簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 汪郁芳
Wang Yu-fang
論文名稱: 重建隸屬階級之身份認同:湯婷婷之"女戰士"及佟妮.莫里森之"摯愛"
Reconstructing Subaltern Identities: Maxine Hong Kingston's "The Woman Warrior" and Toni Morrison's "Beloved"
指導教授: 莊坤良
Chuang, Kun-Liang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2000
畢業學年度: 88
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 144
中文關鍵詞: 隸屬階級身份認同湯婷婷女戰士佟妮.莫里森摯愛
英文關鍵詞: Subaltern Identities, Maxine Hong Kingston, The Woman Warrior, Toni Morrison, Beloved
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:116下載:15
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 論文摘要
    湯婷婷與佟妮˙莫里森是兩位美國當代著名的種族女性作家。不同於主流作家遵循著約定成俗的白人意識型態體系,她們是從少數民族的觀點來寫這兩本作品—"女戰士"及"摯愛"。這兩件文本旨在將華人與非人在美國所受的不平與奴役公諸於世,同時也藉此顛覆白人對於華人及非人所建構的扭曲負面形象。兩件文本並置閱讀旨在探討湯婷婷與莫里森對解構白人意識型態及重建隸屬階級身份認同所做的努力。
    本論文分為五個章節。第一章說明整個論文的理論架構。我採用霍爾的「新種族族群」理論、巴巴的「文化揉雜」主張、及巴赫汀的「眾聲喧嘩」來支持我的論點。藉著打破白人的單一獨斷想法—華人及非人在本質上就居於劣勢,湯婷婷和莫里森讓中國與非洲的固有文化與美國主流文化相互交流,且讓彼此的聲音相互回應。
    第二章探討種族主義在華裔美人與非裔美人身上被謬用的情形。在殖民統治之下這兩個民族紛紛被貶抑身份。為了完全剝奪少數民族的聲音和力量,白人企圖用格蘭西所謂的"文化霸權"來將華裔美人收編。對於非裔美人,白人卻剝奪其受教的權利,令他們對自己的文化歷史一無所知。
    第三章針對華裔女性及非裔女性所受的身心攻訐作探討。在種族主義與性別主義的雙重箝制之下,少數民族女性遭到父權的厭惡排擠和帝國的霸權控制。然而,由於這兩件文本意在顛覆父權與種族上的窠臼想法,兩位作者賦與其女性角色更多的力量與智慧,並在其男女人物之間巧妙地締造了角色的逆轉。此外,對華裔女性及非裔女性的剝削也影響了她們的母女關係。這也是本章所要討論的另一議題。
    第四章記載少數民族從無聲轉為有聲的心路歷程。湯婷婷視寫作為一把文字鑄成的「劍」,並以它來為自己及其他華裔美國女性的獨立自我奮鬥。莫里森則透過再度審視的文本帶領著書中人物來"重組"("再記憶")他們傷痛及被抹滅的過去。經由"再記憶"的過程,原有的歷史可重新取回,新的文化屬性亦得以重新建立。
    第五章重述本論文的主旨,並再度肯定湯婷婷及莫里森於再現其種族族群的身份認同及賦與他們自我肯定及民族意識的決心與貢獻。

    Abstract
    Maxine Hong Kingston and Toni Morrison are two prominent contemporary American ethnic female writers. Unlike the mainstream writers who follow the conventional white ideological framework, they compose their works, The Woman Warrior and Beloved from the perspective of racial minorities. The two texts aim to make public the injustice and enslavement Chinese and Africans have suffered in the U.S. and to subvert the distorted negative stereotypes of Chinese and Africans which have been constructed by the white Europeans. My juxtaposed reading focuses on Kingston's and Morrison's efforts to deconstruct the white ideologies first and then to reconstruct the subaltern identities.
    This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One provides a theoretical framework for the thesis, where I refer to Stuart Hall's rationale on "new ethnicities," Homi K. Bhabha's assertion on "cultural hybridity," and M. M. Bakhtin's theory on "heteroglossia" to support my arguments. By breaking the white unitarianism that Chinese and Africans are essentially inferior, Kingston and Morrison try to equate their racial peoples with Americans, creating an interaction between the indigenous and mainstream cultures, making their voices echo with each other.
    Chapter Two explores the racial appropriation of Chinese Americans and African Americans. The two races are denigrated under the colonial dominance. In order to totally deprive the racial minorities of their voices and powers, the whites make them (Chinese Americans) assimilated by way of Gramsci's "cultural hegemony" or make them (Afro-Americans) unlearned, ignorant of their own culture and history.
    Chapter Three centers on the physical and psychological assault on Chinese American women and African American women. Genderized and racialized, women of racial minorities suffer from patriarchal misogyny and imperial hegemony. However, since the two texts aim to subvert the patriarchal and racial stereotypes, Kingston and Morrison create a "power reversion" between their male and female characters by offering the females more strength and resourcefulness. Moreover, the exploitation on Chinese and African American women also influences their mother/daughter relationship, which is another concern in this chapter.
    Chapter Four records the processes for the racial minorities to evolve from silence to eloquence. Kingston takes writing as a "sword" welded by words and fights for an autonomous selfhood of herself and the other Chinese American women. Morrison's revisionary text leads the characters to "re-member" their traumatic and erased past. Through rememory, the aboriginal history can be retrieved and their new cultural identities can be reconstructed.
    Chapter Five recapitulates the main ideas of this thesis and reaffirms Kingston's and Morrison's determination and contributions to representing the identities of their racial groups and offering them self-affirmation and national consciousness.

    Table of Contents Chapter One Introduction: Remapping the History……………………………1 Chapter Two The Racial Appropriation of Chinese Americans and African Americans………………………………………………………………24 2.1 White Ideological Essentialism on Chinese and Africans …………………………………………………………………………31 2.2 Ideological Domination through Cultural Hegemony………41 2.3 Reconstituting New Cultural Identity………………………49 Chapter Three Genderized and Racialized Chinese American and Afro-American Woman Identities ……………………………………………………59 3.1 The Doubly Marginalized Chinese and African Women ……62 3.2 The Male/Female Gender and Power Reversion ……………74 3.3 Mother/Daughter Relationship ………………………………79 Chapter Four "Naming the Unspeakable": New Landscapes of Identity ……91 4.1 The Woman Warrior--A Passage from Silence to Eloquence.94 4.2 Beloved--Re-member the White Narratives …………………105 4.3 Cultural Translation through Other Means of Articulation …………………………………………………………………………115 Chapter Five Conclusion ……………………………………………………………125 Works Cited………………………………………………………………137

    Works Cited
    Anzaldua, Gloria. Borderlands (La Frontera): The New Mestiza.
    San Francisco: Aunt Late Book Company, 1987.
    Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. Key Concepts
    in Post-colonial Studies. London and New York:
    Routledge, 1998.
    ---, eds. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. London and New
    York: Routledge, 1995.
    Bakhtin, M.M. "Discourse in the Novels." The Dialogic
    Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin. Trans. Caryl
    Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: U of Texas P,
    1981. 259-422.
    Bannan, Helen M. "Warrior Women: Immigrant Mothers in the
    Works of Their Daughters." Women's Studies 6 (1979):
    165-77.
    Bhabha, Homi K. "Cultural Diversity and Cultural Differences."
    Ashcroft et al. 206-09.
    ---. The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge,
    1994.
    ---. "The Other Question." Mongia 37-54.
    Campbell, Jan. "Images of the Real: Reading History and
    Psychoanalysis in Toni Morrison's Beloved." Women: A
    Cultural Review 7.2 (1996): 136-49.
    Chambers, Iain. Migrancy, Culture, Identity. London and New
    York: Routledge, 1994.
    Cheung, King-Kok. "'Don't Talk': Imposed Silences in The Color
    Purple and The Woman Warrior." PMLA 103 (1988): 162-
    74.
    ---. "The Woman Warrior versus The Chinaman Pacific: Must a
    Chinese American Critic Choose between Feminism and
    Heroism?" Conflicts in Feminism. Ed. Marianne Hirsh and
    Evelyn Fox Keller. New York: Routledge, 1990. 234-51.
    Chin, Frank. "Back-Talk." Counterpoint: Perspectives on Asian
    America. Ed. Emma Gee et al. Los Angeles: Regents of the
    University of California, 1976. 556-57.
    ---. "Come All Ye Asian American Writers of the Real and
    Fake." The Big Aiiieeeee! Eds. Jeffery Paul Chan, et al.
    New York: Penguin, 1991. 1-92.
    Chin, Frank, and Jeffery Paul Chan. "Racist Love." Seeing
    through Shuck. Ed. Richard Kostelanetz. New York:
    Ballantine Books, 1972. 65-79.
    Clifford, James. "Traveling Culture." Cultural Studies. Ed.
    Lawrence Grossbey. New York: Routledge, 1992.
    Comfort, Susan. "Counter-Memory, Mourning and History in
    Toni Morrison's Beloved." LIT 6 (1995): 121-32.
    Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London: Hodder &
    Stoughton, 1990.
    Cook, Rufus. "Imaging China: Cultural Transformation in
    Maxine Hong Kingston's Work." Criticism 34.1 (1992): 3-
    14.
    Danahay, Martin A. "Breaking the Silence: Symbolic Violence
    and the Teaching of Contemporary 'Ethnic'
    Autobiography." College Literature 18.3 (1991): 64-79.
    Delacampagne, Christian. "Racism and the West: From Praxis to
    Logos." Trans. Michael Edwards. Golderg 83-88.
    Dobbs, Cynthia. "Toni Morrison's Beloved: Bodies Returned,
    Modernism Revisited." African American Review 32.4
    (1998): 563-78.
    Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
    1967.
    ---. "The Fact of Blackness." Golderg 108-26.
    Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge. Germany: Pantheon Books,
    1980.
    Garbus, Lisa. "The Unspeakable Stories of Shoah and Beloved."
    College Literature 26:1 (1999): 52-68.
    Garner, Shirley Nelson. "Breaking Silence: The Woman
    Warrior." The Intimate Critique: Autobiographical
    Literary Criticism. Ed. Diane P. Freedman, Olivia Frey,
    and Frances Murphy Zauhar. Durham and London: Duke
    UP, 1993. 117-25.
    Gates, Henry Louis, Jr, ed. "Criticism in the Jungle." Black
    Literature and Literary Theory. New York and London:
    Routledge, 1984. 1-24.
    ---. Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the "Racial" Self. New
    York: Oxford UP, 1987.
    ---. "Introduction: Writing 'Race' and the Difference It Makes."
    "Race," Writing, and Differenec. Ed. Henry Louis Gates,
    Jr. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1986. 1-20.
    Goellnicht, Donald C. "Father Land and/or Mother Tongue: The
    Divided Female Subject in Kogawa's Obason and Hong
    Kingston's The Woman Warrior." Redefining
    Autobiography in Twentieth Century Women's Fiction: An
    Essay Collection. Ed. Morgan Janice, Hall Colette T., and
    Synder Carol L. New York: Garland, 1991. 119-34.
    Golderg, David Theo, ed. Anatomy of Racism. Minneapolis: U of
    Minneasota P, 1990.
    Hall, Stuart. "Cultural Identity and Diaspora." Mongia 110-21.
    ---. "Ethnicity: Identity and Difference." Radical America 23.4
    (1991): 9-20.
    ---. "Minimal Selves." Identity: The Real Me. ICA Documents 6.
    London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1987. 44-46.
    ---. "New Ethnicities." Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in
    Cultural Studies. Ed. David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Cheu.
    London: Routledge, 1996. 441-49.
    Henderson, Mae G. "Toni Morrison's Beloved: Re-Membering
    the Body as Historical Text." Comparative American
    Identities: Race, Sex, and Nationality in the Modern Text.
    Ed. Hortense J. Spillers. New York: Routledge, 1991. 62-
    86.
    Henderson, Mae Qwendolyn. "Speaking in Tongues: Dialogics,
    Dialectics and the Black Woman Writer's Literary
    Tradition." Williams and Chrisman 257-67.
    Holden-Kirwan, Jennifer L. "Looking Into the Self That Is No
    Self: An Examination of Subjectivity in Beloved." African
    American Review 32.3 (1998): 415-26.
    Hunsaker, Steven V. "Nation, Family, and Language in Victor
    Perera's Rites and Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman
    Warrior." Biography 20.4 (1997): 437-61.
    Kachru, Braj B. "The Alchemy of English." Ashcroft et al. 291-
    94.
    Kanneh, Kadiatu. "'Africa' and Cultural Translation: Reading
    Difference." Cultural Readings of Imperialism Edward
    Said and the Gravity of History. Ed. Keoith Ansell-
    Pearson, Benita Parry, and Judith Squires. London:
    Lawrence & Wishart, 1997. 267-89.
    Kaplan, Caren. Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of
    Displacement. Durham and London: Duke UP, 1996.
    Keenan, Sally. "'Four Hundred years of Silence': Myth, History,
    and Motherhood in Toni Morrison's Beloved." Recasting
    the World: Writing after Colonialism. Ed. Jonathan White.
    Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1993. 45-81.
    ---. "Toni Morrison's Beloved: Re-appropriating the Past."
    Women: a Cultural Review. 4.2 (1993): 154-64.
    Keizer, Arlene R. "Beloved: Ideologies in Conflict, Improvised
    Subject." African American Review 33.1 (1999): 105-23.
    Kennedy, Colleen and Deborah Morse. "A Dialogue with(in)
    Tradition: Two Perspectives on The Woman Warrior." Lim
    121-30.
    Kim, Elaine H. Asian American Literature: An Introduction to
    the Writings of Their Social Context. Philadelphia: Temple
    UP, 1982.
    Kingston, Maxine Hong. China Men. New York: Vintage Books,
    1977.
    ---. The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts.
    New York: Vintage Books, 1975.
    Krumholz, Linda. "The Ghosts of Slavery: Historical Recovery
    in Toni Morrison's Beloved." African American Review
    26.3 (1992): 395-408.
    Lee, Robert G. "The Woman Warrior as an Intervention in Asian
    American Historiography." Lim 52-63.
    Li, David Leiwei. "The Naming of a Chinese American 'I':
    Cross-Cultural Sign/ifications in The Woman Warrior."
    Criticism 30.4 (1988): 497-515.
    Lim, Shirley Geok-lin, ed. Approaches to Teaching Kingston's
    The Woman Warrior. New York: The Modern Language
    Association of America, 1991.
    ---. "'Growing with Stories': Chinese American Identities,
    Textual Identities (Maxine Hong Kingston)." Teaching
    American Ethnic Literature: 19 Essays. Ed. John R.
    Maitino and David R. Peck. Albuquerque: U of New
    Mexico P, 1996. 273-91.
    ---. "Other Works by Maxine Hong Kingston." Lim 5-7.
    ---. "The Tradition of Chinese American Women's Life Stories:
    Thematics of Race and Gender in Jade Snow Wong's Fifth
    Chinese Daughter and Maxine Hong Kingston's The
    Woman Warrior." Ed. Margo Culley. American Women's
    Autobiography: Fea(s)ts of Memory. Wisconsin: U of
    Wisconsin P, 1992. 252-67.
    Lin, Patricia. "Use of Media and Other Resources to Situate The
    Woman Warrior." Lim 37-43.
    Lock, Helen. "'Building up from Fragments': The Oral Memory
    Process in Some Recent African-American Written
    Narratives." College Literature 22.3 (1995): 109-20.
    Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London and New
    York: Routledge, 1998.
    Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts. Durham and London: Duke UP,
    1996.
    Macaulay, Thomas. "Minute on Indian Education." Ashcroft et
    al. 428-30.
    Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. The German Ideology. Ed.
    C.J. Arthur. Taipei, Xuang-Yeh Bookstore, 1970.
    Moglen, Helene. "Redeeming History: Toni Morrison's Beloved."
    Cultural Critique 24 (1993): 17-40.
    Mohanty, Satya P. "The Epistemic Status of Cultural Identity:
    On Beloved and the Postcolonial Condition." Cultural
    Critique 24 (1993): 41-80.
    Mongia, Padmini, ed. Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A
    Reader. London: Arnold, 1996.
    Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Plume, 1987.
    ---. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary
    Imagination. London: Harvard UP, 1992.
    ---. "Rootedness: The Ancestor as Foundation." Black Women
    Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari
    Evans. New York: Anchor Books, 1984. 339-45.
    ---. "Unspeakable Things Unspoken: The Afro-American
    Presence in American Literature." Michigan Quarterly
    Review 28.1 (1989): 9-34.
    Omi, Michael, and Howard Winani. Racial Formation in the
    United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. New York:
    Routledge, 1994.
    Outka, Paul. "Publish or Perish: Food, Hunger, and Self-
    Construction in Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman
    Warrior." Contemporary Literature 38.3 (1997): 447-82.
    Outlaw, Lucius. "Toward a Critical Theory of 'Race'." Golderg
    58-82.
    Page, Philip. Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and Fragmentation in
    Toni Morrison's Novels. Jackson: U P of Mississippi, 1995.
    Quinby, Lee. "The Subject of Memoirs: The Woman Warrior's
    Technology of Ideographic Selfhood." De/Colonizing the
    Subject: The Politics of Gender in Women's
    Autobiography. Ed. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson.
    Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1992.
    Rabine, Leslie W. "No Lost Paradise: Social Gender and
    Symbolic Gender in the Writings of Maxine Hong
    Kingston." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
    Society 12.3 (1987): 471-92.
    Rabinow, Paul. The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon
    Books, 1984.
    Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voice of Toni Morrison. Columbus:
    Ohio State UP, 1991.
    Rody, Caroline. "Toni Morrison's Beloved: History, 'Rememory,'
    and a 'Clamor for a Kiss'." American Literary History 7.1
    (1995): 92-119.
    Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A.
    Knopf, 1993.
    ---. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books. 1979.
    ---. "Reflections on Exile." Out There: Marginalization and
    Contemporary Cultures. Ed. Russell Ferguson et al. New
    York: The MIT Press, 1990. 345-54.
    ---. "Representing the Colonized: Anthropology's
    Interlocutors." Critical Inquiry 15 (1989): 205-25.
    Samuels, Wilfred D. and Clenora Hudson-Weems. Toni
    Morrison. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990.
    Schapiro, Barbara. "The Bonds of Love and the Boundaries of
    Self in Toni Morrison's Beloved." Contemporary Literature
    32.2 (1991): 194-210.
    Schueller, Malini. "Questioning Race and Gender Definitions:
    Dialogic Subversions in The Woman Warrior." Criticism
    31.4 (1989): 421-37.
    Smith, Sidonie. A Poetics of Women's Autobiography:
    Marginality and the Fictions of Self-Representation.
    Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1987.
    Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "Can the Subaltern Speak?"
    Williams and Chrisman 66-111.
    Stepan, Nancy Leys, and Sander L. Gilman. "Appropriating the
    Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism."
    The Bounds of Race: Perspectives on Hegemony and
    Resistance. Ed. Dominick Lacapra. Ithaca and London:
    Cornell UP, 1991. 72-103.
    Thiong'o, Ngugi Wa. "The Language of African Literature."
    Ashcroft et al. 285-90.
    Venuti, Lawrence. The Scandals of Translation: Towards an
    Ethics of Difference. London: Routledge, 1998.
    Williams, Patrick, and Laura Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse
    and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader. New York: Harvester
    Wheatsheaf, 1993.
    Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. "Chinese American Literature." An
    Interethnic Companion to Asian American Literature. Ed.
    King-kok Cheung. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. 39-
    61.
    ---. "Kingston's Handling of Traditional Chinese Sources." Lim
    26-36.
    Yalom, Marilyn. "The Woman Warrior as Postmodern
    Autobiography." Lim 108-15.
    Young, Robert J. C. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory,
    Culture, and Race. New York: Routledge, 1995.
    ---. White Mythologies: Writing History and the West. London
    and New York: Routledge, 1990.
    Yuan, Yuan. "The Semiotics of China Narratives in the Con/texts
    of Kingston and Tan." Critique 40.3 (1999): 292-303.

    QR CODE