研究生: |
葉愛蓮 Zahradnikova, Michaela |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
捷克初級華語學習者的漢字學習策略研究 Strategies for Learning Chinese Characters Used by Czech Beginners |
指導教授: |
曾金金
Tseng, Chin-Chin |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2017 |
畢業學年度: | 105 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 283 |
中文關鍵詞: | 學習策略 、漢字學習 、華語教學 、初級學習者 |
英文關鍵詞: | Learning strategies, Learning Chinese characters, Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language, Beginners |
DOI URL: | https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202203358 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:306 下載:56 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究以捷克初級學習者為研究對象,使用問卷調查與學習者日記紀錄分析漢字學習策略的三個領域:第一、使用量化研究方法分析漢字學習策略的使用頻率與學習者對策略主觀效用的看法;第二、使用質化研究分析學習者在背生字的過程中所使用的記憶技巧;第三、探討多元智能(Gardner, 1983, 1999)與學習策略之間的關聯。最後,基於研究結果,本文提出適當的策略教學建議。
其一,從漢字學習策略使用頻率來看,重複寫字、利用字的故事與拆解漢字結構為基礎的聯想策略,亦為最常用的記憶策略。自我測試與自製字卡為最常用的複習策略。另外,常看的、喜歡的與不好學的漢字最容易回憶。學習策略的主觀效用與使用頻率之間存在正向關聯性。
其二,記憶技巧內容分析顯示,記憶巧內由十個基本技巧組成,技巧可單獨使用,也可混合使用。其中利用偏旁部首、故事與圖像為最常用的技巧。研究分析也顯示組塊化、意義化與訊息連接三個現象。
其三,使用統計分析觀察多元智能與學習策略之間的互動可發現,其關聯性難以使用多元智能理論解釋,因此本理論不適合用於提出學習策略個體化建議。
最後,基於研究結果,本文提出捷克漢語初級學習者在學習策略方面的建議,並為華語教師提供教學建議以及為實驗之漢字課程的改善建議。
This study primarily used questionnaires and Chinese character diaries to explore learning strategies of Czech university students. First, quantitative research methods are applied to explore the frequency of usage and subjective effectiveness of Chinese character learning strategies; second, qualitative research methods are used to define specific memory tricks used to memorize individual characters; and third, relationship between multiple intelligences (Gardner, 1983, 1999) and learning strategies are explored.
As for the frequency of usage, mechanical copying, stories and associative strategies based on character structure are most frequently used memorizing strategies. Among revision strategies, self-testing and hand made flashcards are most powerful. This study found that frequenly encountered, pleasing and difficult characters are easiest to recall. All strategies show correlation between subjective effectiveness and frequency of usage. As for mnemonics, ten strategies are reviewed, which are used either separately or in combinations. Stories, radials and images are employed by students most frequently. Analysis shows tendencies to chunking, semanticizaiton and information linking. Statistical analysis of the interaction between the multiple intelligence profiles and learning strategies does not prove that MI is useful in predicting the most effective applied strategies for Czech students to learn Chinese characters. Based on all observations, pedagogical suggestions are derived for students, teachers as well as the observed Chinese language course.
Akbari, R., & Hosseini, K. (2008). Multiple intelligences and language learning strategies: Investigating possible relations. System, 36(2), 141–155.
Allen, J. R. (2008). Why Learning To Write Chinese Is a Waste of Time: A Modest Proposal. Foreign Language Annals, 41(2), 237–251. doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2008.tb03291.x
Amy Mei-Liang, & Hooper, S. (2004). The effects of visual and verbal coding mnemonics on learning Chinese characters in computer-based instruction. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52, 23–34. doi:10.1007/BF02504673
Ann, T. K. (1982). Cracking the Chinese puzzles: Ann’s integrated method of learning the Chinese language by conceptualizing and philosophizing approach. Stockflows.
Armstrong, T. (2000). Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom (2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA, USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Arrow, J. (2004). Learning Chinese characters: A comparative study of the learning strategies of students whose native language is alphabet-based and students whose native language is character-based. (Thesis). University of Oclahoma. Retrieved from https://shareok.org/handle/11244/803
Ashcraft, M. H. (1994). Human memory and cognition (2nd ed.). New York, NY, USA: Harper Collings College Publishers.
Ausubel, D. (1978). Educational psychology: a cognitive view (2d ed.). New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417–423.
Baddeley, A. (2003). Working Memory and Language: An Overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36(3), 189–208.
Baddeley, A. (1999). Essentials of human memory. UK: Psychology Press Ltd.
Bellezza, F. S. (1981). Mnemonic Devices: Classification, Characteristics, and Criteria. Review of Educational Research, 51(2), 247–275. doi:10.2307/1170198
Bourke, B. (1997). Maximising efficiency in the kanji learning task. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Queensland.
Bourke, B. (2006). Strategy Inventory for Learning Kanji. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
Brown, A. L., & Palincsar, A. S. (1982). Inducing Strategic Learning from Texts by Means of Informed, Self-Control Training. Technical Report No. 262. Illinois Univ., Urbana. Center for the Study of Reading.; Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
Brown, H. D. (1971). Cognitive Pruning and Second Language Acquisition. Presented at the Fifth Annual TESOL Convention, New Orleans, La., March 5, 1971. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED056588
Brown, H. D. (1972). Cognitive Pruning and Second Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 56(4), 218–222.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching (5th ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education.
Campbell, L. (1997). How Teachers Interpret MI Theory. Educational Leadership, 55(1), 14–19.
Cao, F., Vu, M., Chan, D., Harris, L., Guan, Q. C., Xu, Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2010). Why does writing help reading in Chinese learning: Evidence from an fMRI study. Presented at the Society for Neuroscience Conference, San Diego, CA, USA.
Chamot, A. U. (2004). Issues in Language Learning Strategy Research and Teaching. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 1(1), 14–26.
Chan, D. W., Ho, C. S.-H., Tsang, S.-M., Lee, S.-H., & Chung, K. K. H. (2006). Exploring the reading–writing connection in Chinese children with dyslexia in Hong Kong. Reading and Writing, 19(6), 543–561. doi:10.1007/s11145-006-9008-z
Chang, C. (2006). Effects of Topic Familiarity and Linguistic Difficulty on the Reading Strategies and Mental Representations of Nonnative Readers of Chinese. Journal of Language and Learning, 4(2), 172–198.
Chapman, A. (2009). Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved from http://www.businessballs.com/howardgardnermultipleintelligences.htm
Chapman, C. M. (1993). If the Shoe Fits . . .: How to Develop Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom. Palatine, IL, USA: IRI/Skylight Publishing.
Christison, M. A. (1998). An introduction to multiple intelligences theory and second language learning. In J. Reid (Ed.), Understanding learning styles in the second language classroom. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
Christison, M. A. (1999). A guidebook for applying multiple intelligences theory in the ESL/EFL classroom. Burlingame, CA, USA: Alta Book Center.
Christison, M. A., & Kennedy, D. (1999). Multiple Intelligences: Theory and Practice in Adult ESL. ERIC Digest. Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/ncle/DIGESTS
Cohen, A. D. (1998). Strategies in learning and using a second language. London, New York: Longman.
Cohen, A. D. (2008). Coming to terms with language lerner strategies. In A. D. Cohen & E. Macaro (Eds.), Language learner strategies: thirty years of research and practice (pp. 29–45). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, A. D., & Macaro, E. (Eds.). (2008). Language learner strategies: thirty years of research and practice. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, A. D., & Scott, K. (1996). A synthesis of approaches to assessing language learning strategies. In R. L. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 89–106). Honolulu: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.
Craik, F., & Lockhart, R. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671–684. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X
DeFrancis, J. (1984). The Chinese language: Fact and fantasy. Honolulu, HI, USA: University of Hawaii Press.
Dehn, M. J. (2008). Working memory and academic learning: assessment and intervention. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Douglas, M. O. (1992). Development of orthography-related reading/writing strategies by learners of Japanese as a foreign language. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Southern California.
Douglas, S. P., & Craig, S. C. (2007). Collaborative and Iterative Translation: An Alternative Approach to Back Translation. Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 30–43.
Dunn, R., Dunn, K., & Price, G. E. (1975). The Learning Style Inventory. Lawrence, KS, USA: Price Systems.
Eichenbaum, H. (2008). Learning & memory. New York, NY, USA: W. W. Norton & Co.
Eurostat. (2011). Students in ISCED 1-3 by modern foreign language studied. Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/education/data/database
Everson, M. E. (1998). Word Recognition among Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language: Investigating the Relationship between Naming and Knowing. The Modern Language Journal, 82(2), 194–204. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb01192.x
Fasko, D. (2001). An Analysis of Multiple Intelligences Theory and Its Use with the Gifted and Talented. Roeper Review, 23(3), 126–30.
Foreign Service Institute. (1973). Expected levels of absolute speaking proficiency in languages taught at the foreign service institute. Arlington, USA: Foreign Service Institute.
Gálik, M. (1998). Jaroslav Prusek: a myth and reality as seen by his pupil. Asian and African Studies, 7(2), 151–161.
Gálik M. (2009). 捷克和斯洛伐克汉学研究. 北京: 学苑出版社.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books.
Gardner, H., & Hatch, T. (1989). Educational Implications of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4 –10.
Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Working memory and language. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Glass, A. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1986). Cognition. New York, NY, USA: Random House.
Goldberg, D., Looney, D., & Lusin, N. (2015). Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013. Retrieved from The Modern Language Association website: https://apps.mla.org/pdf/2013_enrollment_survey.pdf
Goldstein, E. B. (2007). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA, USA: Thomson Higher Education.
Green, J. M., & Oxford, R. (1995). A Closer Look at Learning Strategies, L2 Proficiency, and Gender. TESOL Quarterly, 29(2), 261. doi:10.2307/3587625
Grenfell, M., & Macaro, E. (2008). Claims and critiques. In A. D. Cohen & E. Macaro (Eds.), Language learner strategies: thirty years of research and practice (pp. 9–28). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Griffiths, C., & Oxford, R. L. (2014). The twenty-first century landscape of language learning strategies: Introduction to this special issue. System, 43, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.system.2013.12.009
Guan, C. Q., Liu, Y., Chan, D. H. L., Ye, F., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Writing strengthens orthography and alphabetic-coding strengthens phonology in learning to read Chinese. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 509.
Hadley, A. O. (2000). Teaching Language In Context (3rd ed.). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Hambleton, R. K. (2002). Adapting Achievement Tests into Multiple Languages for International Assessments. In A. C. Porter & A. Gamoran (Eds.), Methodological Advances in Cross-National Surveys of Educational Achievement (pp. 58–79). Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.
Haththotuwa, G. (2003). Perceptions of kanji learning strategies: Do they differ among Chinese character and alphabetic background learners? Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 26(2), 17–31.
Heisig, J. W., & Richardson, T. W. (2008). Remembering Traditional Hanzi: Book 1, How Not to Forget the Meaning and Writing of Chinese Characters (1st ed.). Honolulu, HI, USA: University of Hawaii Press.
Higbee, K. L. (2001). Your Memory: How It Works and How to Improve It. Da Capo Press.
Hoenig, D. A. (2009). Chinese Characters: Learn & Remember 2,178 Characters and Their Meanings. Long Island, NY, USA: EZChinesey.com.
Hsiao, T., & Oxford, R. L. (2002). Comparing Theories of Language Learning Strategies: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The Modern Language Journal, 86(3), 368–383.
Impara, J. C., Murphy, L. L., & Plake, B. S. (1999). The supplement to the thirteenth mental measurements yearbook. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Jebavá, M. (2011). Chinese Studies in the Czech Republic. Presented at the International Conference on Chinese Language Learning and Teaching in the Digital Age, The Hong Kong Institute of Education.
John, S. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285.
Ke, C. (1998a). Effects of language background on the learning of Chinese characters among foreign language students. Foreign Language Annals, 31(1), 91–102.
Ke, C. (1998b). Effects of Strategies on the Learning of Chinese Characters among Foreign Language Students. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 33(2), 93–111.
Kinsella, K. (1998). Perceptual Learning Preferences Survey. In J. Reid (Ed.), Understanding learning styles in the second language classroom. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Koura, A. A., & Al-Hebaishi, S. M. (2014). The Relationship between Multiple Intelligences, Self-Efficacy and Academic Achievement of Saudi Gifted and Regular Intermediate Students. Educational Research International, 3(1).
Kubler, C. C. (2001). Some Thoughts on the Relationship between Spoken Chinese and Written Chinese and Implications for Teaching Basic-Level Chinese to Non-Native Learners. In Linguistics Study. Hubei University.
Kučera, O. (2005). Učebnice čínských znaků (Chinese Characters Textbook ). Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého.
Kuo, A. M.-L., & Hooper, S. (2004). The Effects of Visual and Verbal Coding Mnemonics on Learning Chinese Characters in Computer-Based Instruction. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 52(3), 23–38.
Kyungsim, H.-N., & Leavell, A. G. (2006). Language learning strategy use of ESL students in an intensive English learning context. System, 34(3), 399–415. doi:10.1016/j.system.2006.02.002
Liu, Y., Wang, M., & Perfetti, C. A. (2007). Threshold-style processing of Chinese characters for adult second-language learners. Memory Cognition, 35(3), 471–480.
Lockhart, R. S., & Craik, F. I. (1990). Levels of processing: A retrospective commentary on a framework for memory research. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 44(1), 87–112.
Loftus, G. R., & Loftus, E. F. (1976). Human Memory: The Processing of Information. Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Routledge.
Lomová, O. (2000). 捷克漢學研究現況—兼述蒙古、西藏研究 (The Current State of Chinese Studies in the Czech Republic — Research on Mongolia and Tibet). 漢學研究通訊, 19(3), 392–398.
Marcus, N., Cooper, M., & Sweller, J. (1996). Understanding instructions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(1), 49–63.
Marek, J., & Pokora, T. (1963). Asian Studies in Czechoslovakia. Journal of Asian Studies, 22(4), 357–366.
Matlin, M. W. (2005). Cognition (6th ed.). New York, NY, USA: J. Wiley & Sons.
Matthews, A., & Matthews, L. (2007). Learning Chinese Characters. Rutland, VT, USA: Tuttle Publishing.
Maxwell, B. (1996). Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Survey Instruments. In M. O. Martin & D. L. Kelly (Eds.), Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Technical Report, Volume I: Design and Development. Chestnut Hill, MA, USA: Boston College.
McGinnis, S. (1995). Does Johnny even want to read: Student attitudes and approaches in the learning of written Chinese. Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Long Beach, CA, USA.
McKenzie, W. (1999). Intelligence Profiles. Retrieved from http://surfaquarium.com/MI/profiles/index.htm
McKenzie, W. (2005). Multiple intelligences and instructional technology. Eugene, OR, USA: ISTE.
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review;Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97.
Mori, Y., Sato, K., & Shimizu, H. (2007). Japanese Language Students’ Perceptions on Kanji Learning and Their Relationship to Novel Kanji Word Learning Ability. Language Learning, 57(1), 57–85.
Mori, Y., & Shimizu, H. (2007). Japanese Language Students’ Attitudes toward “Kanji” and Their Perceptions on “Kanji” Learning Strategies. Foreign Language Annals, 40(3), 472–490.
Myers, I. B., & Briggs, P. B. (1987). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Nábělková, M. (2007). Closely-related languages in contact: Czech, Slovak, “Czechoslovak”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2007(183), pp. 53-73. Retrieved 30 Mar. 2017, from doi:10.1515/IJSL.2007.004
Naiman, N., Frohlich, M., Stern, H. H., & Tidesco, A. (1978). The good language learner. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
O’Brien, L. (1998). Learning Channel Preference Checklist. In J. Reid (Ed.), Understanding learning styles in the second language classroom. (pp. 196–201). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Orton, J. (2008). Chinese Language Education in Australian Schools. Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know (1st ed.). New York, USA: Newbury House.
Oxford, R. L. (1996). What we have learned about language learning strategies around the world? In R. L. Oxford (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the world: cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 89–106). Honolulu, HI, USA: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.
Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2003). Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design: Recent Developments. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 1–4.
Palát, A. (1995). On the History of Czech Sinology from the End of the 19th Century to the Present. In M. Wilson & J. Cayley (Eds.), Europe Studies China. Papers from an International Conference on The History of European Sinology (pp. 26–44). London: Han-Shan Tang Books.
Perfetti, C. A., Liu, Y., & Tan, L. H. (2005). The Lexical Constituency Model: Some Implications of Research on Chinese for General Theories of Reading. Psychological Review, 112(1), 43–59. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.43
Perfetti, C. A., & Tan, L. H. (1998). The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic activation in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 101–118.
Piaget, J. (1970). Science of education and the psychology of the child. New York, NY, USA: Orion Press.
Plass, J. L., Kalyuga, S., & Leutner, D. (2010). Individual Differences and Cognitive Load Theory. In J. L. Plass, R. Moreno, & R. Brünken (Eds.), Cognitive Load Theory (pp. 65–90). Cambridge University Press.
Plass, J. L., Moreno, R., & Brünken, R. (2010). Cognitive Load Theory. Cambridge, UK ; New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Plucker, J. A., Callahan, C. M., & Tomchin, E. M. (1996). Wherefore Art Thou, Multiple Intelligences? Alternative Assessments for Identifying Talent in Ethnically Diverse and Low Income Students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 40(2), 81–92.
Porte, G. (1988). Poor language learners and their strategies for dealing with new vocabulary. ELT Journal, 42(3), 167–172. doi:10.1093/elt/42.3.167
Průšek, J. (1968). Fifty Years of Oriental Studies in Czechoslovakia. Archív Orientální, 36(4), 529–534.
Razmjoo, S. A. (2008). On the Relationship between Multiple Intelligences and Language Proficiency. The Reading Matrix, 8(2), 155–174.
Reid, J. (Ed.). (1998). Understanding learning styles in the second language classroom. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
Reid, J. (1999). Affect in the classroom: problems, politics, and pragmatics. In J. Arnold (Ed.), Affect in language learning (pp. 297–306). Cambridge, U.K.; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, J. (1975). What the “Good Language Learner” Can Teach Us. TESOL Quarterly, 9(1), 41.
Rubin, J. (1981). Study of Cognitive Processes in Second Language Learning. Applied Linguistics, 2(2), 117–131.
Shearer, B. (1996). Multiple Intelligences Developmental Assessment Scale. Retrieved from http://www.miresearch.org/
Shearer, C. B. (2004). Using a Multiple Intelligences Assessment to Promote Teacher Development and Student Achievement. Teachers College Record, 106(1), 147–162.
Shen, H. H. (2004). Level of Cognitive Processing: Effects on Character Learning Among Non-Native Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language. Language and Education, 18(2), 167–182.
Shen, H. H. (2005). An investigation of Chinese-character learning strategies among non-native speakers of Chinese. System, 33(1), 49–68.
Silver, H. F., Strong, R. W., & Perini, M. J. (2000). So each may learn: integrating learning styles and multiple intelligences. Alexandria, VA, USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Skehan, P. (1989). Individual Differences in Second-language Learning. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
Stern, H. H. (1992). Issues and options in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sung, K.-Y. (2014). Novice Learners’ Chinese-Character Learning Strategies and Performance. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 11(1), 38–51.
Sung, K.-Y., & Wu, H.-P. (2011). Factors influencing the learning of Chinese characters. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1–18. doi:10.1080/13670050.2011.571658
Švarný, O., & Uher, D. (2001). Hovorová čínština v příkladech I-IV (A Colloquial Chinese in Sentence Examples). Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého.
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory. New York, USA: Springer.
Sweller, J., Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998). Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251–296.
Tahriri, A., & Divsar, H. (2011). EFL Learners’ Self-Perceived Strategy Use across Various Intelligence Types: A Case Study. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 115–138.
Tan, L. H., & Perfetti, C. A. (1998). Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: A review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 10, 105–200.
Tan, L. H., Spinks, J. A., Eden, G. F., Perfetti, C. A., & Siok, W. T. (2005). Reading depends on writing, in Chinese. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(24), 8781 –8785. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503523102
Teele, S. (1995). Teele Inventory of Multiple Intelligence (TIMI). Redlands, CA, USA: Sue Teele and Associates. Retrieved from http://www.sueteele.com/teele_inventory.html
Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating Across Cultures. New York: The Guilford Press.
Uher, D., Liu, X., & Vykoukal, J. (2009). Učebnice čínské konverzace (Textbook of Chinese Conversation). Praha: Leda.
Vann, R. J., & Abraham, R. G. (1990). Strategies of Unsuccessful Language Learners. TESOL Quarterly, 24(2), 177. doi:10.2307/3586898
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
Walker, G. (1984). Literacy’ and “reading” in a Chinese language program. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 19(1), 67–84.
Walker, G. (1989a). Intensive Chinese Curriculum: The EASLI Model. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 24(2), 43–83.
Walker, G. (1989b). The Less Commonly Taught Languages in the context of American pedagogy. In H. Lepke (Ed.), Shaping the future: Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 111–137). Middlebury, VT: Northeast Conference.
Walters, J., & Gardner, H. (1995). The Development and Education of Intelligences. In R. Fogarty & J. Bellanca (Eds.), Multiple Intelligences: A Collection. Arlington Heights, IL, USA: IRI/SkyLight Training and Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=ED425193
Wang, A. Y., & Thomas, M. H. (1992). The Effect of Imagery-Based Mnemonics on the Long-Term Retention of Chinese Characters. Language Learning, 42(3), 359–76.
Wang, J., Spencer, K., & Xing, M. (2009). Metacognitive beliefs and strategies in learning Chinese as a foreign language. System, 37(1), 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.system.2008.05.001
Wang, M., Liu, Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2004). The Implicit and Explicit Learning of Orthographic Structure and Function of a New Writing System. Scientific Studies of Reading, 8(4), 357–379.
Wang, M., Perfetti, C. A., & Liu, Y. (2003). Alphabetic Readers Quickly Acquire Orthographic Structure in Learning To Read Chinese. Scientific Studies of Reading, 7(2), 183–208.
Wang, S. C. (1998). A Study on the Learning and Teaching of Hanzi-Chinese Characters. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 14(1), 69–101.
Weinreich-Haste. (1985). The varieties of intelligence — An interview with Howard Gardner. New Ideas in Psychology, 3(1), 47–65.
Wenden, A., & Rubin, J. (Eds.). (1987). Learner Strategies in Language Learning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Wen, X. (1997). Motivation and Language Learning with Students of Chinese1. Foreign Language Annals, 30(2), 235–251.
White, C., Schramm, K., & Chamot, A. U. (2008). Research methods in strategy research: re-examining the toolbox. In A. D. Cohen & E. Macaro (Eds.), Language learner strategies: thirty years of research and practice (pp. 93–116). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P., Raskin, R., & Karp, S. (1971). A Manual for the Embedded figures tests. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Wong-Fillmore, L. (1979). Individual differences in second language acquisition. In C. J. Fillmore, D. Kempler, & W. S.-Y. Wang (Eds.), Individual Differences in language ability and language behaviour. New York, USA: Academic Press.
Wong, K.-F., Li, W., Xu, R., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Introduction to Chinese Natural Language Processing. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
Xing, J. Z. (2006). Teaching and learning Chinese as a foreign language: a pedagogical grammar. Hong Kong University Press.
Yeh, T. 葉德明. (2001). Waiji xuesheng yuedu yu shuxie hanzi zhi celue 外籍學生閲讀與書寫漢字之策略. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Pedagogy (國際漢語教學學術研討會論文集) (pp. 140–143). Hubei, China: Linguistics Study, Supplement 《語言研究》.
Zarei, A. A., & Mohseni, F. (2012). On the Relationship Between Multiple Intelligences and Grammatical and Writing Accuracy of Iranian Learners of English. US-China Foreign Language, 10(7), 1306–1317.
中文文獻
中國教育部。 (2005)。國外漢語教學情況簡介。中國教育和科研計算機網。2014年7月7日,取自http://www.edu.cn/20050721/3144267.shtml
王小寧。(1999)。從形聲字聲旁的表音度看現代漢字的性質。清華大學學報(哲學社會科學版),第 14 卷(第 1 期),66–69。
王為國 (2006)。多元智能教育理論與實務。臺北市:心理出版社股份有限公司。
王瓊珠、洪儷瑜、張郁雯、陳秀芬。(2008)。一到九年級學生國字識字量發展。教育心理學報,39(4)。
江新、趙果 (2001)。初級階段外國留學生漢字學習策略的調查研究。語言教學與研究, (4), 10-17。
吳勇毅。(2007)。不同環境下的外國人漢語學習策略研究。上海:上海師范大學博士論文(未出版)。
呂必松。 (1999)。漢字與漢字教學研究論文選。北京市:北京大學出版社。
呂峽、 林可。(2007)。越南留学生汉语学习策略与HSK成绩的关系。高教論壇,(3),155–159。
孟昭泉。(2003)。漢文化的語音精靈--諧音。台州學院學報(社會科學版),第25卷(第1 期),21–25。
柳燕梅、江新 (2003)。欧美学生汉字学习方法的实验研究—回忆默写法与重复抄写法的比较。世界汉语教学,1(2)。
孫德華。(2007)。國內小學認字法在對外漢字教學中的應用。語文學刊 ,6,114-117。
徐千惠、蔡孟峰、張嘉惠、廖湘美、李淑萍、吳嫻。(2013)。主要漢字形聲字發音規則探勘與視覺化。In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2013),183–197。2014年7月17日,取自http://aclweb.org/anthology/O/O13/O13-1020.pdf
徐子亮。(2003)。汉字背景和汉语认知。汉语学习,第 6 期。
國家漢辦。 (2011)。孔子學院大會開幕海外已有4000多萬人學習漢語。2014年7月27日,取自http://www.chinese.cn/conference11/article/2011-11/12/content_380246.htm
張莉萍。(2012)。對應於歐洲共同架構的華語詞彙量。華語文教學研究,9(2),77–96。
張嘉惠、林書彥、蔡孟峰、李淑萍、廖湘美、黃鍔。(2012)。聲符部件排序與形聲字發音規則探勘。中文計算語言學期刊,17(3),29–44。
曾志朗(2003):漢字閱讀:腦中現形記。科學人,20,70-73。
曾志朗、洪蘭(1984)。從神經語言學觀點探討中文閱讀之教學歷程。世界華語文教學研討會,第1卷第1期,頁515-527頁。
曾金金(2000)。德國學生學習漢字的情況及其學習策略。語言研究─國際漢語教學學術研討會論文集, 327-331。
湯玲。(2002)。諧音現象的成因與修辭學思考。安慶師範學院學報(社會科學版),第21 卷,第6期,107–109。
週成蘭。(2005)。諧音的地位、詞語構造及修辭作用。經濟與社會發展,第3卷(第2期),154–158。
黃富順、林振春。(1994)。我國失學國民脫盲識字標準及脫盲識字字彙之研究。國立臺灣師範大學成人教育研究中心,2014年8月9日,取自http://search.naer.edu.tw/cgiin/edu_project/d_display?home=&path=/ap/edu_project/toc&sysid=000000582&qval=%A4j%B3%B0%A6a%B0%CF&phonetic=0&fuzzy=0&password=&ori_db=&search_field=keyword;
萬業馨 (2001)。對漢字認知、漢字教學並語文關係的幾點看法。語言研究:國際漢語教學學術研討會論文集 Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Pedagogy。
葉德明(2001)。外籍學生閲讀與書寫漢字之策略。國際漢語教學學術研討會論文集(Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Pedagogy) (140-143頁)。國際漢語教學學術研討會,中國湖北大學。
趙果、江新 (2002)。什麼樣的漢字學習策略最有效?──對基礎階段留學生的一次調查研究。語言文字應用,2, 79 - 85。
趙果、江新。(2002)。什麼樣的漢字學習策略最有效?──對基礎階段留學生的一次調查研究。語言文字應用,2,79 – 85。
謝錫金。(2000)。中文教育網。2017年3月30日,取自http://www.chineseedu.hku.hk/chineseteachingmethod/learnword/center_word/index.htm