簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 劉彥君
Liu, Yen-Chun
論文名稱: 在說話者聲音變異與噪音影響下—吸菸者與非吸菸者對中文摩擦音/ʂ/和/s/的區辨
Effects of Speaker Variability and Noise on Mandarin Sibilant Fricative Identification of /ʂ/ and /s/ by Smokers and Non-smokers
指導教授: 甯俐馨
Ning, Li-Hsin
口試委員: 洪右真
Hung, Yu-Chen
朱曼妮
Chu, Man-Ni
甯俐馨
Ning, Li-Hsin
口試日期: 2022/01/25
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2022
畢業學年度: 110
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 45
中文關鍵詞: 噪音說話者聲音變異吸菸摩擦音
英文關鍵詞: Mandarin Sibilant Identification, Noise, Smoking, Speaker Variability
研究方法: 實驗設計法比較研究
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202200353
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:150下載:10
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本論文目的在於討論吸煙和噪音如何影響普通話母語人士在由不同說話發出摩擦音的情境下的聽辨表現。研究採用了兩選項強制選擇題作為研究方法。 15名吸煙者及15名非吸煙者需在四種特定說話者噪音中選擇他們所聽到的實驗音檔為/ʂ/還是/s/。我們分析了受試者的反應時間、正確率、敏感度(d'分數)。研究結果指出,在反應時間上,吸菸對於受試者有負面影響,而噪音對摩擦音的分辨有著正面影響。正確率方面,吸菸對於受試者同樣有負面影響。噪音對/ʂ/的聽辨有負面影響,但對/s/的聽辨有正面影響。在敏感度上,d'分數顯現了吸煙者的劣勢。噪音對於吸菸者有正面影響但對非吸菸者有負面影響。簡言之,本研究發現吸菸對於摩擦音聽辨一致有負面影響,但由噪音造成的影響會因其他因素而異。

    The aim of this thesis was to determine the effect of smoking and noise on Mandarin native listeners' identification rate of sibilants produced by multiple speakers. A two-alternative forced choice identification task was used where 15 smokers and 15 non-smokers had identified whether a sound embedded in four levels of speaker-specific noises was /ʂ/ or /s/. Their reaction time, accuracy and sensitivity (d' scores) were measured. With regard to reaction time, we found the disadvantage of smoking and the advantage of speaker-specific noise on the identification of sibilants. Performance accuracy reflected a negative effect of smoking, a negative effect of speaker-specific noise on /ʂ/ perception, but a positive effect of noise on the perception of /s/. D' scores indicated the disadvantage of smoking, the advantage of speaker-specific noise for smokers and disadvantage of speaker-specific noise for non-smokers. In conclusion, smoking was commonly found to have a detrimental effect of on Mandarin sibilant perception. The effect of noise, on the other hand, seemed to vary depending on other factors.

    CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background XXX 1 1.2 Research goals XXX 2 1.3 Organization of the thesis XXX 2 CHAPTER 2. Literature Review 4 2.1 Effects of smoking on hearing XXX 4 2.2 The characteristics of fricatives XXX 8 2.3 The perception of Mandarin sibilant fricatives XXX 10 2.4 The effects of vowel context, speaker variability and noise on speech perception XXX 12 2.4.1 Vowel contexts of fricatives XXX 12 2.4.2 Speaker normalization in multiple speakers' condition XXX 14 2.4.3 Noise as an acoustic variability XXX 15 2.5 Research Questions XXX 17 CHAPTER 3. Methodology 18 3.1 Participants XXX 18 3.2 Materials XXX 18 3.3 Procedures XXX 20 3.4 Data Analysis XXX 21 CHAPTER 4. Results 23 4.1 Threshold Audiometry XXX 23 4.2 Reaction Time XXX 24 4.3 Accuracy XXX 26 4.4 D’score XXX 28 CHAPTER 5. Discussion 31 5.1 Threshold audiometry: the Disadvantage of Smoking XXX 31 5.2 Reaction Time: the Disadvantage of Smoking and the Advantage of Noise on the Identification of Sibilants XXX 31 5.3 Accuracy: the Disadvantage of Smoking, the Advantage of Noise on /s/ Perception and Disadvantage of Noise on /ʂ/ Perception XXX 34 5.4 D’ scores: the Disadvantage of Smoking, the Advantage of Noise for Smokers and Disadvantage of Noise for Non-smokers XXX 36 CHAPTER 6. Conclusion 38 References 40

    Atmaja, O. S., Sudarman, K., & Surono, A. (2016). Preeclampsia as a risk factor for damage of the cochlear outer hair cells function. Advances in Otolaryngology, 2016.
    Blanchet, C., Erostegui, C., Sugasawa, M., & Dulon, D. (1996). Acetylcholine-induced
    potassium current of guinea pig outer hair cells: its dependence on a calcium influx
    through nicotinic-like receptors. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(8), 2574-2584.
    Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David (2021). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.1.51, retrieved 22 July 2021 from http://www.praat.org/
    Browning, G. G., Gatehouse, S., & Lowe, G. D. O. (1986). Blood viscosity as a factor in
    sensorineural hearing impairment. The Lancet, 327(8473), 121-123.
    Casali, J. G., & Robinson, G. S. (2003). Augmented hearing protection devices: Active noise reduction, level-dependent, sound transmission, uniform attenuation, and adjustable devices—technology overview and performance testing issues. EPA Docket OAR2003, 24, 27-28.
    Chang, Y. H. (2012). Variability in cross-dialectal production and perception of contrasting phonemes: The case of the alveolar-retroflex contrastin Beijing and Taiwan Mandarin. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
    Chang, Y. H. S. (2017). The influence of dialect information on the perception of the Mandarin alveolar-retroflex contrast. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 43(1), 1-23.
    Chang, Y., Shih, C., & Allen, J. B. (2013). Variability in cross-dialect perception of the
    Mandarin alveolar-retroflex contrast. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Phonetics of the Languages in China, 115-118.
    Chiu, C., & Babel, M. (2010). Effects of syllable positions on Taiwanese Mandarin sibilant perception. In 2010 7th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing, 60-64. IEEE.
    Chung, D. Y., Willson, G. N., Gannon, R. P., & Mason, K. (1982). Individual susceptibility to noise. Hamemik RP, Henderson D, Salvi R (eds): New Perspectives on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.
    Cocchiarella, L. A., Sharp, D. S., & Persky, V. W. (1995). Hearing threshold shifts, white-cell count and smoking status in working men. Occupational Medicine, 45(4), 179-185.
    Creelman, C. D. (1957). Case of the unknown talker. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 29(5), 655-655.
    Crossland, G. (2010). Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing in age related hearing loss. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom).
    Cruickshanks, K. J., Klein, R., Klein, B. E., Wiley, T. L., Nondahl, D. M., & Tweed, T. S.
    (1998). Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss study. Jama, 279(21), 1715-1719.
    Cruickshanks, K. J., Klein, R., Klein, B. E., Wiley, T. L., Nondahl, D. M., & Tweed, T. S.
    (1998). Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: the epidemiology of hearing loss
    study. Jama, 279(21), 1715-1719.
    Demonte, Philippa (2019). Matlab script - make masking noises - LPC method (Version 1). University of Salford. https://doi.org/10.17866/rd.salford.9988628.v1
    Dobie, Robert A., & Van Hemel. S. (2004). Hearing loss determining eligibility for social security benefits. National Academies Press.
    Drettner, B., Hedstrand, H., & Klockhoff, I. (1975). Cardiovascular risk factors and hearing loss: A study of 1000 fifty-year-old men. Acta oto-laryngologica, 79(3-6), 366-371.
    Duanmu, S. (2007). The phonology of standard Chinese. OUP Oxford.
    Fechter, L. D., Thorne, P. R., & Nuttall, A. L. (1987). Effects of carbon monoxide on cochlear electrophysiology and blood flow. Hearing research, 27(1), 37-45.
    Fourcin AJ. (1968) Speech-source interference. IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoustic, 16,
    65–67.
    Fransen, E., Topsakal, V., Hendrickx, J. J., Van Laer, L., Huyghe, J. R., Van Eyken, E., ... &
    Van Camp, G. (2008). Occupational noise, smoking, and a high body mass index are risk factors for age-related hearing impairment and moderate alcohol consumption is protective: a European population-based multicenter study. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 9(3), 264-276.
    Gates, G. A., Cobb, J. L., D'Agostino, R. B., & Wolf, P. A. (1993). The relation of hearing in the elderly to the presence of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 119(2), 156-161.
    Gaur, K., Kasliwal, N., & Gupta, R. (2012). Association of smoking or tobacco use with ear diseases among men: a retrospective study. Tobacco induced diseases, 10(1), 1-4.
    Hallé, P. A., Chang, Y. C., & Best, C. T. (2004). Identification and discrimination of Mandarin Chinese tones by Mandarin Chinese vs. French listeners. Journal of phonetics, 32(3), 395-421.
    Hawkins Jr, J. E. (1971). The role of vasoconstriction in noise-induced hearing loss. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 80(6), 903-913.
    Healy, M. R., Berger, D. E., Aberson, C. L., Saw, A., & Romero, V. L. (2003). A web-basedcomputer program for determining group classification. Claremont Graduate University, Web Interface for Statistics Education (WISE), retrieved 8 August 2021 from http://wise.cgu.edu/util/
    Howard, G., Wagenknecht, L. E., Burke, G. L., Diez-Roux, A., Evans, G. W., McGovern, P., ... & ARIC Investigators. (1998). Cigarette smoking and progression of atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Jama, 279(2), 119-124.
    Hu, F. (2008). The three sibilants in Standard Chinese. In Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production (pp. 105-108). Rocquencourt, France: INRIA.
    Hu, H., Sasaki, N., Ogasawara, T., Nagahama, S., Akter, S., Kuwahara, K., ... & Japan
    Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study Group. (2019). Smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk of hearing loss: Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 21(4), 481-488.
    Hultcrantz, E., Hillerdal, M., & Angelborg, C. (1982). Effect of nicotinic acid on cochlear blood flow. Archives of oto-rhino-laryngology, 234(2), 151-155.
    Ibrahim, A. S., & Fatt-Hi, A. S. (1983). Cigarette smoking and hearing loss. Hygie, 2(2), 31-33.
    Itoh, A., Nakashima, T., Arao, H., Wakai, K., Tamakoshi, A., Kawamura, T., & Ohno, Y.
    (2001). Smoking and drinking habits as risk factors for hearing loss in the elderly:
    epidemiological study of subjects undergoing routine health checks in Aichi,
    Japan. Public health, 115(3), 192-196.
    Johnson, K., & Sjerps, M. J. (2021). Speaker normalization in speech perception. The
    handbook of speech perception, 145-176.
    Jongman, A., Wayland, R., & Wong, S. (2000). Acoustic characteristics of English
    fricatives. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(3), 1252-1263.
    Karlsmose, B., Lauritzen, T., Engberg, M., & Parving, A. (2000). A five-year longitudinal study of hearing in a Danish rural population aged 31–50 years. British journal of audiology, 34(1), 47-55.
    Krenmayr, A., Qi, B., Liu, B., Liu, H., Chen, X., Han, D., ... & Zierhofer, C. M. (2011).
    Development of a Mandarin tone identification test: Sensitivity index d' as a performance measure for individual tones. International journal of audiology, 50(3), 155-163.
    Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages (Vol. 1012). Oxford: Blackwell.
    Ladefoged, P., & Wu, Z. (1984). Places of articulation: an investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates. Journal of Phonetics, 12(3), 267-278.
    Lee, C. Y., Tao, L., & Bond, Z. S. (2009). Speaker variability and context in the identification of fragmented Mandarin tones by native and non-native listeners. Journal of Phonetics, 37(1), 1-15.
    Lee, C. Y., Tao, L., & Bond, Z. S. (2010). Identification of multi-speaker Mandarin tones in noise by native and non-native listeners. Speech Communication, 52(11-12), 900-910.
    Lee, C. Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2014). Acoustic characteristics of voiceless fricatives in
    Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 42(1), 150-171.
    Lee, C. Y., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Tao, L., & Bond, Z. S. (2012). Effects of speaker variability and noise on Mandarin fricative identification by native and non-native listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132(2), 1130-1140.
    Lee, S. I. (2011). Spectral Analysis of Mandarin Chinese Sibilant Fricatives. In ICPhS 1178-1181.
    Lee-Kim, S. I. (2014). Revisiting Mandarin ‘apical vowels’: An articulatory and acoustic study. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44(3), 261-282.
    Lin, C. D., Wei, I. H., Tsai, M. H., Kao, M. C., Lai, C. H., Hsu, C. J., ... & Tsai, M. H. (2010).
    Changes in guinea pig cochlea after transient cochlear ischemia. Neuroreport, 21(15), 968-975.
    Lin, Tao & Lijia Wang. 1992. 语音学教程 [A course in phonetics]. Beijing: Peking University Press.Lowe, G. D. O.,
    Drummond, M. M., Forbes, C. D., & Barbenel, J. C. (1980). The effects of age and cigarette-smoking on blood and plasma viscosity in men. Scottish medical
    journal, 25(1), 13-17.
    Lustig, L. R. (2006). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor structure and function in the efferent auditory system. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists, 288(4), 424-434.
    Maffei, G., & Miani, P. (1962). Experimental tobacco poisoning: Resultant structural
    modifications of the cochlea and tuba acustica. Archives of Otolaryngology, 75(5), 386-396.
    MATLAB. (2021). version 7.10.0 (R2021a). Natick, Massachusetts: The MathWorks Inc.
    Mizoue, T., Miyamoto, T., & Shimizu, T. (2003). Combined effect of smoking and
    occupational exposure to noise on hearing loss in steel factory workers. Occupational and environmental medicine, 60(1), 56-59.
    Mullennix, J. W., Pisoni, D. B., & Martin, C. S. (1989). Some effects of talker variability on spoken word recognition. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 85(1), 365-378.
    Nakanishi, N., Okamoto, M., Nakamura, K., Suzuki, K., & Tatara, K. (2000). Cigarette
    smoking and risk for hearing impairment: a longitudinal study in Japanese male office workers. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 42(11), 1045-1049.
    Nilsson, M., Soli, S. D., & Sullivan, J. A. (1994). Development of the Hearing in Noise Test for the measurement of speech reception thresholds in quiet and in noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95(2), 1085-1099.
    Nomura, K., Nakao, M., & Morimoto, T. (2005). Effect of smoking on hearing loss: quality assessment and meta-analysis. Preventive medicine, 40(2), 138-144.
    Noorhassim, I., & Rampal, K. G. (1998). Multiplicative effect of smoking and age on hearing impairment. American journal of otolaryngology, 19(4), 240-243.
    Ohhira, Hiroshi Miyahara, Nobuya Fujita, Takashi Ueda, Toshiaki Yamanaka, Takayuki Murai, Toshihiro Yamamoto, Takashi Matsunaga, S. (1998). Influence of hyperlipidemia and smoking on age-related changes in caloric response and pure-tone hearing. Acta OtoLaryngologica, 118(543), 40-45.
    Pezzoli, M., Lofaro, D., Orione, M., Cupi, D., Albera, A., Bongioannini, G., & Albera, R.
    (2017). Effects of smoking on eustachian tube and hearing. The international tinnitus journal, 21(2), 98-103.
    Pigeon, S. (n.d.). Professional Online Audio Frequency Signal Generator. Wavtones.
    Retrieved July 28, 2021, from https://www.wavtones.com/functiongenerator.php
    Prabhu, P., Varma, G., Dutta, K. K., Kumar, P., & Goyal, S. (2017). Influence of smoking on ultra-high-frequency auditory sensitivity. The journal of international advanced otology, 13(1), 110.
    Reetz, H., & Jongman, A. (2020). Phonetics: Transcription, production, acoustics, and perception. John Wiley & Sons.
    Robinson, G. S., & Casali, J. G. (2000). Speech communications and signal detection in noise. The noise manual, 5, 567-600.
    Rosenhall, U., Sixt, E., Sundh, V., & Svanborg, A. (1993). Correlations between presbyacusis and extrinsic noxious factors. Audiology, 32(4), 234-243.
    Shadle, C. H., & Mair, S. J. (1996). Quantifying spectral characteristics of fricatives.In Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing.ICSLP'96 (Vol. 3, pp. 1521-1524). IEEE.
    Sharabi, Y., Reshef-Haran, I., Burstein, M., & Eldad, A. (2002). Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: lessons from the young adult periodic examinations in Israel (YAPEIS)
    database. The Israel Medical Association journal: IMAJ, 4(12), 1118-1120.
    Sharabi, Y., Reshef-Haran, I., Burstein, M., & Eldad, A. (2002). Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: lessons from the young adult periodic examinations in Israel (YAPEIS) database. The Israel Medical Association journal: IMAJ, 4(12), 1118-1120.
    Shih, Y. T., & Kong, E. (2011). Perception of Mandarin fricatives by native speakers of Taiwan Mandarin and Taiwanese. In Proceedings of the 23rd North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (Vol. 1, pp. 110-119).
    Shimada, S., Hasegawa, K., Wada, H., Terashima, S., Satoh-Asahara, N., Yamakage, H., ... & Takahashi, Y. (2011). High blood viscosity is closely associated with cigarette smoking and markedly reduced by smoking cessation. Circulation Journal, 75(1), 185-189.
    Siegelaub, A. B., Friedman, G. D., Adour, K., & Seltzer, C. C. (1974). Hearing loss in adults: relation to age, sex, exposure to loud noise, and cigarette smoking. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 29(2), 107-109.
    Stevens, K. N., Li, Z., Lee, C. Y., Keyser, S. J. (2004). A note on Mandarin Fricatives and
    Enhancement. In G. Fant, H. Fujisaki, J. Cao & Y. Xu (Eds.), From Traditional Phonology to Modern Speech Processing. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
    Sumit, A. F., Das, A., Svantesson, J. O. (1986). Acoustic analysis of Chinese fricatives and affricates. Working papers/Lund University, Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, 25.
    Tsao, F. M., Liu, H. M., & Kuhl, P. K. (2006). Perception of native and non-native affricatefricative contrasts: Cross-language tests on adults and infants. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(4), 2285-2294.
    Verbrugge, R. R., Strange, W., Shankweiler, D. P., & Edman, T. R. (1976). What information enables a listener to map a talker’s vowel space? The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 60(1), 198-212.
    Wang, X., & Xu, L. (2020). Mandarin tone perception in multiple-talker babbles and speechshaped noise. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 147(4), EL307-EL313.
    Wehrman, J. J., Wearden, J., & Sowman, P. (2020). Decisional carryover effects in interval timing: Evidence of a generalized response bias. Attention, perception & psychophysics, 82(4), 2147–2164.
    Weiss, W. (1970). How smoking affects hearing. Medical times, 98(11), 84-88.
    Wu, Yuwen. 1994. Mandarin segmental phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto.
    Wu, Z. (1963). The Collection of Illustrative Plates of Mandarin.
    Wu, Z., & Cao, J. (1979). Putonghua fuyin shengxue tezheng de jige wenti [Some questions about the acoustic characteristics of Mandarin consonants]. Di Er Jie Quanguo Shengxue Xueshu Lunwen Zhaiyao [Second National Acoustic Academic Thesis Digest]
    Wu, Z., & Lin, M. (1989). Summary of experimental phonetics.
    Zhou, Dianfu & Jongji Wu. 1963. Putonghua fayin tupu [Articulatory diagrams of Standard Chinese]. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.
    Zhou, N., Zhang, W., Lee, C. Y., & Xu, L. (2008). Lexical tone recognition with an artificial neural network. Ear and hearing, 29(3), 326.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE