主觀幸福感（Subjective well-being）是各國衡量公民生活品質和生活滿意度的重要指標。過往國家對於經濟發展之衡量，多數關注於經濟成長水準，或絕對的物質生活水平，缺乏精神生活面的衡量。目前探究政府信任、社會聯繫、公民政治參與主觀幸福感之研究仍付之闕如。因此，本研究旨在探討我國民眾之政府信任程度及社會聯繫狀態對於主觀幸福感之影響，並探討公民政治參與之中介作用。本研究資料來自103年到105年之「國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究」資料庫，三年共包括9470位研究樣本。本研究之依變項為「主觀幸福感」，自變項為「政府信任」及「社會聯繫」，中介變項為「公民政治參與」。自變項與依變項皆為潛在變項，中介變項為觀察變項。在統計分析部分，採用結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modele)進行結構模式分析，以探討「政府信任」及「社會聯繫」與「主觀幸福感」之間的關係，最後探討「公民政治參與」之中介作用，並進行性別及教育程度分組之多群體分析。研究結果發現，政府信任和社會聯繫與主觀幸福感具有正向關係，而公民政治參與對於政府信任和社會聯繫與主觀幸福感之關係具有部分中介效果。在多群組分析方面，各路徑係數沒有性別差異。在教育程度中，政府信任與公民政治參與之負向關係，以及社會聯繫與公民政治參與之正向關係，皆在大專以上者關係更為緊密。本研究結果可以作為促進民眾主觀幸福感之政策和實務參考依據。

Subjective well-being is an important indicator to measure the quality of life and satisfaction of citizens in different countries. In the past, most countries focused on economic growth or absolute material living standards, but lacked the measurement of spiritual life. There is a lack of research on government trust, social contacts, and subjective well-being of citizens' political participation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the association of government trust and social contacts with subjective well-being of our citizens and to examine the mediating role of civic political participation. The data for this study were obtained from the " The National Well-being Indicators" database from 2014 to 2014, which included a total of 9470 participants. The dependent variable in this study was subjective well-being, the independent variables were government trust and social contacts, and the mediating variable was civic political participation. The independent and dependent variables are potential variables, and the mediating variable is an observed variable. In the statistical analysis, Structural Equation Modele (SEM) was used to investigate the relationship between "government trust" and social contacts and subjective well-being. The results showed that government trust and social contacts were positively related to subjective well-being, while civic political participation partially mediated the relationship between government trust and social contacts and subjective well-being. In the multi-group analysis, there were no gender differences in the coefficients of the paths. The negative relationship between government trust and civic political participation and the positive relationship between social contacts and civic political participation were both stronger among those with college level and above. The results of this study can be used as a policy and practical reference to promote people's subjective well-being.

中文文獻
中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心（2013）。「國民幸福指數」社會聯繫、公民參與及政府治理調查。臺北市，中央研究院。
王中天（2010）。當社會信任遇見政治信任－對政治文化觀點的整合與檢驗。台灣民主季刊。7（4），47-83。doi:10.6448/TDQ.201012.0047
王中天，陳欽春（2014）。影響台灣民眾對現任總統信任度的因素探討。台灣民主季刊。11（2），1-38。
王芳醴（2015）。台中市高中生父母理財教導、理財素養、理財態度與理財行為路徑關係之研究。國立臺灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系博士論文，未出版，台北。
王靖興，王德育（2007）。台灣民眾的政治參與對其政治功效意識之影響：以2004年總統選舉為例。台灣政治學刊，11（1），69-107。doi:10.6683/TPSR.200706。
行政院主計總處（2014）。103年國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究期末報告。臺北市，行政院主計總處。
行政院主計總處（2015）。103年國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究（AA310002）【原始數據】取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。doi:10.6141/TW-SRDA-AA310002-1
行政院主計總處（2015）。104年國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究期末報告。臺北市，行政院主計總處。
行政院主計總處（2016）。104年國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究（AA310003）【原始數據】取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。doi:10.6141/TW-SRDA-AA310003-1
行政院主計總處（2016）。105年國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究期末報告。臺北市，行政院主計總處。
行政院主計總處（2017）。105年國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究（AA310004）【原始數據】取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。doi:10.6141/TW-SRDA-AA310004-1
行政院主計總處（2018）。國民幸福指數主要指標補充調查。臺北市，行政院主計總處。
行政院主計總處（2022）。110年社會保障支出統計。取自：https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=3602&s=230480。
行政院國家發展委員會（2018）。中華民國人口推計（2018至2065年）。取自：https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=84223C65B6F94D72。
余民寧（2006）。潛在變項模式：SIMPLIS的應用。臺北市：高等教育。
吳明隆（2009）。結構方程模式的操作與應用。臺北市：五南。
吳親恩（2007）。台灣民眾的政治信任差異：政治人物、政府與民主體制的三個面向。台灣政治學刊。11（1），147-200。
林珮婷（2014）。男女有別？社會資本使用於政治場域的類型初探。選舉研究。21（2），81-112。doi:10.6612/tjes.2014.21.02.81-112
林國明（2016）。審議造就積極公民？公民審議、社會資本與政治參與。人文及社會科學集刊。28（2），133-177。
林瓊珠（2016）。公民意識與政治參與。民主與治理。3（2），1-21。
邱皓政（2011）。結構方程模式－LISREL/SIMPLIS原理與應用（二版）。臺北市：雙葉。
俞振華，翁定暐（2017）。影響臺灣民眾政治參與的因素:從公民規範認知的觀點出發。調查研究—方法與應用，38，10-56。
姚開屏（2002）。台灣版世界衛生組織生活品質問卷之發展與應用。臺灣醫學。6（2），193-200。
財團法人國家實驗研究院科技政策研究與資訊中心-國家政策研究指標資料庫（2022）。取自：https://pride.stpi.narl.org.tw/index/graph-world/detail/4b1141ad81a98bff0182347aba2f6db4
陳陸輝（2003）。政治信任、施政表現與民眾對台灣民主的展望。台灣政治學刊，7（2），149-188。doi:10.6683/TPSR.200312
陳陸輝，耿曙（2008）。政治效能感與政黨認同對選民投票抉擇的影響－以2002年北高市長選舉爲例。臺灣民主季刊。5（1），87-118。doi:10.6448/TDQ.200803.0087
陳陸輝，連偉廷（2008）。知性、黨性與資訊－台灣民眾政治效能感的分析。臺灣民主季刊。5（3），121-156。doi:10.6448/TDQ.200809.0121
陳新豐（2015）。教育測驗與學習評量。臺北市：五南。
傅文成（2019）。年金改革議題的風險傳播：從公眾情境檢視認知、傳播行為與政策支持傾向（E10519）。取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。doi:10.6141/TW-SRDA-E10519-1
游彩玲（2004）。2004總統大選後公民對政府信任之研究。未出版之碩士論文，臺北市，國立臺北大學公共行政暨政策學系。
黃東益，李仲彬（2010），電子治理與民眾對政府信任：台灣的個案分析。行政暨政策學報。51，77-124。doi:10.29865/PAP.201012.0003
黃芳銘（2009）。結構方程模式理論與應用。台北市：五南。
黃慕也，張世賢（2008）。政治媒介藉由政治效能、政治信任對投票行為影響分析-以2005年選舉為例。台灣民主季刊。5（1），45-85。doi:10.6448/TDQ.200803.0045
楊貴、陳韻暄（2020）。公民意識對臺灣民眾政治參與之影響：2012與2018兩個年度的觀察。人文及社會科學集刊。32（3），367-410。
劉嘉薇（2006）。大衆傳播媒介與大學生政治信任感關聯性之研究。東亞研究。37（1），161-196。doi:10.30402/EAS.200601
英文文獻
Adler, A. (2013). The science of living (psychology revivals). Routledge.
Albanesi, C., Cicognani, E., & Zani, B. (2007). Sense of community, civic engagement and social well-being in Italian adolescents. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17(5), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.903
Alesina, A., Di Tella, R., & MacCulloch, R. (2004). Inequality and happiness: Are Europeans and Americans different? Journal of Public Economics, 88(9–10), 2009–2042.
Altman, D., Flavin, P., & Radcliff, B. (2017). Democratic institutions and subjective well-being. Political Studies, 65(3), 685–704.
Anderson, M. R. (2010). Community psychology, political efficacy, and trust. Political Psychology, 31(1), 59–84.
Andrews, F. M., & Inglehart, R. F. (1979). The structure of subjective well-being in nine western societies. Social Indicators Research, 6, 73–90.
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (2012). Social indicators of well-being: Americans’ perceptions of life quality. Springer Science & Business Media.
Bäck, M., & Kestilä, E. (2009). Social capital and political trust in Finland: An individual-level assessment. Scandinavian Political Studies, 32(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2008.00218.x
Baker, L. A., Cahalin, L. P., Gerst, K., & Burr, J. A. (2005). Productive activities and subjective well-being among older adults: The influence of number of activities and time commitment. Social Indicators Research, 73, 431–458.
Balch, G. I. (1974). Multiple indicators in survey research: The concept" Sense of Political Efficacy". Political Methodology, 1–43.
Barber, B. (2003). Strong democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. Univ of California Press.
Barker, C. J., & Martin, B. (2011). Participation: The happiness connection.
Barrera Jr, M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4), 413–445.
Barrera Jr, M., Sandler, I. N., & Ramsay, T. B. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(4), 435–447.
Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Material wealth and subjective well-being. The Science of Subjective Well-Being, 307–322.
Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004a). Money, sex and happiness: An empirical study. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106(3), 393–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0347-0520.2004.00369.x
Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004b). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of Public Economics, 88(7), 1359–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00168-8
Blazer, D. G. (2000). Psychiatry and the oldest old. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(12), 1915–1924.
Bloom, D. E., & Canning, D. (2007). Commentary: The Preston Curve 30 years on: Still sparking fires. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(3), 498–499.
Boulianne, S. (2009). Does internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600902854363
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being.
Bradburn, N. M., & Caplovitz, D. (1965). Reports on happiness: A pilot study of behavior related to mental health. Aldine Pub. Co.
Brehm, J., & Rahn, W. (1997). Individual-level evidence for the causes and consequences of social capital. American Journal of Political Science, 999–1023.
Byrne, D. (2011). Applying Social Science: The Role of Social Research in Politics, Policy and Practice. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgq82
Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychologist, 31(2), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.117
Campbell, A. (1981). The sense of well-being in America: Recent patterns and trends. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Campbell, A., Gurin, G., & Miller, W. E. (1954). The voter decides. Row, Peterson, and Co..
Chan, R. C. H., & Mak, W. W. S. (2020). Empowerment for civic engagement and well-being in emerging adulthood: Evidence from cross-regional and cross-lagged analyses. Social Science & Medicine, 244, 112703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112703
Chan, R. C. H., Mak, W. W. S., Chan, W.-Y., & Lin, W.-Y. (2020). Effects of social movement participation on political efficacy and well-being: A longitudinal study of civically engaged youth. Journal of Happiness Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00303-y
Chang, W. (2009). Social capital and subjective happiness in Taiwan. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(8), 844–868. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290910967118
Chen, J. (2017). Can online social networks foster young adults’ civic engagement? Telematics and Informatics, 34(5), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.09.013
Cheung, C. (2022). Occupying protest and life dissatisfaction in Hong Kong. Social Indicators Research, 164(2), 843–859.
Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2008). Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95–144.
Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1994). Unhappiness and unemployment. The Economic Journal, 104(424), 648–659.
Cummins, R. A. (2000). Personal income and subjective well-being: A review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(2), 133–158.
Cummins, R. A. (2018). Subjective wellbeing as a social indicator. Social Indicators Research, 135(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1496-x
Deaton, A. (2008). Income, health, and well-being around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 53–72.
Deth, J. W. van. (2016). Political participation. In The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication (pp. 1–12). American Cancer Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc171
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2013). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated. SAGE.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415.
Diener, E. (2009). The science of well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (Vol. 37). Springer.
Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L. D., & Oishi, S. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 58(2), 87.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276.
Dolan, P., Layard, R., & Metcalfe, R. (2011). Measuring subjective well-being for public policy.
Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(1), 94–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001
Easterlin, R. A. (2006). Life cycle happiness and its sources: Intersections of psychology, economics, and demography. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27(4), 463–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2006.05.002
Elgar, F. J., & Aitken, N. (2011). Income inequality, trust and homicide in 33 countries. European Journal of Public Health, 21(2), 241–246.
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. (2013). Vertrauen in die Politik und Teilhabe der Bürger während der KriseEuropäische :Politischer Kurzbericht zur 3. EQLS. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2806/47190
Fahey, T., & Smyth, E. (2004). Do subjective indicators measure welfare? Evidence from 33 European societies. European Societies, 6(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461669032000176297
Fennema, M., & Tillie, J. (1999). Political participation and political trust in Amsterdam: Civic communities and ethnic networks. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25(4), 703–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976711
Fennema, M., & Tillie, J. (2001). Civic Community, Political Participation and Political Trust of Ethnic Groups. In H. Behr & S. Schmidt (Eds.), Multikulturelle Demokratien im Vergleich: Institutionen als Regulativ kultureller Vielfalt? (pp. 198–217). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85129-1_9
Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., & Frijters, P. (2004). How important is methodology for the estimates of the determinants of happiness? The Economic Journal, 114(497), 641–659.
Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., & Gowdy, J. M. (2007). Environmental degradation and happiness. Ecological Economics, 60(3), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.12.005
Flouri, E. (2004). Subjective well-being in midlife: The role of involvement of and closeness to parents in childhood. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(4), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOHS.0000048461.21694.92
Fordyce, M. W. (1986). The psychap inventory: A multi-scale test to measure happiness and its concomitants. Social Indicators Research, 18, 1–33.
Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. Bmj, 337.
Freitag, M., & Bühlmann, M. (2009). Crafting trust: The role of political institutions in a comparative perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42(12), 1537–1566.
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2000). Happiness prospers in democracy. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(1).
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2010). Happiness and economics: How the economy and institutions affect human well-being. Princeton University Press.
Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial least squares. Regression and structural equation models. Statistical Publishing Associates.
Granovetter, M. (1985) Economic action and social structure: A theory of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481-510. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/228311.
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
Golden, J., Conroy, R. M., Bruce, I., Denihan, A., Greene, E., Kirby, M., & Lawlor, B. A. (2009). Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community-dwelling elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(7), 694–700. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2181
Goswami, H. (2012). Social relationships and children’s subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 107, 575–588.
Graney, M. J. (1975). Happiness and social participation in aging1. Journal of Gerontology, 30(6), 701–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/30.6.701
Gülaçtı, F. (2010). The effect of perceived social support on subjective well-being. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3844–3849.
Hagerty, M. R. (2000). Social comparisons of income in one’s community: Evidence from national surveys of income and happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 764.
Hahs-Vaughn, D. L. (2016). Applied multivariate statistical concepts. Taylor & Francis.
Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). SEM: An introduction. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, 5(6), 629–686.
Helliwell, J. F. (2003). How’s life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being. Economic Modelling, 20(2), 331–360.
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., & Neve, J.-E. D. (2021). World happiness report 2021.
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2004). The social context of well–being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1435–1446.
Hetherington, M. J. (1998). The political relevance of political trust. American Political Science Review, 92(4), 791–808. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586304
Hibbing, J. R., & Theiss-Morse, E. (2002). Stealth democracy: Americans’ beliefs about how government should work. Cambridge University Press.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1071–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6.
Hindman, D. B. (2009). Mass media flow and differential distribution of politically disputed beliefs: The belief gap hypothesis. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(4), 790–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600405
Hira, T. K., & Mugenda, O. M. (1999). The relationships between self-worth and financial beliefs, behavior, and satisfaction. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 91(4), 76.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
House, J. S. (1983). Work stress and social support. Addison-Wesley Series on Occupational Stress.
Hoyle, R. H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and fundamental issues.
Hudson, J. (2006). Institutional trust and subjective well-being across the EU. Kyklos, 59(1), 43–62.
Hughey, J. B., & Bardo, J. W. (1987). Social psychological dimensions of community satisfaction and quality of life: Some obtained relations. Psychological Reports, 61(1), 239–246.
Huppert, F. A., & Baylis, N. (2004). Well–being: Towards an integration of psychology, neurobiology and social science. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1447–1451.
Inglehart, R. (2002). Gender, aging, and subjective well-being. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43(3–5), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/002071520204300309
Ingram, H., & Smith, S. R. (2011). Public policy for democracy. Brookings Institution Press.
Jugert, P., Eckstein, K., Noack, P., Kuhn, A., & Benbow, A. (2013). Offline and online civic engagement among adolescents and young adults from three ethnic groups. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(1), 123–135.
Kammann, R. (1983). Objective circumstances, life satisfactions, and sense of well-being: Consistencies across time and place. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 14–22.
Kammann, R., & Flett, R. (1983). Affectometer 2: A scale to measure current level of general happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049538308255070
Kelloway, E. K. (2014). Using Mplus for structural equation modeling: A researcher’s guide. Sage Publications.
Kim, J.-Y. (2005). “Bowling Together” isn’t a Cure-All: The Relationship between Social Capital and Political Trust in South Korea. International Political Science Review, 26(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512105050381.
Klandermans, B. (1989). Union commitment: Replications and tests in the Dutch context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(6), 869–875. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.6.869
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Koestner, R., Lekes, N., Powers, T. A., & Chicoine, E. (2002). Attaining personal goals: Self-concordance plus implementation intentions equals success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 231.
Kozma, A., & Stones, M. J. (1980). The measurement of happiness: Development of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH). Journal of Gerontology, 35(6), 906–912.
Lancee, B., & Van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2012). Income inequality and participation: A comparison of 24 European countries. Social Science Research, 41(5), 1166–1178.
Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33(1), 109–125.
Lelkes, O. (2006). Knowing what is good for you: Empirical analysis of personal preferences and the “objective good.” The Journal of Socio-Economics, 35(2), 285–307.
Lewis, V. A., MacGregor, C. A., & Putnam, R. D. (2013). Religion, networks, and neighborliness: The impact of religious social networks on civic engagement. Social Science Research, 42(2), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.011
Li, Y., Pickles, A., & Savage, M. (2005). Social capital and social trust in Britain. European Sociological Review, 21(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jci007
Lindstrom, M., & Mohseni, M. (2009). Social capital, political trust and self-reported psychological health: A population-based study. Social Science & Medicine, 68(3), 436–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.11.004
Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Osborne, G., & Hurling, R. (2009). Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 878–884.
Lorenzini, J. (2015). Subjective well-being and political participation: A comparison of unemployed and employed youth. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 381–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9514-7
Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) for building and testing behavioral causal theory: When to choose it and how to use it. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 57(2), 123–146.
Luttmer, E. F. (2005). Neighbors as negatives: Relative earnings and well-being. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3), 963–1002.
Macintosh, A., & Smith, E. (2002). Citizen participation in public affairs. In Electronic government (pp. 256–263). Springer.
Magen, Z. (1996). Commitment beyond self and adolescence: The issue of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 37(3), 235–267.
Marien, S., & Hooghe, M. (2011). Does political trust matter? An empirical investigation into the relation between political trust and support for law compliance. European Journal of Political Research, 50(2), 267–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01930.x
Marks, G. N., & Fleming, N. (1999). Influences and consequences of well-being among Australian young people: 1980–1995. Social Indicators Research, 46, 301–323.
Martin, M., & Westerhof, G. J. (2003). Do you need to have them or should you believe you have them? Resources, their appraisal, and well-being in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 10(2), 99–112.
McBride, M. (2001). Relative-income effects on subjective well-being in the cross-section. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 45(3), 251–278.
Meisenberg, G., & Woodley, M. A. (2015). Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being and Their Relationships with Gender Equality. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(6), 1539–1555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9577-5
Michalos, A. C. (1980). Satisfaction and happiness. Social Indicators Research, 8(4), 385–422.
Mouratidis, K. (2021). Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Cities, 115, 103229.
Newton, K. (2001). Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy. International Political Science Review, 22(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512101222004
Newton, K., Stolle, D., & Zmerli, S. (2017). Social and Political Trust (E. M. Uslaner, Ed.; Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.20
Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. The American Political Science Review, 1407–1413.
Nyhan, R. C., & Marlowe, H. A. (1997). Development and psychometric properties of the organizational trust inventory. Evaluation Review, 21(5), 614–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9702100505.
OECD (2001), The well-being of nations: The role of human and social capital, centre for educational research and innovation. OECD Publishing：Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264189515-en
OECD (2013). OECD guidelines on measuring subjective well-being. OECD Publish. https://www.oecd.org/wise/oecd-guidelines-on-measuring-subjective-well-being-9789264191655-en.htm
OECD. (2018). For Good Measure Advancing Research on Well-being Metrics Beyond GDP: Advancing Research on Well-being Metrics Beyond GDP. OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2023), Better Life Index. OECD Publishing. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/.
Orviska, M., & Hudson, J. (2003). Tax evasion, civic duty and the law abiding citizen. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(1), 83–102.
Owen, A. L., Videras, J., & Willemsen, C. (2008). Democracy, participation, and life satisfaction. Social Science Quarterly, 89(4), 987–1005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00595.x
Pacheco, G., & Lange, T. (2010). Political participation and life satisfaction: A cross-European analysis. International Journal of Social Economics, 37(9), 686–702.
Paolini, D., Maricchiolo, F., Pacilli, M. G., & Pagliaro, S. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: The role of social identification and social and political trust on well-being and distress. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01141-0
Pichler, F. (2006). Subjective quality of life of young Europeans. Feeling happy but who knows why? Social Indicators Research, 75, 419–444.
Pickett, K. E., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2015). Income inequality and health: A causal review. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 316–326.
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press.
Piosang, T., & Grimes, A. (2022). Trust in institutions and subjective well-being: Evidence from the Philippines. Asian Politics & Policy, 14(4), 490–517.
Pirralha, A. (2017). Political participation and wellbeing in the Netherlands: Exploring the Causal Links. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(2), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9463-x
Pirralha, A. (2018). The link between political participation and life satisfaction: A three wave causal analysis of the German SOEP household panel. Social Indicators Research, 138(2), 793–807.
Powdthavee, N., Lekfuangfu, W. N., & Wooden, M. (2015). What’s the good of education on our overall quality of life? A simultaneous equation model of education and life satisfaction for Australia. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 54, 10–21.
Prati, G. (2022). The relationship between political participation and life satisfaction depends on preference for non-democratic solutions. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17(3), 1867–1881.
Preston, S. H. (1975). The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development. Population Studies, 29(2), 231–248.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and schuster.
Raibley, J. R. (2012). Happiness is not well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 1105–1129.
Rentsch, J. R., & Steel, R. P. (1992). Construct and concurrent validation of the Andrews and Withey job satisfaction questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(2), 357–367.
Ritchey, L. H., Ritchey, L. H., & Dietz, B. E. (2001). Clarifying the measurement of activity. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 26(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1300/J016v26n01_01
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166.
Seligman, M. E., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293–311.
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117, 561–576.
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138.
Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., Haring, M. J., & Witter, R. A. (1983). Age and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Evaluation Studies: Review Annual, 8, 279–302.
Stolle, D. (1998). Bowling together, bowling alone: The development of generalized trust in voluntary associations. Political Psychology, 497–525.
Stutzer, A. (2004). The role of income aspirations in individual happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.04.003
Tang, L., Luo, X., Yu, W., & Huang, Y. (2020). The effect of political participation and village support on farmers happiness. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 25(4), 639–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09680-w
Tatarkiewicz, W. (1976). Analysis of happiness.
Tov, W. (2018). Well-being concepts and components.
Tsou, M.-W., & Liu, J.-T. (2001). Happiness and domain satisfaction in Taiwan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2(3), 269–288.
Uslaner, E. M. (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust. Oxford University Press.
Usui, W. M., Keil, T. J., & Phillips, D. C. (1983). Determinants of life satisfaction: A note on a race-interaction hypothesis. Journal of Gerontology, 38(1), 107–110.
van den Berg, B., & Ferrer-I-Carbonell, A. (2007). Monetary valuation of informal care: The well-being valuation method. Health Economics, 16(11), 1227–1244. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1224
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (2002). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press.
Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 274–302.
Wang, X., Cai, L., Qian, J., & Peng, J. (2014). Social support moderates stress effects on depression. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(1), 1–5.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346–353.
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. E. (2009). Income inequality and social dysfunction. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 493–511.
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. E. (2020). The inner level: How more equal societies reduce stress, restore sanity and improve everyone’s well-being. Penguin Books.
Winemiller, D. R., Mitchell, M. E., Sutliff, J., & Cline, D. I. (1993). Measurement strategies in social support: A descriptive review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(5), 638–648.
Wray-Lake, L., DeHaan, C. R., Shubert, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2019). Examining links from civic engagement to daily well-being from a self-determination theory perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(2), 166–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388432
Yu, R. P., Mccammon, R. J., Ellison, N. B., & Langa, K. M. (2016). The relationships that matter: Social network site use and social wellbeing among older adults in the United States of America. Ageing & Society, 36(9), 1826–1852. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X15000677
Zimmerman, M. A., & Rappaport, J. (1988). Citizen participation, perceived control, and psychological empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16(5), 725–750.
Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Carpini, M. X. D. (2006). A New Engagement?: Political Participation, Civic Life, and the Changing American Citizen. Oxford University Press.