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研究生: 黃惠湘
Huang, Hui-Hsiang
論文名稱: 幼兒欺騙策略與其心智理解之研究
Young children's understanding of mind and the strategies of deception.
指導教授: 簡淑真
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 人類發展與家庭學系
Department of Human Development and Family Studies
論文出版年: 2006
畢業學年度: 94
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 128
中文關鍵詞: 幼兒欺騙欺騙策略錯誤相信心智理解心智理論
英文關鍵詞: Young Children, Deception, Strategies of Deception, False Belief, Understanding of Mind, Theory of Mind
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:267下載:143
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  • 本研究欲針對幼兒在作業情境中之欺騙策略的表現與對於錯誤相信理解之情形,據以分析幼兒本身與對他人心智理解的概況,透過作業施測的方式,探究幼兒內在建構的過程,並檢視不同變項對於幼兒在不同作業中之心智理解表現之影響。
    研究方法主要蒐集幼兒在作業情境中表現的欺騙策略類型與行為解釋之口語資料,探討幼兒在欺騙作業與錯誤相信作業表現之間的關係,針對個別幼兒採取ㄧ對ㄧ作業施測方式,本研究對象為台北市某私立幼稚園之三、四、五歲幼兒,共計60名(各年齡層20名)。
    在進行心智作業施測之前,參與本研究之全體幼兒均接受「學前兒童語言障礙評量表」檢測個人語言理解及口語表達之狀況,針對幼兒語言能力做初步的篩選;心智作業包括「欺騙作業」可分為合作與競爭情境,以藏找遊戲方式進行,分別以3題錯誤相信問題作為幼兒通過作業與否的評分標準,於該作業中還可蒐集幼兒不同類型欺騙策略之表現,作為探知幼兒內在想法的參考依據;「錯誤相信作業」包含「未預期移位作業」與「未預期內容作業」,分別以5題錯誤相信問題作為幼兒通過作業與否的評分標準,並檢視幼兒在作業中表現的心智理解能力。
    研究結果發現,在控制語言能力於一定標準的情況下,「年齡」變項對於本研究幼兒之心智作業表現具有最顯著影響,幼兒三到四歲之間,心智理解能力具有明顯的提昇變化,其表現在作業的通過率、欺騙策略的多樣性與自發性、以及幼兒對於自己或他人錯誤相信之想法與行動的解釋觀點;「性別」因素對於本研究三至五歲幼兒心智作業的理解情形並無顯著影響,與先前文獻所述,女性幼兒可能具有性別優勢的結果並不一致。
    在比較各作業通過人數時發現,幼兒在欺騙作業的通過情形,優於錯誤相信作業,此結果符合Sullivan和Winner(1993)之主張,其認為三歲幼兒在被要求主動欺騙對手時,能表現出較佳的錯誤相信推理能力,在嵌有欺騙的脈絡情境中,幼兒的心智理解表現較佳。

    The purpose of this study was to explore the relation of young children’s understanding of mind and the use of strategies of deception. Subjects of the research were three to five years old and came from a private kindergarten located in Taipei city.
    By collecting the children’s explanations about their adopting of deceptive strategies and the responses to the false-belief questions, researcher tried to examine the effect of age and gender variables to their performances in different theory-of-mind tasks, including deceptive tasks and false-belief tasks.
    The results showed that under controlling the standard of preschoolers’ language ability, the age variable had the significant effect. The three-year-olds performed worsely then the four- and five-, it had a positive slope curve during three to four years old. But the gender variable did not show great influence on the difference of children’s answering.
    Comparing the passing number of tasks, the children performed better under the situations with deceptive contexts. It was consisting with the conclusion of Sullivan & Winner (1993), suggesting that three-year-olds had better understanding of mind in actively deceptive motions.

    第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………………………1 第二節 研究目的與問題………………………………………………7 第三節 名詞釋義………………………………………………………8 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 幼兒欺騙 ……………………………………………………11 第二節 幼兒欺騙策略 ………………………………………………21 第三節 幼兒欺騙策略與心智理解 …………………………………37 第三章 研究方法 第一節 研究對象 ……………………………………………………45 第二節 研究程序 ……………………………………………………48 第三節 研究工具 ……………………………………………………50 第四節 資料分析 ……………………………………………………59 第四章 研究結果與討論 第一節 幼兒對於欺騙作業之理解情形與分析 ……………………62 第二節 幼兒對於錯誤相信作業之理解情形與分析 ………………89 第三節 幼兒對於欺騙作業與錯誤相信作業理解情形之比較……103 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 結論…………………………………………………………107 第二節 研究限制……………………………………………………110 第三節 建議…………………………………………………………111 參考文獻 中文部分………………………………………………………………112 外文部分………………………………………………………………113 附錄 附錄一 預試之欺騙作業程序說明…………………………………119 附錄二 幼兒在欺騙作業與錯誤相信作業之表現…………………121 附錄三 各年齡層幼兒欺騙作業之錯誤相信問題 得分人數及比例……………………………………………124 附錄四 不同性別幼兒欺騙作業通過與不通過人數比例…………124 附錄五 各年齡層幼兒未預期移位作業錯誤相信問題 得分人數及比例……………………………………………125 附錄六 各年齡層幼兒未預期內容作業錯誤相信問題 得分人數及比例……………………………………………125 附錄七 各年齡層幼兒在兩項錯誤相信作業上通過人數及比例…126 附錄八 不同性別幼兒未預期移位作業通過與不通過人數比例…126 附錄九 不同性別幼兒未預期內容作業通過與不通過人數比例…126 附錄十 不同性別幼兒在兩項錯誤相信作業 通過與不通過人數及比例…………………………………127 附錄十一不同作業間幼兒通過人數之比較…………………………127 附錄十二家長同意函…………………………………………………128 表 次 表2-1 幼兒日常生活欺騙的十四種類型……………………………22 表2-2 幼兒在作業中表現的五種欺騙策略類型……………………24 表3-1 各年齡層幼兒年齡分布範圍及平均數、標準差……………46 表3-2 欺騙作業施測流程與錯誤相信問題計分分配………………53 表3-3 未預期移位作業施測流程與錯誤相信問題計分分配………58 表3-4 未預期內容作業施測流程與計分分配………………………59 表4-1 幼兒欺騙作業總分之雙因子變異數分析摘要表……………65 表4-2 幼兒在欺騙作業上年齡層效果之事後考驗…………………66 表4-3 三歲組幼兒欺騙策略類型與人數分布………………………68 表4-4 四歲組幼兒欺騙策略類型與人數分布………………………71 表4-5 五歲組幼兒欺騙策略類型與人數分布………………………75 表4-6 各年齡層幼兒欺騙策略類型與人數分布……………………81 表4-7 幼兒在欺騙作業中之錯誤相信問題回答情形………………85 表4-8 幼兒錯誤相信作業總分之雙因子變異數分析摘要表………94 表4-9 幼兒在錯誤相信作業上年齡層效果之事後考驗……………94 表4-10 幼兒在未預期移位作業中之錯誤相信回答情形……………95 表4-11 幼兒在未預期內容作業中之錯誤相信回答情形……………99 表4-12 不同作業間幼兒通過人數之比較 …………………………102 表4-13 幼兒在欺騙作業與錯誤相信作業通過情形比較 …………103 表4-14 欺騙作業與錯誤信作業通過人數交叉表 …………………105 圖 次 圖3-1 研究實施程序…………………………………………………49 圖3-2 欺騙作業情境示意圖…………………………………………52 圖4-1 不同年齡層幼兒在欺騙作業中之通過情形…………………62 圖4-2 不同性別幼兒在欺騙作業中之通過情形……………………64 圖4-3 不同年齡層幼兒在未預期移位作業中之通過情形…………88 圖4-4 不同年齡層幼兒在未預期內容作業中之通過情形…………90 圖4-5 不同性別幼兒在未預期移位作業中之通過情形……………92 圖4-6 不同性別幼兒在未預期內容作業中之通過情形……………93

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    保心怡(2003)。幼兒對於心智理解相關作業的理解情形及運用故事介入的效果研究。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系博士論文,未出版,台北市。
    張欣戊(1997)。騙與受騙:學前兒童的欺瞞能力。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(NSC-81-0301-H-002-004)。
    黃秋華(2005)。幼兒欺騙行為形成機制之實驗研究。國立屏東科技大學幼兒保育系碩士論文,未出版,屏東市。
    楊宗仁(1997)。自閉症研究的新趨勢。特教新知通訊。5(5),116-118。
    蔡佩珊(2003)。犯罪少年與非犯罪少年說謊行為與動機之比較研究。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義縣。
    蔡豐如(2005)。幼兒錯誤信念與欺騙能力之研究—年齡與作業型態上的差異。台北市立師範學院國民教育研究所幼兒教學碩士學位班碩士論文,未出版,台北市。

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