簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 張維君
Wei-Chun Chang
論文名稱: 色彩斑紋特徵是親緣關係重建上的雜訊或是可靠的訊息?
Colour pattern characters: noise or reliable signals in phylogenetic reconstruction?
指導教授: 徐堉峰
Hsu, Yu-Feng
顏聖紘
Yen, Shen-Horn
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 生命科學系
Department of Life Science
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 44
中文關鍵詞: 系統發育雜訊趨同演化警戒色擬態先驗性假設
英文關鍵詞: phylogenetic noise, convergent evolution, aposematism, mimicry, a priori postulation
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:148下載:9
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 涉及強烈色彩對比的顏色特徵,如擬態或警戒,相對於非顏色特徵而言,由於牽涉到生物整體的色彩斑紋呈現,通常在親緣關係的重建上被視為較不獨立或較受限制的特徵,認為會造成與其他特徵的衝突。本論文取樣六十筆近期發表之以形態特徵為依據的親緣關係文獻,以先驗性假設進行兩次文獻分組策略,再對文獻中所使用的特徵區分為色彩斑紋組與非色彩斑紋組,進行加權測試,以探討色彩斑紋特徵在親緣關係重建上所扮演的角色。我們發現無涉警戒或擬態的色彩斑紋特徵,即使為隱蔽色或逢機分布的特徵,亦可能誤導親緣關係之重建;我們也發現具有警戒色的生物其色彩斑紋特徵近似於隨機地在演化樹上出現,因此其資訊往往與非色彩斑紋特徵相衝突;至於涉及擬態類群的顏色斑紋特徵在親緣關係重建上之表現,則不見得如前人研究結果所述的不佳,其原因可能是用以重建親緣關係的顏色特徵事實上並未參與形成擬態或警戒性。總結而言,我們建議在使用形態特徵進行親緣關係研究時,不要預先對顏色斑紋特徵存有偏見;若要探討某些特徵的影響,則應將矩陣區分為兩個互相獨立的部份,再以本研究之方法進行評估;或另以分子資料做出親緣關係樹後,再將形態資料映象到樹形圖上進行特徵分布之討論。

    Colour characters involved in strongly conserved patterns, such as aposematism or mimicry, are considered to be more phylogenetically constrained due to their direct relationship with the whole colour pattern which may show strongly structured evolution possibly causing phylogenetic opinions in conflict with the signal of other morphological characters. We investigated the impact of colour/pattern characters on phylogenetic reconstruction using 60 recently published datasets and performed 2 dataset partitioning strategies based on a priori postulation. We found that colour/pattern characters not involving mimicry or aposematism, even cryptic or randomly distributed characters, may also mislead phylogenetic reconstruction. The colour/pattern characters involved in aposematism tend to be distributed randomly on phylogeny so that the information being provided may cause conflicting pattern with that based on non-colour/pattern characters. The mimetic colour/pattern characters are not that bad in phylogenetic reconstruction as previous studies suggested because the colour/pattern characters brought into phylogenetic analysis may actually not participate in any aposematism or mimicry phenomenon. In conclusion, we suggest that it is unnecessarily to give peculiar judgments to C/P characters before reconstruct phylogenetic trees.

    目 錄 / CONTENTS 論文審定書……………………………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………… ii 中文摘要………………………………………………………… iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………… iv 目 錄/Contents……………………………………………… v INDEX TO FIGURES………………………………………… vii INDEX TO TABLES…………………………………………… viii INTRODUCTION 1. Enthralling Colour Patterns…………………………………………………………… 1 2. Using colour pattern characters in phylogenetic analysis………………………………………………………… 2 3. The questions to be ressed………………… 4 MATERIAL AND METHODS 1. Sources of datasets…………………………… 6 2. Partitioning of datasets Strategy I……………………………………………6 Strategy II………………………………………… 7 3. Tree-searching criteria & character fit………………………………………………………………… 7 4. Assessments of effect of colour/pattern characters 4.1 Our idea of reassessment………………………… 8 4.2 Measuring relative signal strength of partitions……………………………………………………… 10 RESULTS 1. Statistic result under dataset partitioning strategy I…………………………………………………… 13 2. Statistic result under dataset partitioning strategy II…………………………………………………… 14 DISCUSSION 1. Which data partitioning strategy has answered the questions?.......16 2. Why did the test fail to detect the effect being predicted?..............18 3. Suggestion on treating colour/pattern characters in phylogenetic studies…………………………………………………………… 19 REFERENCES..................................... 22 FIGURES...…………………………………………………………34 TABLES………………………………………………………………40

    Amir A, Keselman D. 1997. Maximum agreement subtree in a set of evolutionary trees: metrics and efficient algorithm. SIAM Journal on Computing 26(6): 1656–1669.
    Anthony TG, Harbach RE, Kitching IJ. 1999. Phylogeny of the
    Pyretophorus series of Anopheles subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae).
    Systematic Entomology 24: 193–205.
    Areekul B, Quicke DLJ. 2006. The use of colour characters in
    phylogenetic reconstruction. Biological Journal of the Linnean Sociey
    88: 193–202.
    Areekul B, Quicke DLJ. 2006. Systematics of the parasitic wasp genus
    Yelicones Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) and revision
    of the genus from the new world. Systematics and Biodiversity 4:
    255-376.
    Bates HW. 1862. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley.
    Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 23: 495–566. Beccaloni GW. 1997. Ecology, natural history and behaviour of ithomiine butterflies and their mimics in Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera 8: 103–124.
    Beldade P, Brakefield PM. 2002. The genetics and evo-devo of butterfly wing pattern. Nature Reviews- Genetics 3: 442-452.
    Benjamin SP. 2004. Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily Ballinae (Araneae, Salticidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 1–82.
    Birdsley JS. 2002. Phylogeny of the tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae)
    based on morphology and behavior. Auk 119: 715–734.
    Braet Y, Quicke DLJ. 2004. A phylogenetic analysis of the
    Mimagathidini with revisionary notes on the genus Stantonia Ashmead,
    1904 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Orgilinae). Journal of Natural History
    38: 1489–1589.
    Brown B, Dugdale JS, Emberson RM, Paterson AM. 2000. Phylogeny
    of New Zealand hepialid moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) inferred from
    a cladistic analysis of morphological data. Systematic Entomology 25:
    1–14.
    Bond AB, Kamil AC. 2002. Visual predators select for crypticity and polymorphism in virtual prey. Nature 415: 609–613.
    Buckup PA. 1993. Phylogenetic interrelationships and reductive evolution in Neotropical characidiin fishes (Characiformes, Ostariophysi). Cladistics 9: 305–341.
    Carter DJ. 2001. Arranging and managing a collection. In: Holloway JD, Kibby G, Peggie D, eds. The families of Malesian moths and butterflies. Fauna Malesiana. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 49-52.
    Cassis G, Silveira R. 2001. A revision and phylogenetic analysis
    of the Nerthra alaticollis species-group (Heteroptera: Gelastocoridae:
    Nerthrinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 109: 1–46.
    Choi SW. 2000. A cladistic analysis of the Therini: a new synonym of the Cidariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae). American Museum Novitiates 3295: 1–25.
    Cook SE, Vernon JG, Bateson M, Guilford T. 1994. Mate choice in the polymorphic African swallowtail butterfly, Papilio dardanus— male-like females may avoid sexual harassment. Animal Behaviour 47: 389–397.
    Choi SW. 2001. Phylogeny of Eulithis Hübner and related genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with an implication of wing pattern evolution. American Museum Novitiates 3318: 1–24.
    Chu PC. 1998. A phylogeny of the gulls (Aves: Larinae) inferred from osteological and integumentary characters. Cladistics 14: 1–43.
    Chu PC. 2002. A morphological test of the monophyly of the cardueline finches (Aves: Fringillidae, Carduelinae). Cladistics 18: 279–312.
    De Jong R. 1996. The continental Asian element in the fauna
    of the Philippines as exemplified by Coladenia Moore, 1881 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Cladistics 12: 323–348.
    Dolphin K, Belshaw R, Orme CDL, Quicke DLJ. 2000. Noise and incongruence: interpreting results of the incongruence length difference test. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17: 401–406.
    Endler JA. 1984. Progressive background matching in moths, and a quantitative measure of crypsis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 22: 187–231.
    Engel MS. 2002. Phylogeny of the bee tribe Fideliini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), with the description of a new genus from southern Africa. African Entomology 10: 305–313.
    Freund W, Wagner TH. 2003. Revision of Bonesioides Laboissière, 1925 (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae) from continental Africa. Journal of Natural History 37: 1915– 1976.
    Gaimari SD, Tanasijtshuk V. 2001. A new leucopine genus (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) with species attacking Ceroplastes wax scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in South America. Systematic Entomology 26: 311–328.
    Gosliner TM, Johnson RF. 1999. Phylogeny of Hypselodoris (Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) with a review of the monophyletic clade of Indo-Pacific species, including descriptions of twelve new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 125: 1–114.
    Grismer LL. 1999. Phylogeny, taxonomy, and biogeography of Cnemidophorus hyperythrus and C. ceralbensis (Squamata: Teiidae) in Baja California, México. Herpetologica 55: 28–42.
    Gunn A. 1998. The determination of larval phase coloration in the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta and its consequences for thermoregulation and protection from UV light. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 86 (2): 125-133.
    Hall JPW. 2002. Phylogeny of the riodinid butterfly tribe Theopeina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidini). Systematic Entomology 27: 139–167.
    Hall JPW. 2003. Phylogenetic reassessment of the five forewing radial-veined tribes of Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology 28(1): 23-37.
    Hall JPW. 2005. A phylogenetic revision of the Napaeina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Mesosemiini). The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, DC, USA.
    Hall JPW, Harvey DJ. 2001a. A phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical riodinid butterfly genera Juditha, Lemonias, Thisbe and Uraneis, with a revision of Juditha (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Systematic Entomology 26: 453– 490.
    Hall JPW, Harvey DJ. 2001b. Phylogenetic revision of the Charis gynaes group (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) with comments on historical relationships among Neotropical areas of endemism. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 631–647.
    Hall JPW, Harvey DJ. 2002a. A phylogenetic review of Charis and Calephelis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: 407–421.
    Hall JPW, Harvey DJ. 2002b. Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics 18: 539–569.
    Harvey DJ, Hall JPW. 2002. Phylogenetic revision of the Charis cleonus complex (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology 27: 265–300.
    Hill RI, Penz CM, DeViries PJ. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis and review of Panacea and Batesia butterflies (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(4): 199–215.
    Hofmann CM, Cronin TW. 2006. Omland KE. Using spectral data to reconstruct evolutionary changes in coloration: carotenoid color evolution in new world orioles. Evolution 60: 1680–1691.
    Holloway GJ, Marriott CG, Crocker HJ. 1997. Phenotypic plasticity in hoverflies : the relationship between colour pattern and season in Episyrphus balteatus and other Syrphidae. Ecological entomology 22(4): 425-432.
    Huheey JE. 1988. Mathematical models of mimicry. The American Naturalist 131, S22–S41.
    Janjic J, Packer L. 2003. Phylogeny of the bee genus Agapostemon (Hymenoptera: Halicitidae). Systematic Entomology 28: 101–123.
    Jiggins CD, Mallarino R, Willmott KR, Bermingham E. 2006. The phylogenetic pattern of speciation and wing pattern change in Neotropical Ithomia Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Evolution 60(7): 1454-1466.
    Jiggins, CD, Naisbit RE, Coe RL, Mallet J. 2001. Reproductive isolation caused by colour pattern mimicry. Nature 411: 302–305.
    Joron M, Mallet JLB. 1998. Diversity in mimicry: paradox or paradigm? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 461–466.
    Kaila L. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of the Elachistidae s.s. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Systematic Entomology 24: 139–169.
    Kitching IJ. 2002. The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan’s Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Acherontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Sphinginae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135:471–527.
    Kitching IJ. 2003. Phylogeny of the death’s head hawkmoths, Acherontia [Laspeyres], and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini). Systematic Entomology 28: 71–88.
    Knuttel H, Fiedler K. 2001. Host-plant-derived variation in ultraviolet wing patterns influences mate selection by male butterflies. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 2447–2459.
    Kuntner M. 2006. Phylogenetic systematics of the Gondwanan nephilid spider lineage Clitaetrinae (Araneae, Nephilidae). Zoologica Scripta 35(1): 19–62.
    Lederhouse RC, Scriber JM. 1996. Intrasexual selection constrains the evolution of the dorsal color pattern of male black swallowtail butterflies, Papilio polyxenes. Evolution 50: 717–722.
    Maddison DR. 1991. The discovery and importance of multiple islands of most-parsimonious trees. Systematic Zoology, 40: 315–328.
    Maddison WP, Maddison, DR. 2000. MacClade, version 4.0. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
    Maddison W, McMahon M. 2000. Divergence and Reticulation among Montane Populations of a Jumping Spider (Habronattus pugillis Griswold). Systematic Biology 49(3):400–421.
    Mallet JLB, Joron M. 1999. Evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry: polymorphisms, shifting balance, and speciation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 201-233.
    Márquez J. 2003. Systematic revision of the genera Homalolinus and Ehomalolinus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Xantholinini). Zoologica Scripta 32: 491–523.
    Mawdsley JR. 2001a. Cladistic analysis of Nearctic species of Enoclerus Gaham with discussion of evolution of mimicry and cryptic coloration. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 127: 459–471,.
    Mawdsley JR. 2001b. Cladistic analysis of the Nearctic checkered beetle genus Aulicus Spinola (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 109: 337–343.
    May ML. 2002. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the damselfly genus Enallagma and related taxa (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Systematic Entomology 27: 387–408.
    McMillan WO, Weigt LA, Palumbi SR. 1999. Color Pattern Evolution, Assortative Mating, and Genetic Differentiation in Brightly Colored Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). Evolution 53 (1): 247-260.
    Meyer M. 2000. Systematic revision of the subgenus Ceratitis Macleay s.s. (Diptera, Tephritidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127: 459–471.
    Miller JS. 1996. Phylogeny of the Neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae): a hidden case of Müllerian mimicry. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 118: 1–45.
    Müller F. 1879. Ituna and Thyridia: a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London: xx–xxix.
    Nijhout HF. 1991. The development and evolution of butterfly wing patterns. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
    Norrbom AL. 1994. New species and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptodacus, Haywardina and Rhagoletotrypeta (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insecta Mundi 8: 37–65.
    Nylin S, Nyblom K, Ronquist F, Janz N, Belicek J, Källersjö M. 2001. Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies (lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a total evidence analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132: 441–468.
    Østergaard P, Boxshall GA, Quicke DLJ. 2003. Phylogeny within the Chondracanthidae (Poecilostomatoida, Copepoda). Zoologica Scripta 32: 299–319.
    Papageorgis C. 1975. Mimicry in neotropical butterflies. American Scientist 63: 522–532
    Patterson C. 1982. Morphological characters and homology. In: Joysey KA, and Friday AE, eds. Problems of phylogenetic reconstruction. Academic Press, London and New York, 21–74.
    Pech P, Fric Z, Konvicˇka M, Zrzavy´ J. 2004. Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily. Cladistics 20: 362–375.
    Penz CM. 1999. Higher level phylogeny for the passion-vine butterflies (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) based on early stage and adult morphology. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127: 277–344.
    Penz CM, DeViries PJ. 2002. Phylogenetic Analysis of Morpho Butterflies (Nymphalidae, Morphinae). American Museum Novitiates 3374: 1-33.
    Penz CM, Peggie D. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Heliconiinae genera based on morphology (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Systematic Entomology 28: 451–479.
    Pough FH, Brower LP, Meck HR & Kessell SR. 1973. Theoretical investigations of automimicry: multiple trial learning and the palatability spectrum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 70, 2261–2265.
    Scandon JD. 2003. The Australian elapid genus Cacophis: morphology and phylogeny of rainforest crowned snakes. Herpetological Journal 13: 1–20.
    Smith ABT, Morón MA. 2003. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Central American endemic genus Phalangogonia Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini). Systematic Entomology 28: 323–338.
    Solis MA. 1991. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the New World genus Oneida Hulst (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae), description of a new genus and comments on the coding of scale color characters. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 93: 808–827.
    Speed MP, Ruxton GD. 2005. Warning displays in spiny animals: One (more) evolutionary route to aposematism. Evolution 59(12): 2499-2508.
    Speed MP, Ruxton GD. 2007. How bright and how nasty: explaining diversity in warning signal strength. Evolution 61(3): 623–635.
    Süffert F. 1927. Zur vergleichende Analyse der Schmet- terlingszeichnung. Biologisches Zentralblatt 47: 385-413.
    Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland,Massachusetts.
    Thorpe RS. 2002. Analysis of color spectra in comparative evolutionary studies: molecular phylogeny and habitat adaptation in the St. Vincent Anole (Anolis trinitatis). Systematic Biology 51: 554 – 569.
    Thorpe RS, Stenson AG. 2003. Phylogeny, paraphyly and ecological adaptation of the colour and pattern in the Anolis roquet complex on Martinique. Molecular Ecology 12 (1): 117–132.
    Van Dyck H, Matthysen E, Dhondt AA. 1997. The effect of wing colour on male behavioural strategies in the speckled wood butterfly. Animal Behaviour 53(1): 39-51.
    Vane-Wright RI, Boppré M. 1993. Visual and chemical signaling in butterflies - functional and phylogenetic perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 340: 197–205.
    Veron JEN. 1974. The role of physiological colour change in the thermoregulation of Austrolestes annulosus (Selys)(Odonata). Australian Journal of Zoology 22(4): 457-469.
    Vilkamaa P. 2000. Phylogeny of Prosciara Frey and related genera (Diptera: Sciaridae). Systematic Entomology 25: 47–72.

    Webb DW, Metz MA. 2003. The Nearctic species of Pandivirilia Irwin and Lyneborg (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96: 369–402.
    Westlake KP, Rowe L, Currie DC. 2000. Phylogeny of the water strider genus Rheumatobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Systematic Entomology 25: 125–145.
    Willmott KR. 2003. Cladistic analysis of the Neotropical butterfly genus Adelpha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with comments on the subtribal classification of Limenitidini. Systematic Entomology 28: 279–322.
    Willmott KR, Freitas AVL. 2006. Higher-level phylogeny of the Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): classification, patterns of larval hostplant colonization and diversification. Cladistics 22: 297–368.
    Willmott KR, Hall JPW, Lamas G. 2001. Systematics of Hypanartia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae), with a test for geographical speciation mechanisms in the Andes. Systematic Entomology 26: 369–399.
    Willmott KR, Lamas G. 2006. A phylogenetic reassessment of Hyalenna Forbes and Dircenna Doubleday, with a revision of Hyalenna (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Systematic Entomology 31: 419–468.
    Willmott KR, Mallet J. 2004. Correlations between adult mimicry and larval host plants in ithomiine butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271: S266-S269.
    Winterton SL, Skevington JH, Irwin ME, Yeates DK. 2000. Phylogenetic revision of Bonjeania Irwin & Lyneborg (Diptera: Therevidae). Systematic Entomology 25: 295–324.
    Wu S. 2007. Phylogenetic re-assessment and the subfamily placement of the genus Callopistria Hübner and the associated genera based on morphological characters and the origins of pteridophagy in Noctuidae (Lepidoptera).Mater thesis, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
    Yen SH, Robinson GS, Quicke DLJ. 2005. Phylogeny, systematics and evolution of mimetic wing patterns of Eterusia moths (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Chalcosiinae). Systematic Entomology 30: 358–397.
    Zrzavý J, Nedvěd O. 1999. Evolution of mimicry in the New World Dysdercus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12 (5): 956–969.

    QR CODE