薪資歧視是運動經濟學領域的重要議題，許多實證研究證實職業運動中，球員可能因種族或國籍等原因，在相同的表現績效情況下，受到薪資不公的待遇，在具有薪資歧視的環境下，球員是否能全力表現為球隊帶來貢獻？球隊能否留住優秀人才？而薪資歧視的成因為何？皆是值得探討的議題。本研究旨在探討韓國職棒球員國籍薪資歧視現象及消費者歧視情況，以韓國職棒一軍球員為研究對象，蒐集2001至2010年球季8支球隊的棋盤式資料，共蒐集775名投手及野手的數據 (投手397人、野手378人) ，數據包括：球員薪資、球員績效表現、個人及球隊特性、國籍、年度主場觀眾進場總人數、球隊勝率、主場城市人口數等數據，並使用一般最小平方法迴歸 (Ordinary Least Squares, OLS) 分析所得數據。主要研究結果：一、韓國職棒皆存在外籍投手、野手的國籍薪資反向歧視；二、在薪資高於平均數的樣本中，外籍野手、投手的薪資與韓籍野手、投手薪資皆無顯著差異；三、韓國職棒存在消費者歧視，且球迷偏好觀賞外籍投手出賽的賽事。韓國職棒中自由球員制度、薪資仲裁制度、聯盟制定之薪資上下限制度、球團對球員實力評估誤差、消費者歧視等因素，可能是造成國籍薪資歧視現象存在的主要原因，若外籍球員薪資上限規定解除後，國籍薪資歧視可能更加明顯。因此，韓國球團宜仔細評估球員實力與狀況，避免造成資源投資浪費的情況，並檢視自身之薪資結構，設計更合宜的給薪標準；韓國職棒聯盟則應檢視自由球員、薪資仲裁、薪資限度等制度，才能從制度面提升對球員權利的保障。

Wage discrimination is an important issue in Economics of Sport. Many empirical researches had proved that professional sport players who had the same performance might face wage differentials because of their race or nationality. With wage discrimination, would sport players try their best to make contributions to their teams? Would teams have the ability to retain good players? What is the cause of wage discrimination? The issues above are worth a discussion. This study focused on the nationality wage discrimination and consumer discrimination of Korean professional baseball players and took Korean Major League Baseball players as research objects. It collected data such as wage, players’ performance, teams and players’ personal attributes, nationality, annual audience attendance at home match, teams’ winning rate and the population in host cities among eight baseball team players from 2001 to 2010, including 775 pitchers and fielders (397 pitchers & 378 fielders) , and Ordinary Least Squares was used to analyze data. Main research findings were as follows: First, in Korean professional baseball, both foreign fielders and foreign pitchers showed opposite nationality wage discrimination. Second, in the wage samples over the average, both foreign fielders’ wage and foreign pitchers’ wage had no significant difference between Korean fielders’ and pitchers’ wage. Third, consumer discrimination existed in Korean professional baseball. Baseball fans preferred to watch foreign pitchers instead of watching Korean pitchers. The free agent system, salary arbitration system, wage limitation system formulated by the league, evaluation errors of players’ performance by baseball teams and consumer discrimination might be the main reasons of nationality wage discrimination. If the upper limit of foreign players’ wage was removed, nationality wage discrimination might become more obvious. Therefore, Korean baseball teams should evaluate players’ performance carefully in order to avoid wasting resource, and they also need to view the salary structure and set the salary criterion more appropriately. As for Korean Baseball Organization, they ought to protect players’ right through the free agent system, salary arbitration system and wage limitation system.

方進義、鄭志富、林欣慧 (2013) 。中華職棒野手球員的國籍、年資、球隊效果與換隊頻率對其績效之影響：1990年到2010年。體育學報，46(3)，291-302。
王博霈 (2007) 。美國職業棒球運動勞資關係之研究─兼論對我國之啟示 (未出版碩士論文)。中國文化大學，臺北市。
王美艷 (2005) 。中國城視勞動力市場的性別工資差異。經濟研究，12，35-44。
辛炳隆 (2001)。勞動市場多元化之勞工政策。臺北市：國家政策研究基金會。
李俞麟、施致平、黃蕙娟 (2011)。美國職業棒球大聯盟績效評估之研究。臺灣運動管理學報，11，317-335。
林楊斌 (2005) 。論職業棒球托拉斯行為之適法性─兼論我國職業棒球員之權利保障 (未出版碩士論文)。中國文化大學，臺北市。
林文斌 (2004) 。運用資料包絡分析法評估2003年中華職棒大聯盟投手球員績效表現。大專體育學刊，6(3)，119-131。
延泰和 (2013) 。韓國職業棒球球隊經營策略之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
徐美、陳明郎、方俊德 (2006)。台灣產業結構變遷和性別歧視對男女薪資溢酬變動趨勢之影響。經濟論文，34(4)，505-539。
莊忠柱、陳天賜、姚為守（2004）。職業棒球主場觀眾人數的影響因素之探討―以中華職棒聯盟為例。體育學報，37，163-175 。
莊奕琦、楊孟嘉 (2014) 。中國農民工與城鎮勞工之薪資差異與歧視。人文及社會科學集刊，26(4)，525-553。
陳逸政 (2012) 。美國職業棒球大聯盟球隊薪資結構與績效之探討。運動教練科學，28，37-48。
陳建良、管中閔 (2006) 。台灣工資函數與工資性別歧視的分量迴歸分析。經濟論文，34(4)，435-468。
張丹丹 (2004) 。市場化與性別工資差異研究。中國人口科學，1，32-79。
109
雷文谷、吳靜宜 (2010) 。美國職棒大聯盟球隊薪資與球隊戰績之相關研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，9(2)，14-25。
廖清海、楊世達 (2010) 。運動表現與薪資之關聯性─以中華職棒十九年為例。運動與遊憩研究，4(3)，57-67。
運動邦 (2013) 。韓國職棒將取消名存實亡的洋將薪資上限。取自http://channel.pixnet.net/sport/carticle/baseball/ottocat/29627832
葉肅科 (2004) 。外籍配偶家庭：社會資本與社會凝聚力初探。社區發展季刊，105，133-149。
葉育大 (2009) 。論我國職業棒球球員工作權之保障 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立臺北大學，新北市。
趙維孝 (2014) 。職業球員合約年的行為表現─以WAR解析美國職棒大聯盟為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立中央大學，桃園市。
解旻輯 (2008) 。職業棒球選手契約及相關制度之研究─以中華職棒選手契約書及聯盟規章為中心 (未出版碩士論文) 。中原大學，桃園縣。
蔡孟娟、雷文谷、謝春宣 (2012) 。戰力或負擔？中華職棒外籍與本國籍野手績效之比較。運動休閒管理學報，9(2)，202-216。
賴昱志 (2007) 。論職業運動者權利保護之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立中正大學，嘉義縣。
韓國職業球委員會官方網站(2014)。球隊資訊。取自http://eng.koreabaseball.com/Teams/TeamInformation.aspx
韓國棒球委員會 (2012) 。韓國職棒歷史發展。取自http://www.koreabaseball.com/
劉振家、陳育成、黃德舜 (2009) 。職業運動選手薪資及其影響因素分析─美國、日本、韓國、臺灣職業棒球聯盟之比較。休閒事業研究，7(2)，87-105。
鄭津津 (2002) 。美國就業歧視法制之研究─兼論我國相關法制應有之發展。台大法律論叢，23(4)，135-205。
Ahemd, S., & McGillivray, M. (2015). Human capital, discrimination, and the gender wage gap in Bangladesh. World Development, 67, 506-524.
Balkin, D. B., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1990). Matching compensation and
110
organizational strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 11(1), 153-169.
Becker, G. S. (1971). The economics of discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bertocchi, G. ,& Dimico, A. (2014). Slavery, education, and inequality. European Economic Review, 197-209.
Bodvarsson, O. B., & Pettman, S. P. (2002). Racial wage discrimination in major league baseball: Do free agency and league size matter. Applied Economics Letters, 9(12), 791-796.
Brown, E., Spiro, R., & Keenan, D. (1991). Wage and nonwage discrimination in professional basketball: Do fans affect it. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 50(3), 333-345.
Burdekin, R. C. K. & Idson T. (1991). Customer preferences, attendance and the racial structure of professional basketball teams. Applied Economics, 23, 179-186.
Christiano, K. J. (1988a). Articles salaries and race in professional baseball: Discrimination 18 years later. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5(2), 136-149.
Christiano, K. J. (1988b). Articles salary discrimination in major league baseball: The effect of race. Sociology of Sport Journal, 3(2), 144-153.
Delaney, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practice on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969.
Depken, C. A. (2000). Wage disparity and team productivity: Evidence from major league baseball. Economic Letters, 67(1), 87-92.
Einolf, K. W. (2004). Is winning everything? a data envelopment analysis of major league baseball and national football league. Journal of Sports Economics, 5(2), 127-151.
Eschker , E., Perez, S. J., & Siegler, M. V. (2004). The NBA and the influx of international basketball players. Applied Economics, 36(10), 1009-1020.
Ehrenberg, R. G., & Smith, R. S. (2000). Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy(7th ed). Pearson: London.
Foley, M & Smith, F. H. (2007). Consumer discrimination in professional sports: New evidence from major league baseball. Applied Economics Letters, 14,
111
951-955.
Grosso, J. L. E., & Smith, T. L. (2007). Explaining the gender wage gap: Is culture the missing link. An International Journal of Business & Economic, 2(1), 82-88.
Gwartney, J., & Haworth, C. (1974). Employer costs and discrimination: The case of baseball. Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), 873-881.
Hamilton, B. H. (1997). Racial discrimination and professional basketball salaries in the 1990s. Applied Economics, 29(3), 287-296.
Hill, J. R., & Spellman, W. (1984). Pay discrimination in baseball: Data from the seventies. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 23(1), 103-112.
Jane, W. J. (2012). Minority's salsry discrimination in the chinese professional baseball league. International Journal of Sport Finance, 7, 73-93.
Jane, W. J., Chen, S. T., & Kuo, M. H. (2013). Does salary discrimination by nationality exist? the case of nippon prefessional baseball league. Modern Economy, 4, 93-101.
Jones, J. C. H., & Walsh, W. D. (1988). Salary determination in the national hockey league: The effects of skills, franchise characteristics, and discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 41(4), 592-604.
Jung, H. J. (2009). Sports korea fantasy: A korean sicial and cultural history. Seoul, 126-129.
Kahn, L. M. (1993). Managerial quality, team success, and individual player performance in major league baseball. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46(3), 531-547.
Kahn, L. M., & Sherer, P. D. (1988). Racial differences in professional basketball players' compensation. Journal of Labor Economics, 6(1), 40-61.
Kanazawa, M. T., & Funk, J. P. (2001). Racial discrimination in professional basketball: Evidence from nielsen ratings. Economic Inquiry, 39(4), 599-608.
Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile regression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Longley, N. (1995). Salary discrimination in the national hockey league: The effects of team location. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, 21(4), 413-422.
Longley, N. (2003). The effects of inter-league competition on labor market
112
discrimination: Assessing the impacts of the world hockey association. The Social Science Journal, 40(4), 651-656.
Meier, H. E., & Leinwather, M. (2013). Finally a ‘taste for diversity’? national identity, consumer discrimination, and the multi-ethnic german national football Team. European Sociological Review, 29(6), 1201-1213.
Mizak, D., & Stair, A. (2004). The relationship between payroll and performance disparity in major league baseball alternative measure. Economics Bulletin, 12(9), 1-14.
Mussida, C., & Picchio, M. (2014). The gneder wage gap by education in Italy. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 12,117-147.
Nutting, A. W. (2012). Customer discrimination and fernandomania. Journal of Sport Economics, 13(4), 406-430.
Ouchi, W. G. (1980). Market, bureaucracies, and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1), 129-141.
Pascal, A. H., & Rapping, L. A. (1972). The economics of racial discrimination in organized baseball. In A. H. Pascal(ed), Racial Discrimination in Economic Life (pp. 119-156). DC: Lexington Books.
Pedace, R. (2008). Earnings, performance, and nationality discrimination in a highly competitive labor market: An analysis of the english professional soccer league. Journal of Sports Economics (California), 9(02), 115-140.
Preston, I., & Szymanski, S. (2000). Racial discrimination in english football. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 47(4), 342-363.
Primm, E., Piquero, N.L., Piquero, A. R., & Regoli, R.M. (2011). Investigating customer racial discrimination in the secondary baseball card market. Sociological Inquiry, 81(1), 110-132.
Raimondo, H. J. (1983). Free agents impact on the labor market for baseball players. Journal of Labor Research Journal of Labor Research, 4(2), 183-193.
Sanderson, A. R., & Siegfried, J. J. (2003). Thinking about competitive balance. Journal of Sports Economics, 4(4), 255-279.
Scully, G. W. (1973). Economic discrimination in professional sports. Law and Contemporary Problems, 67-84.
Solow, J. L. (2009).The dynamics of performance over the duration of major league baseball long-term contracts. Journal of Sports Economics, 10(1), 6-22.
113
Stone, E. W., & Ronald, S. W. (1999). Customer discrimination in professional basketball: Evidence from the trading-card market. Applied Economics, 31, 679-685.
Szymanski, S. (2000). A market test for discrimination in the english professional soccer leagues. Journal of Political Economy, 108(3), 590-603.
Scully, G. D. (1974). Pay and performance in major league baseball. American Economic review, 64, 242-258.
Tainsky, S., & Winfree, J. A. (2010). Discrimination and demand: The effect of international players on aattendance in major league baseball. Social Science Quarterly, 91(1),117-128.
Wang, J. S., Cheng, C. F., & Jane, W. J. (2014). Buying success or redistributing paymentL Bidirectional causality in Korean Professional Baseball League. Eurasia Business and Economics Society, 4, 247-260.
Wilson, D. P., & Ying, Y. H. (2003). Nationality preferences for labour in the international football industry. Applied Economics, 35(14), 1551-1559.
Yilmaz, M. R., & Chatterjee, S. (2003). Salary, performance, and owners’ goals in major league baseball: A view through Data. Journal of Managerial Issues, 15(2), 243-255.