版社。
    陳達(1938)《南洋華僑與閩粵社會》。臺北:臺灣商務印書局。
    陳鴻瑜(1992)《東南亞各國的政治與外交政策》。臺北:渤海堂。
    ______(2006)《東南亞各國政府與政治》。臺北:翰蘆圖書出版有限公司。
    麥留芳(1985)《方言群認同:早期星馬華人的分類法則》,中央研究院民族學研究所專刊乙種第十四號。臺北:中央研究院民族學研究所。
    曾玲(2003)《越洋再建家園:新加坡華人社會文化研究》,海洋中國與世界叢書。中國南昌:江西高校出版社。
    曾玲、莊英章(2000)《新加坡華人的祖先崇拜與宗鄉社群整合:以戰後三十年廣惠肇碧山亭為例》,清華人類學叢刊三。臺北:唐山出版社。
    費孝通(1991)《鄉土中國》。中國香港:三聯書店有限公司。
    黃昆章(2005)《印度尼西亞華文教育發展史》。馬來西亞吉隆坡:馬來西亞華校教師會總會。
    新加坡中華總商會、新加坡宗鄉會館聯合總會編(1991)《李光耀談新加坡的華人社會》。新加坡:新加坡中華總商會。
    新加坡文化部宣傳組(1961)《進步的一年:一九六0年六月至一九六一年六月》。新加坡:新加坡文化部宣傳組。
    新加坡年鑑(2004)《新加坡年鑑2004》。新加坡:新聞通訊及藝術部、新加坡國家檔案館、聯合早報。
    新加坡政府文化部(刊年不詳)《星馬分離:一九六五年八月九日新嘉坡與馬來西亞聯邦分離》。新加坡:新加坡政府文化部。
    新加坡政府印刷局(1967)《國民服役與你的關係》。新加坡:新加坡政府印刷局。
    新加坡聯合早報編(1993)《李光耀40年政論選》。新加坡:新加坡報業控股華文報集團。
    劉必權(1981)《東南亞列國誌》。臺北:川流出版社。
    劉宏(2003a)《新加坡華人社團與教育:變遷中的互動關係(1945-1954)》,東南亞研究論文系列第60號。臺北:中央研究院亞太區域研究專題中心。
    ______(2003b)《戰後新加坡華人社會的嬗變:本土情懷.區域網絡.全球視野》,東南亞與華僑華人研究系列之七。中國廈門:廈門大學出版社。
    廟宇文化(2007)《新加坡民俗導覽廟宇文化》,新明日報叢書。新加坡:焦點出版有限公司。
    鄭良樹(2005)《馬來西亞華文教育發展簡史》,南方學院學術叢書第九種。馬來西亞柔佛:南方學院出版社。
    鄭資約編著(1972)《東南亞地理誌略》。臺北:國立編譯館。
    顏清湟(2005a)《海外華人的社會變革與商業成長》,東南亞與華僑華人研究系列之十二。中國福建廈門:廈門大學出版社。
    魏煒(2007)《李光耀時代的新加坡外交研究(1965-1990)》。中國北京:中國社會科學出版社。
    嚴崇濤(2007)《新加坡發展的經驗與教訓:一位老常任秘書的回顧和反思》。新加坡:湯姆森學習出版集團。
    Brooker, Peter著、王志弘、李根芳譯(2003)《文化理論詞彙》(A Grossary of Cultural Theory)。臺北:巨流圖書公司。
    Claval, Paul著、鄭勝華等譯(2005)《地理學思想史》(A History of Geographical Thoughts),第二版。臺北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
    Crang, Mike著、王志弘等譯(2003)《文化地理學》(Culture geography)。臺北:巨流圖書股份有限公司。
    Mahathir bin Mahamad著、葉鐘鈴譯(1971)《馬來人的困境》(The Malay Dilemma)。新加坡:耶魯出版社。
    Soekarno著、鍾若遲譯(出版年不詳)《班察西拉的誕生:建國五原則之創立》。中國香港:印尼與東協月刊社。
    Anderson, Benedict(1991)Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, -rev. and extended ed., 2nd ed.. London & New York:Verso.
    Ang Mo Kio Constituency Residents’ Committees(1980)Report on the Role of Residents’ Committees in the HDB/JTC Housing Estates. Singapore:Ang Mo Kio Constituency Residents’ Committees.
    Chan, Heng-Chee(陳慶珠) & Hans-Dieter Evers(1972)National Identity and Nation Building in Southeast Asia. Singapore:Department of Sociology University of Singapore.
    Cheng, Lim-Keak(鐘臨傑)(1985)Social Change and the Chinese in Singapore: a Socio-Economic Geography with Special Reference to Bāng Structure. Singapore:Singapore University Press.
    Chin, Yolanda & Norman Vasu(2008)The Ties that Bind and Blind. Singapore:Nanyang Technological University.
    Clammer, John(1998)Race and State in Independent Singapore 1965-1990: the Cultural Politics of Pluralism in a Multiethnic Society. England & USA:Ashgate.
    Comber, Leon(1983)13 May 1969: a Historical Survey of Sino-Malay Relations. Malaysia, Kula Lumpur:Heinemann Asia.
    Daniel, Peter & Michael Hopkinson(1989)The Geography of Settlement, 2nd ed.. Edinburgh:Oliver & Boyd.
    Daniels, Stephen(1993)Fields of Vision. Cambridge:Polity Press.
    De Blij, H. J. et al(2007)Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture, 8th ed.. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
    Foo, Siang Luen ed.(1998)Singapore Facts and Pictures 1998. Singapore:Ministry of Information and the Arts.
    Freedman, Maurice(1957)Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore. London:Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
    ______(1994)The study of Chinese society. Taipei:Smc Publishing Inc..
    HDB(2005a)Public Housing in Singapore: Residents’ Profile & Physical Aspects, HDB Sample Household Survey 2003. Singapore:Housing & Development Board.
    ______(2005b)Public Housing in Singapore: Social Aspects & the Elderly, HDB Sample Household Survey 2003. Singapore:Housing & Development Board.
    ______(2008)HDB Annual Report 2007/2008. Singapore:Housing & Development Board.
    Jurong Town Council(2006)Home is Where Our Heart is: Jurong Town Council 5-Year Master Plan(2006-2010). Singapore:Jurong Town Council.
    Koh, Tommy & Chang Li Lin eds.(2005)The Little Red Dot: Reflections by Singapore’s Diplomats. Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Company.
    Kong, Lily & Brenda S. A. Yeoh(2003)The Politics of Landscapes in Singapore: Construcations of “Nation”. New York:Syracuse University Press.
    Kwa, Chong Guan ed.(2006)S Rajaratnam on Singapore: from Ideas to Reality. Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd & IDSS.
    Lai, Ah Eng(1995)Meanings of Multiethnicity: A Case-Study of Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations in Singapore. Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur:Oxford University Press.
    Lee, Poh Ping(1978)Chinese Society in Nineteenth Century Singapore. Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur:Oxford University Press.
    Leo, Suryadinata(廖建裕)(1986)Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority and China: a Study on Perceptions and Policies, 2nd ed.. Singapore:Heineman Asia.
    Leow, Bee Geok(2000a)Census of Population 2000: Advance Data Release. Singapore:Singapore Department of Statistics.
    ______(2000b)Census of Population 2000: Demographic Characteristics, Statistical Release 1. Singapore:Singapore Department of Statistics.
    Liu, Gretchen & Graham Byfield(1995)Singapore Sketchbook: the Restoration of a City. Singapore:Archipelago Press.
    Liu, Hong & Sin-Kiong Wong(劉宏、黃賢強)(2004)Singapore Chinese Society in Transition: Businese, Politics, & Socio-Economic Change, 1945-1965. New York:Peter Lang publishing inc..
    Mahathir Mohamad(1991)Malaysia: the Way Forward. Malaysia:the Centre for Economic Research & Services, Malaysian Business Council.
    Malaysia(1976)Third Malaysia Plan, 1976-1980. Malaysia, Kula Lumpur:Government Press.
    ______(2006)Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006-2010. Malaysia:the Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department.
    MCDS(2002)Attitudes on Race and Religion: Survey on Social Attitudes of Singaporeans (SAS) 2001. Singapore:Ministry of Community Development and Sports
    Ooi, Giok Ling et al(1993)The management of ethnic relations in public housing estates. Singapore:Institute of Policy Studies.
    Quah, Jon S. T. ed.(1999)In Search of Singapore’s National Values, reprinted with White Paper on “Shared Values” 1999. Singapore:Times Academic Press for the Institute of Policy Studies.
    Religious Harmony (1992)The Need for the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act. Singapore:Ministry of Information and the Arts.
    Saw, Swee-Hock(2007)The Population of Singapore, 2nd ed.. Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Spencer, Philip & Howard Wollman(2002)Nationalism: a Critical Introduction. London& Thousand Oaks& New Delhi:Sage.
    Tan, Han Hoe ed.(1988)Singapore 1988. Singapore:Information Division, Ministry of Communication and Information.
    Tong, Chee Kiong(2007)Rationalizing Religion: Religious Conversion, Revivalism and Competition in Singapore Society. Netherlands:Koninklijke Brill Nv, Leiden.
    Turnbull, C. M.(1977)A History of Singapore 1819-1975. Malaysia, Kuala Lumper:Oxford University Press.
    Wong, Aline K. & Stephen H. K. Yeh eds.(1985)Housing a Nation: 25 Years of Public Housing in Sinagpore. Singapore:Maruzen Asia for Housing & Development Board.
    Yeh, Stephen H. K. ed.(1975)Public Housing in Singapore: a Multi-disciplinary Study. Singapore:Singapore University Press for Housing and Development Board.
    Yeoh, Brenda. S.A.(2003)Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

    二、專書文章
    李文郁(1979)〈新加坡的政治發展(1929-1979):從區域都會崛起為環球城市國家〉,見黃溢華總編輯《從星洲日報看星洲50年1929-1979》。新加坡:星洲日報。頁A31-A41。
    林緯毅(2006)〈國家發展與鄉區廟宇的整合:以淡濱尼聯合宮為例〉,見林緯毅主編《華人社會與民間文化》。新加坡:新加坡亞洲研究學會。頁173-197。
    梁秉賦(2006)〈新加坡的雙語教育:1965-2005〉,見何啟良等主編《馬來西亞、新加坡社會變遷四十年(1965-2005)》。馬來西亞柔佛:南方學院出版社、新山中華公會教育委員會;新加坡:新加坡亞洲研究學會。頁89-121。
    莊國土(2005)〈論東南亞華族及其族群認同的演變〉,見張啟雄主編《時代變遷與海外華人的族國認同》,中華民國海外華人研究學會叢書系列9。臺北:中華民國海外華研究學會。頁13-50。
    陳壽仁(1979)〈新加坡五十年來的社會發展〉,見黃溢華總編輯《從星洲日報看星洲50年1929-1979》。新加坡:星洲日報。頁A51-A55。
    陳劍(2006)〈意識形態與新馬四十年社會變遷〉,見何啟良等主編《馬來西亞、新加坡社會變遷四十年(1965-2005)》。馬來西亞柔佛:南方學院出版社、新山中華公會教育委員會;新加坡:新加坡亞洲研究學會。頁251-278。
    廖建裕著、楊啟光譯(1996)〈印度尼西亞的華人社會〉,見潘明智編著《華人社會與宗鄉會館》。新加坡:玲子大眾傳播中心。頁149-158。
    潘永強(2005)〈抗議與順從:馬哈迪時代的馬來西亞華人政治〉,見何國忠編《百年回眸:馬華社會與政治》。馬來西亞吉隆坡:華社研究中心。頁203-232。
    Wallerstein, Immanuel著、黃燕堃譯(1998)〈族群身分的建構-種族主義、國族主義、族裔身分〉,見香港嶺南學院翻譯系文化/社會研究譯叢編委會編《解殖與民族主義》(Decolonization & Nationalism)。中國香港:牛津大學出版社。頁129-146。
    Agnew, John(1993)“Representing Space: Space, Scale and Culture in Social Science,” in James Duncan & David Ley eds., Place/ Culture/ Representation. London and New York:Routledge. pp. 251-271.
    ______(2005)“Space: Place,” in Paul Cloke& Ron Johnston eds., Spaces of Geographical Thought: Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. London:Sage. pp. 81-96.
    Anderson, K. J.(1996)“Culture Hegemony and the Race-definition Process in Chinatown, Vancouver: 1880-1980,” in Chris Hamnett ed., Social Geography: a Reader. London:Arnold. pp. 209-233.
    Ang, John & M.S.W.(1975)“High-rise and High-density Living: Some Social Implications,” in Tan It Koon ed., Towards a Better Singapore. Proceeding of the First Convention of the Singapore Professional Centre October 9-13, 1975. pp. 28-31.
    Chiew, Seen Kong(1983)“Ethnicity and National Integration: the Evolution of a Multi-ethnic Society,” in Peter S. J. Chen ed., Singapore Development Policies and Trends. Singapore & New York:Oxford University Press. pp. 29-64.
    Cloke, Paul & Ron Johnston(2005)“Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries,” in Paul Cloke & Ron Johnston eds., Spaces of Geographical Thought: Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. London:Sage. pp. 1-20.
    Driver, Felix(1999)“Imaginative Geographies,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 209-216.
    Freedman, Maurice & Marjorie Topley(1994)“Religion and Social Realignment among the Chinese in Singapore,” in G. William Skinner selected and introduced, The Study of Chinese Society: Essays by Maurice Freedman. Taipei:SMC Publishing Inc.. pp. 161-185.
    Gruffudd, Pyrs(1999)“Nationalism,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 199-206.
    Hee, LiMin & Giok Ling Ooi(2002)“Public Space in Public Housing: Everydays Spaces for Everyday Life,” in Low Boon Liang & Hee LiMin eds., Proceeding of Great Asian Streets Symposium “Public Space 2002”. Singapore:National University of Singapore. pp. 29-34.
    Hooker, Virginia Matheson(2004)“Reconfiguring Malay and Islam in Contemporary Malaysia,” in Timothy P. Barnard ed., Contesting Malayness: Malay Identity Across Boundaries. Singapore:Singapore University Press. pp. 149-167.
    Hooson, David(1994)“Introduction,” in David Hooson ed., Geography and National Identity. Oxford:Blackwell. pp. 1-11.
    Kliot, Nurit(1991)“An Introduction,” in Nurit Kliot & Stanley Waterman eds., The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace. London: Belhaven Press. pp. 1-17.
    Leo, Suryadinata(1999)“National Ideology and Nation-Building in Multi-Ethnic States: Lessons from Other Countries,” in Jon S. T. Quah ed., In Search of Singapore’s National Values, reprinted with White Paper on “Shared Values” 1999. Singapore:Times Academic Press for the Institute of Policy Studies. pp. 24-44.
    Liu, Thai Ker(1975a)“Design for Better Living Conditions,” in Stephen H.K.Yeh ed., Public Housing in Singapore: a Multi-disciplinary Study. Singapore:Singapore University Press. pp. 117-184.
    Mitchell, W. J. T.(1994)“Introduction,” in W. J. T. Mitchell ed., Landscape and Power. Chicago and London:the University of Chicago Press. pp.1-4.
    Nash, Catherine(1999)“Landscapes,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 217-225.
    Painter, Joe(2005)“State: Society,” in Paul Cloke & Ron Johnston eds., Spaces of Geographical Thought: Deconstructing Human Geography’s Binaries. London:Sage. pp. 42-60.
    Quah, Jon S. T.(1999)“Government Policies and Nation-Building,” in Jon S. T. Quah ed., In Search of Singapore’s National Values, reprinted with White Paper on “Shared Values” 1999. Singapore:Times Academic Press for the Institute of Policy Studies. pp. 45-65.
    Ragaz, Cheri(1994)“Tradition, Cluture and Imposed Change in Indonesia,” in David Hooson ed., Geography and National Identity. Oxford:Blackwell. pp. 331-345.
    Sharp, Joanne P.(1999)“Critical Geopolitics,” in Paul Cloke etal eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 181-188.
    Smith, Susan J.(1999)“Society-Space,” in Paul Cloke et al eds., Introducing Human Geographies. London:Arnold. pp. 12-23.
    Tai, Ching Ling & Peter S. J. Chen(1982)“Social and Political Implications of Public Housing in Singapore,” in Housing as a Basic Need, Issued under the auspices of the Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development. Hong Kong:Maruzen Asia Pte. Ltd. pp. 167-185.
    Tan, Tony Keng Joo & Tai-Chee Wong(2008)“Public housing in Singapore: A Sustainable Housing Form and Development,” in Tai-Chee Wong et al eds., Spatial Planning for a Sustainable Singapore. Singapore:Springer. pp. 135-150.
    Wang, Gungwu(1989)“The Chinese as Immigrants and Settlers,” in Kernial Singh Sandhu & Paul Wheatley eds., Management of Success: the Moulding of Modern Singapore. Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 552-562
    Willmott, W.E.(1989)“The Emergence of Nationalism,” in Kernial Singh Sandhu & Paul Wheatley eds., Management of Success: the Moulding of Modern Singapore. Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 578-598.
    Yang, Tsung-rong Edwin(2002)“Hometown is Fatherland: Nanyang Chinese Searching for New Identity in Malaya and Indonesia, 1945-1949,”見張存武、湯熙勇主編《海外華族研究論集 第三卷:文化、教育與認同》。臺北:華僑協會總會。頁369-406。
    Yeoh, Michael Oon Kheng(1988)“The Chinese Political Dilemma,” in Ling Liong Sik et al eds., The Future of Malaysian Chinese. Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur:Malaysian Chinese Association. pp. 21-36.
    Zeng, Ling(2006)“The Transformation and Readjustment of Contemporary Chinese Clan Associations amidst the Social Changes in Singapore,” in Lee Guan Kin ed., Demarcating Ethnicity in New Nations: Cases of the Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Singapore:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung & Singapore Society of Asian Studies. pp. 85-121.

    三、期刊論文
    人民行動黨(1965)〈第一個十年:人民行動黨目標與政策聲明〉。《南洋文摘》,6(4):7-11。
    方遠(1980)〈新加坡解決住房問題的措施和成效〉。《東南亞研究資料》,1:63-66、68。
    王寧楠(2001)〈新加坡的公共住宅政策及其借鑑〉。《南洋問題研究》,106:43-48。
    民眾聯絡所(1966)〈新加坡民眾聯絡所各種活動的計劃和組織〉。《南洋文摘》,7(4):231-234。
    石川賢(2002)〈新加坡、馬來西亞的語言、教育政策和華人社會的階層結構〉。《南洋資料譯叢》,146:97-108。
    李光耀(1960)〈行動黨政府政策,實現更公平社會〉。《南洋文摘》,1(6):3。
    東姑阿都拉曼(1962)〈馬來西亞聯邦計劃〉。《南洋文摘》,3(1):1-6。
    ______(1963)〈馬來西亞宣言〉。《南洋文摘》,4(12):1。
    星洲日報(1960)〈聯合邦緊急狀態十二年大事記〉。《南洋文摘》,10:10-11。
    胡孝繩(1965)〈論馬來西亞的「共同」市場與「州際」貿易〉。《南洋文摘》,6(7):13-14。
    孫采薇(2004)〈政策、制度、與族群關係:印尼與馬來西亞對境內華人族群政策的比較研究〉。《亞太研究論壇》,24:56-91。
    馬來西亞協定(1963)〈馬來西亞協定全文〉。《南洋文摘》,4(10):1-2。
    崔貴強(1973a)〈十九世紀新加坡的華族巨商〉。《南洋文摘》,14(3):頁145-151。
    ______(1973b)〈戰前新加坡華族史的特徵〉。《南洋文摘》,14(9):577-582。
    ______(1977)〈新馬華人政治認同的轉變1945-1957〉。《南洋學報》,32(1、2):53-63。
    曹雲華(1989)〈新加坡人的國家意識及其培養〉。《南洋問題研究》,60:60-67。
    梁炳琨、張長義(2004)〈地理學的文化經濟與地方再現〉。《地理學報》,35:81-99。
    陳杰(1988)〈新加坡外交—其生存之道〉。《東南亞研究》,1:63-72。
    陳衛忠(1973)〈新加坡的移殖情形〉。《南洋文摘》,14(9):581-584。
    曾鐵忱(1966)〈馬來西亞概念之史的發展〉。《南洋文摘》,7(11):725-730。
    黃松贊(1987)〈戰後新加坡華人社會變化略述〉。《東南亞研究》,1(2):123-127。
    黃朝翰(2002)〈提倡儒家價值觀,促進社會經濟發展:新加坡經驗〉。《東亞論文》,40:1-11。
    葉華國(1968)〈新加坡戶口的大小與結構〉。《南洋文摘》,9(7):433-442。
    鄒豹君(1968)〈新加坡文化景的演進及其特徵〉。《新社季刊》,1(2):1-5。
    潘明智(1972)〈星加坡地理景觀的變貌〉。《南洋文摘》,13(7):433-437。
    潘醒農(1970)〈一五0年來新加坡的人口〉。《南洋文摘》,11(2):77-80。
    鄭章遠(1980)〈新加坡的公共建屋事業〉。《東南亞研究資料》,3:110-120。
    黎經富(1972)〈星加坡的建屋發展與供求問題〉。《南洋文摘》,13(6):361-365。
    獨立協定(1965)〈新加坡脫離大馬成為獨立國〉。《南洋文摘》,6(11):1-7。
    謝華(1980)〈新加坡的建屋發展局〉。《東南亞研究資料》,1:67-68。
    顏清湟(2005b)〈一百年來馬來西亞華社所走過的道路〉。《南洋問題研究》,3:48-58。
    蘇卡諾(1960)〈論印尼民族特性〉。《南洋文摘》,10:1-3。
    顧德(1960)〈新加坡自治邦元首施政方針演詞〉。《南洋文摘》,1(1):2-4。
    Aimee, Carrillo Rowe(2004)“Whose ‘America’? The Politics of Rhetoric and Space in the Formation of U.S. Nationalism.” Radical History Review, 89:115-134.
    Akashi, Yoji(1970)“Japanese Policy Towards the Malayan Chinese 1941-1945.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1(2):61-89.
    Boyce, Peter(1965)“Policy without Authority: Singapore’s External Affairs Power.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 6(2):87-103.
    Chan, Heng Chee(陳慶珠)(1969)“Singapore’s Foreign Policy, 1965-1968.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10(2):177-191.
    Chang, T. C.(2000)“Singapore’s Little India: A Tourist Attraction as A Contested Landscape.” Urban Studies, 37(2):343-366.
    Chua, Beng Huat(1985)“Pragmatism of the People’s Action Party Government in Singapore: a Critical Assessment.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 13(2):29-46.
    Clammer, John(1988)“Minorities and Minority Policy in Singapore.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 16(2):96-110.
    Demeritt, David(1994)“The Nature of Metaphors in Cultural Geography and Environmental History.” Progress in Human Geography, 18(2):163-185.
    Duncan, James(1995)“Landscape Geography, 1993-94.” Progress in Human Geography, 19(3):414-422.
    Freedman, Maurice(1962)“Chinese Kinship and Marriage in Singapore.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 3(2):65-73.
    Grant, Will J.(2005)“The Space of the Nation: An Examination of the Spatial Productions of Hindu Nationalism.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 11:321-347.
    Gruffudd, Pyrs(1995)“Remaking Wales: Nation-Building and the Geographical Imagination, 1925-50.” Political Geography, 14(3):219-239.
    Jackson, Peter(2000)“Rematerializing Social and Cultural Geography.” Social & Cultural Geography, 1(1):9-14.
    Jones, Roy & Brian J. Shaw(2006)“Palimpsests of Progress: Erasing the Past and Rewriting the Future in Developing Societies-Case Studies of Singapore and Jakarta.” International Jpurnal of Heritages Studies, 12(2):122-138.
    Koefoed, Lasse & Kirsten Simonsen(2007)“The Price of Goodness: Everyday Nationalist Narratives in Denmark.” Antipode, 39(2):311-330.
    Koh, Aaron(2003)“Global flows of foreign talent: identity anxieties in Singapore’s ethnoscape.” SOJOURN, 18(2):230-256.
    Lau, Teik Soon(1969)“Malaysia-Singapore Relation: Crisis of Adjustment, 1965-68.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10(1):155-176.
    Lee, Therese(2002)“Malaysia and the Internal Security Act: the Insecurity of Human Rights after September 11.” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 56-72.
    Leifer, Michael(1965)“Singapore in Malaysia: the Politics of Federation.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 6(2):54-70.
    Leo, Suryadinata(廖建裕)(1985)“Government Policies towards the Ethnic Chinese: a Comparison between Indonesia and Malaysia.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 13(2):15-28.
    ______(1988)“Government Policy and National Integration in Indonesia.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 16(2):111-131.
    Lim, How Seng(林孝勝)(2002)“Singapore Chinese Society in the 19th Century: Power Structure and Bang Politics.” Asian Culture, 26:26-52.
    Matless, David(1995)“Culture Run Riot? Work in Social and Culture Geography, 1994.” Progress in Human Geography, 19(3):395-403.
    Neville, Warwick(1966)“Singapore: Ethnic Diversity and its Implications.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 56(2):236-253.
    Nogué, Joan & Joan Vicente(2004)“Landscape and National Identity in Catalonia.” Political Geography, 23:113-132.
    Öktem, Kerem(2004)“Incorporating the Time and Space of the Ethnic ‘Other’: Nationalism and Space in Southeast Turkey in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Nations and Nationalism, 10(4):559-578.
    Png, Poh-Seng(1969)“The Straits Chinese in Singapore: a Case of Local Identity and Socio-Cultural Accommodation.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10(1):95-114.
    Pretes, Michael(2003)“Tourism and Nationalism.” Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1):125-142.
    Sin, Chih Hoong(2002)“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix: Singapore’s Ethnic Quota Policy Examined.” Urban Studues, 39(8):1347-1374.
    ______(2003)“The Politics of Ethnic Integration in Singapore: Malay ‘Regrouping’ as an Ideological Construct.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(3):527-544.
    Teo, Siew Eng & David R. Phillips(1989)“Attitudes towards Service Provision in Public Housing Estates and New Towns in Singapore.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 10(1):74-95.
    Van Ham, Maarten & David Manley(2009)“Social Housing Allocation, Choice and Neighbourhood Ethnic Mix in England.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, published online: 02 September 2009.
    Wang, Gungwu(1970)“Chinese Politics in Malaya.” The China Quarterly, 43:1-30.
    ______(2000)“Political Heritage and Nation Building.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 73(2):5-30.
    Yiftachel, Oren(2004)“Contradictions and Dialectics: Reshaping Political Space in Israel/ Palestine. An Indirect Response to Lina Jamoul.” Antipode, 36(4):607-613.

    四、研討會論文、研究報告
    崔貴強(1994)〈新加坡雙語教育政策的推行、成效及影響〉。發表於國立屏東師範學院主辦「東南亞華人教育國際研討會」。
    張景良(1987)〈開幕詞〉,見陳祖排編《國家文化的理念》,國家文化研討會論文集。馬來西亞雪蘭莪:中華大會堂。頁7-10。
    陳秀容(2001)〈東南亞華人融入所在國主流社會的地域差異:印尼與泰國之比較〉,見世界海外華人研究學會、中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所主辦《第四屆世界海外華人國際學術研討會論文集Ⅱ》。臺北:世界海外華人研究學會、中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所。頁276-288。
    Chan, Heng Chee(陳慶珠)(1971)“Nation-Building in Southeast Asia: the Singapore Case,” Occasional paper no. 3. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Chiew, Seen Kong & Tan Ern Ser(1990)“The Singaporean: Ethnicity, National Identity and Citizenship; Singapore Identity and Citizenship,” IPS survey: press release. Singapore:Institute of Policy Studies.
    Clammer, John(1980)“Asian Values and the Paradoxes of Transition in Singapore,” presented at DSE-RIHED Conference on “Cultural Heritage versus Technological Development: Challenges to Education”. Singapore, 23-27 September 1980.
    Drakakis-Smith, D.W. & Yue-man Yeung(1977)Pubilc housing in the City-states of Hong Kong and Singapore, Occational Paper No. 8. Canberra:the Development Studies Centre, the Australian National University.
    Edmund Tie & Company(1997)Private Residential Demand in Singapore, Occasional Paper Series No. 1. Singapore:Edmund N S Tie & Company Pte Ltd.
    Lee, Raymond L. M.(1986)“Symbols of Separatism: Ethnicity and Status Politics in Contemporary Malaysia,” in Raymond Lee ed., Ethnicity and Ethnic Relation in Malaysia, Occasional Paper No. 12. USA, Dekalb, Illinois:Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 28-46.
    Lim, William S.W. & Philip Motha(1979)Land Policy in Singapore, to be publishes in the special issue of Habitat International 1979 on Urban Land. Singapore:DP Architects Pte..
    Liu, Thai Ker(1975b)“Designing for Highrise Living,” in Tan It Koon ed., Towards a Better Singapore. Proceeding of the First Convention of the Singapore Professional Centre October 9-13, 1975. pp. 8-16.
    Pre-University Seminar(1989)Pre-U Seminar “Shared Valure for All Singaporeans” 18-23 June. Singapore:Ministry of Education, Victoria Junior College.
    Singapore Planning & Urban Research Group(1970)Report of the Seminar on the Planning and Development of New Urban Centres with Jurong as A Case Study. Singapore:Singapore Planning & Urban Research Group.
    Tai, Ching Ling & Peter S.J. Chen(1977)Life and Living Environment in Kampongs and HDB Housing Estates in Singapore, No. 63. Singapore.
    Tan, Augustine H.H. & Phang Sock-Yong(1991)The Singapore Experience in Public Housing, Occasional Paper No. 9. Singapore:Centre for Advanced Studies National University of Singapore, Times Academic Press.
    Wu, Teh-Yao(吳德耀)(1975)The Cultural Heritage of Singapore: the Essence of the Chinese Tradition, Occasional Paper Series No. 25. Singapore:Department of Political Science University of Singapore.

    五、其他
    《星洲日報》
    Straits Times
    Business Times
    黎敏斐編繪(1959)《馬來亞地圖集》。中國香港:香港海光出版社。
    Mighty Minds(2006)Singapore Street Directory, New 2006 Edition. Singapore:Mighty Minds Publishing Pte Ltd.
    Land Acquisition(1984)Reprint of the Land Acquisition Act, Chapter 272 of the Revised Edition. Singapore:Attorney-General’s Chambers.
    Religious Harmony(1989)Maintenance of Religious Harmony, Cmd. 21 of 1989. Presented to Parliament by Command of The President of the Republic of Singapore.
    Shared Values(1991)Shared Values, Cmd. 1 of 1991. Presented to Parliament by Command of The President of the Republic of Singapore.
    URA(2008)The Planning Act Master Plan Written Statement 2008. Singapore:Singapore Government.
    〈印尼2006年華人人口統計推估〉,下載自中華民國僑務委員會,www.ocac.gov.tw/download.asp?tag=P&file=DownFile/File_9894.pdf&no=9894。檢索日期:2009.06.01。
    〈馬來西亞2006年華人人口統計分析〉,下載自中華民國僑務委員會,www.ocac.gov.tw/download.asp?tag=P&file=DownFile/File_810.pdf&no=810。檢索日期:2009.05.19。
    法律教育網‧新加坡共和國憲法, http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/2006/1/ma44013442261421600213376.html。檢索日期:2009.04.20。
    星洲互動,http://www.sinchew-i.com/sciWWW/taxonomy/term/186。檢索日期:2009.05.29。
    劉麗(2008)〈世界主要國家國有土地管理概述〉。《國土資源情報》,1。資源網,http://big5.lrn.cn/bookscollection/magazines/maginfo/2008maginfo/qingbao200801/200803/t20080310_206223.htm。檢索日期:2009.05.09。
    〈Malaysian Constitution〉,下載自Scribd,http://www.scribd.com/doc/491814/Malaysian-Constitution?autodown=txt。檢索日期:2009.05.20。
    〈Singapore’s foreign policy: beginnings and future〉,下載自Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore,http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press.asp?post_id=3800。檢索日期:2009.05.15。
    Housing & Development Board,http://www.hdb.gov.sg/。檢索日期:2009.02.06。
    MINDEF Singapore,http://www.nexus.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2002/feb/07feb02_nr.html。檢索日期:2009.05.15。
    Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts,http://app.mica.gov.sg/Default.aspx?tabid=210 (最近更新2008/10/22)。檢索日期:2009.11.13。
    Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts,http://app.mica.gov.sg/Default.aspx?tabid=107 (最近更新2009/01/13)。檢索日期:2009.11.13。
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore,http://www.mfa.gov.sg/。檢索日期:2009.05.15。
    My Government, the Malaysia Government’s Official Portal,http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/GovRukunegara/Pages/GovRukunegara.aspx。檢索日期:2009.05.23。
    My Government, the Malaysia Government’s Official Portal,http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/IndustryInMalaysia/Business/BusinessManufacturing/BMLegislationAndPolicy/Pages/BMLegislationAndPolicy.aspx。檢索日期:2009.5.22。
    People’s Association,http://www.pa.gov.sg/1226885842710/1225681560690.html (最近更新2008/12/09)。檢索日期:2009.04.01。
    Prime Minister’s Office of Malaysia,http://www.pmo.gov.my/。檢索日期:2009.05.19。
    Sing Singapore 2005,http://www.singsingapore.org.sg/songs-lyric.asp?sid=18。檢索日期:2009.01.11。
    Urban Redevelopment Authority,http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/conservation.htm(最近更新2010/01/05)。檢索日期:2010.01.05。

    下載圖示
    QR CODE