本研究主要目的有二：（一）依據生態系統理論與過去研究發現，建構「生態系統父職參與影響因素關係模式」，並以實徵資料考驗模式的適配情形。（二）探討「生態系統父職參與影響因素關係模式」中幼兒父親父職參與的各系統因素間的關聯性。為達上述目的，本研究者以問卷調查法及分層叢集按比例隨機抽樣方法進行，運用「父職參與量表」、「父職承諾量表」、「夫妻關係量表」、「配偶支持量表」、「工作對家庭的衝突量表」、「配偶社交圈之父職參與情形量表」與「現代性量表」為工具，收集國內496位家有就讀立案幼兒園幼兒、與配偶同住且有全職工作的幼兒父親資料，運用兩階段結構方程模式，進行測量模式與結構模式的評估分析。

本研究的主要發現如下：

一、本研究建構的「生態系統父職參與影響因素關係模式」得到樣本資料的支持，可用來解釋國內幼兒父親父職參與的觀察資料。

二、模式中影響幼兒父親父職參與因素之間的關聯情形：

（一）微系統的「父職承諾」及中間系統的「工作對家庭衝突」對幼兒父親的父職參與有顯著的直接影響力；其他因素（微系統的「配偶支持」、「夫妻關係」、外系統的「配偶社交圈之父職參與情形」、以及大系統的「現代性」）對父職參與的直接影響則不顯著。

（二）微系統的「父職承諾」對父職參與的直接影響力最大，且父職承諾與夫妻關係在配偶支持對父職參與的影響中具有完全中介效果，但在夫妻關係對父職參與的影響中則無中介效果。此外，本研究發現夫妻關係在配偶支持對父職承諾的影響中，具部分中介效果。

（三）在跨系統的因素關聯部分，本研究發現大系統對父職參與無直接影響力，需透過微系統（配偶支持、夫妻關係、父職承諾）才對父職參與產生間接影響；外系統對父職參與亦無直接影響力，需透過微系統（配偶支持、父職承諾）與中間系統（工作對家庭衝突）對父職參與產生間接影響。本研究所發現的跨系統因素關係，基本上符合生態系統理論強調人類發展乃其與不同環境間互動之結果的主張。

研究者於文末針對未來研究及親職教育提出建議。

The purposes of the present research aimed to: (a) construct a paternal involvement model of preschoolers’ fathers from Ecological Systems Theory perspective, and test the model with an empirical model-fitting analysis; (b) explore the relationships between the systems variables in the present model. Paternal involvement, fatherhood commitment, marital satisfaction, spousal support, work-to-family conflict, paternal involvemen of spousal social sphere, and modernity were the main varuables to measure the performance of 496 Taiwanese preschoolers’ fathers who has full-time job and live with spouse. The results were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling to evaluate the Measurement Model and Structural Model.

The principal findings of the present study include:

1.The results supported the present model of paternal involvement of preschooler’s fathers.

2.The relationships between variables:

(1) Fatherhood commitment (micro-system factor) and work-to-family conflict (meso-system factor) had direct effect on paternal involvement. Spousal support, marital satisfaction (micro-system factor), paternal involvemen of spousal social sphere (exo-system factor) and modernity (macro-system factor) had no direct effect on paternal involvement.

(2) Fatherhood commitment was the most effective factor toward fatherhood commitment. Spousal support had indirect effect on paternal involvement through fatherhood commitment and marital satisfaction. Marital satisfaction had no indirect effect on paternal involvement through fatherhood commitment. Furthermore, spousal support had partial indirect effect on patherhood commitment through marital satisfaction.

(3) As to the relationships between variables of different systems, the present study discovered that macro-system had indirect effect on paternal involvement through micro-system. In addition, exo-system had indirect effect on paternal involvement through micro-system as well as meso-system. Those findings fundamentally correspond cardinal principle of Ecological System Theory that human development is a product of interaction between the growing human organism and its environments.

The present study was based on a systematic viewpoint to provide more particular knowledge of the relationships between influencing factors of paternal involvement. According to the above results, recommendations for future research and implications for parent education were discussed.

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