本研究目的在於探討工作自主性對員工主動行為及員工偏差行為的影響，並檢視自我效能在上述關係中的中介效果，本研究針對台灣地區的全職員工，採用問卷調查法，透過兩階段的資料蒐集方式，時間間隔為兩周，共計回收169份有效問卷。透過階層迴歸模式驗證假設，並以拔靴法驗證中介效果，其研究結果顯示：（1）工作自主性與自我效能呈現正向相關；（2）自我效能會中介工作自主性與主動行為之間的正向關係；（3）自我效能會中介工作自主性與偏差行為之間的負向關係。最後根據研究結果進行討論，也針對管理實務以及後續研究提出建議以供參考。

The aim of this study is to explore the influence of job autonomy on employee proactive behaviors and employee deviant behaviors and to investigate the mediating effect of self-efficacy. In this study, data were collected from 169 employees in Taiwan in two waves by questionnaire survey. Time interval is two weeks. We tested the hypothesis by regression analyses and bootstrap. Results showed that (1) job autonomy was positively related to self-efficacy; (2) self-efficacy mediated the positive relationship between job autonomy and proactive behaviors. (3) self-efficacy mediated the negative relationship between job autonomy and deviant behaviors. Practical implications and future suggestions were discussed.

王世明、周婉茹、吳宗祐、鄭伯壎（2018）。仁慈的雙面刃：仁慈領導對創造力績效的雙路徑模式。中華心理學刊，60（1），57-79。
朱志傑、周麗芳、曾春榮（2017）。當員工覺得不得不從事公民行為的結果：一項心理抗拒觀點的探討。人力資源管理學報，17（1），59-86。
邱皓政、周怡君、歐宗霖（2015）。科技人的深謀遠慮－科技產業從業人員的前瞻行為歷程模式：兼論管理角色的調節性中介效果，東海管理評論，17（1），85-128。
吳宗祐、鍾佩芳、王瑜榛、高凌政、吳溫真、邱淑芬、葉穎蓉（2017）。服務人員之情緒要求如何與何時減損服務績效？工作要求-資源模式的觀點。人力資源管理學報，17（4），1-35。
李荟、李茵、申继亮（1998）。小学教师教学效能感特点研究。心理发展与教育，14（1），33-37。
李新民、陳密桃（2007）。實用智能，目標導向，自我效能對工作表現之影響探析：以幼兒教師為例。教育學刊，28， 63-99。
李娜（2011）。自我效能理论在护理人力资源管理中的应用。中国护理管理，11（7），59-61。
林昱圻（2014）。負向情感特質與職場偏差行為之關聯性研究：知覺不當督導的中介效果與自戀型人格特質的調節機制（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
周文霞、郭桂萍（2006）。自我效能感：概念，理论和应用。中国人民大学学报，1（1）， 91-97。
周怡伶（2015）。心理契約滿足對員工主動行為之影響－自我效能之中介效果（未出版之碩士論文）。國立中正大學，嘉義縣。
胡青、王胜男、张兴伟、程斌、孙宏伟（2011）。工作中的主动性行为的回顾与展望。心理科学进展，19（10），1534-1543。
張妤玥、陸洛（2013）。自我效能於家庭對工作衝突及其前因後果的調節作用。應用心理研究，57，117-154。
戚樹誠、羅新興、梁欣光、賴璽方、朱志傑（2017）。職場偏差行為之實證發現與展望：2000～2015亞洲研究的回顧，臺大管理論叢，27（2），1-48。
童惠玲、李旭梅、史大慶（2016）。目標導向與創新行為-自我效能的中介角色與集權化的調節角色。北商學報，27-30，101-131。
鄭旭皓、董玉娟（2016）。部門文化，工作狂傾向與職場偏差行為關係之研究。管理與系統，23（3），329-360。
廖玲燕（1999）。台灣本土社會讚許量表之編製及其心理歷程分析（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣大學，台北市。
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽（2006）。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質，影響，測試和補救。管理學報，23（1），77-98。
梁欣光（2018）。不當督導與部屬的主管導向偏差行為之關聯性: 道德疏離的中介角色與道德認定的調節角色。組織與管理，11（1），1-31。
梁英文、林淑芳、蔡心華（2017）。工作-家庭助益，自我效能與滿意度之研究-以國際觀光旅館員工為例。戶外遊憩研究，30（4），31-63
蘇錦俊、卓筑瑩（2018）。護理人員工作特性及離職傾向的探討。亞太經濟管理評論，21（2），1-20。
Arnold, H. J., & Feldman, D. C. (1981). Social desirability response bias in self-report choice situations. Academy of Management Journal, 24(2), 377-385.
Ashford, S. J., & Black, J. S. (1996). Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied psychology, 81(2), 199.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359-373.
Belschak, F. D., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2010). Pro‐self, prosocial, and pro‐organizational foci of proactive behaviour: Differential antecedents and consequences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(2), 475-498.
Bennett, R. J. (1998). Perceived powerlessness as a cause of employee deviance. In R. W. Griffin, A. O'Leary-Kelly, & J. M. Collins (Eds.), Dysfunctional behavior in organizations: Violent and deviant behavior, JAI Press, Stamford, CT (1998), 221-240
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349-360.
Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 410-424.
Chang, C.-H., Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Tan, J. A. (2012). Core self-evaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature. Journal of Management, 38(1), 81–128.
Chen, C. C., & Chiu, S. F. (2009). The mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 474-494.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62-83.
Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. (2011). Examining the effects of sleep deprivation on workplace deviance: A self-regulatory perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 913-934.
Coelho, F. and Augusto, M. (2010) Job characteristics and the creativity of frontline service employees. Journal of Service Research 13(4) ,426-437
Coffin, B. (2003). Breaking the silence on white collar crime. Risk Management, 50, 8.
Crant, J. M., (2000). Proactive behavior in organization, Journal of Management, 26(3), 435-462.
Dedahanov, A. T., Rhee, C., & Gapurjanova, N. (2018). Job autonomy and employee voice: Is work-related self-efficacy a missing link? Management Decision.
Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012). When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 194.
Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-187.
Fida, R., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Barbaranelli, C., & Farnese, M. L. (2015). “Yes, I can”: The protective role of personal self-efficacy in hindering counterproductive work behavior under stressful conditions. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(5), 479-499.
Foss, N. J., Minbaeva, D. B., Pedersen, T., & Reinholt, M. (2009). Encouraging knowledge sharing among employees: How job design matters. Human Resource Management, 48(6), 871-893.
Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 37–63.
Frese, M. (2008). The word is out: We need an active performance concept for modern workplaces. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1(1), 67−69.
Gecas, V. (1989). The social psychology of self-efficacy. Annual review of sociology, 15(1), 291-316.
Gözükara, İ., & Çolakoğlu, N. (2016). The mediating effect of work family conflict on the relationship between job autonomy and job satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 253-266.
Greenberger, D. B., & Strasser, S. (1986). Development and application of a model of personal control in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 164-177.
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 327-347.
Hackman, J. R., & Lawler, E. E. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(3), 259.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279.
Hays, R. D., Hayashi, T., & Stewart, A. L. (1989). A five-item measure of socially desirable response set. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49(3), 629-636.
Henson, R. K., Kogan, L. R., & Vacha-Haase, T. (2001). A reliability generalization study of the teacher efficacy scale and related instruments. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(3), 404-420.
Ho, J. C., & Tsai, C. T. (2017). The effect of supervisor neuroticism on employee voice behavior: A moderated mediation model of emotional exhaustion, self-efficacy and emotion regulation. 人力資源管理學報, 17(3), 33-57.
Jensen, J. M., & Raver, J. L. (2012). When self-management and surveillance collide: Consequences for employees’ organizational citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors. Group & Organization Management, 37(3), 308-346.
Lawrence, T. B., & Robinson, S. L. (2007). Ain’t misbehavin: Workplace deviance as organizational resistance. Journal of Management, 33(3), 378–394.
LeBreton, J. M., Wu, J., & Bing, M. N. (2009). The truth(s) on testing for mediation in the social and organizational sciences. Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Doctrine, Verity and Fable in the Organizational and Social Sciences, 107-141.
Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131.
Martinko, M. J., Gundlach, M. J., & Douglas, S. C. (2002). Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: A causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 36-50.
Mathisen, G. E. (2011). Organizational antecedents of creative self‐efficacy. Creativity and Innovation Management, 20(3), 185-195.
McAllister, D. J., Kamdar, D., Morrison, E. W., & Turban, D. B. (2007). Disentangling role perceptions: How perceived role breadth, discretion, instrumentality, and efficacy relate to helping and taking charge. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1200.
McCauley, C. D., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Morrow, J. E. (1994). Assessing the developmental components of managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 544-560.
Mohammad, N.K., Mohammad, B.K., Tasneem, F., & Syed, Z.A.S. (2018). The underlying mechanism between perceived organizational injustice and deviant workplace behaviors: Moderating role of personality traits. Asia Pacific Management Review, 1-11.
Nauta, M.M., Liu, C. and Li, C. (2010), “A cross‐national examination of self‐efficacy as a moderator of autonomy/job strain relationships”. Applied Psychology, 59(1), 159-179.
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Employee voice behavior: A meta‐analytic test of the conservation of resources framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 216-234.
Oldham, G. R., & Fried, Y. (2016). Job design research and theory: Past, present and future. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 136, 20-35.
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36, 827–856.
Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662.
Parker, S. K., Wall, T. D., & Jackson, P. R. (1997). “That's not my job”: Developing flexible employee work orientations. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 899-929.
Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636-652.
Pembridge, J. J., & Rodgers, K. J. (2018). Examining self-efficacy and growth mindset in an introductory computing course. In 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, 1-5
Raza, S., Hussain, M. S., Azeem, M., & Aziz, K. (2017). Workload, work stress, role conflict, and workplace deviant behaviour in banks: An empirical analysis. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 6(4), pp-701.
Restubog, S. L. D., Zagenczyk, T. J., Bordia, P., Bordia, S., & Chapman, G. J. (2015). If you wrong us, shall we not revenge? Moderating roles of self-control and perceived aggressive work culture in predicting responses to psychological contract breach. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1132-1154.
Robinson, S. L. (2008). Dysfunctional workplace behavior. In J. Barling, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 141-159. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
Rogojan, P. T. (2009). Deviant workplace behavior in organizations: Antecedents, influences, and remedies. na.
Saragih, S. (2015). The effects of job autonomy on work outcomes: Self efficacy as an intervening variable. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 4(3).
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, J. M. (2001). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 845-874.
Sheaffer, Z. (2018). How do self-efficacy, narcissism and autonomy mediate the link between destructive leadership and counterproductive work behaviour. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
Shortridge-Baggett, L. M. (1996). International collaborative research on management self-efficacy in diabetes mellitus. The Journal of the New York State Nurses' Association, 27(3), 9-14.
Sousa, C. M., Coelho, F., & Guillamon‐Saorin, E. (2012). Personal values, autonomy, and self‐efficacy: Evidence from frontline service employees. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 20(2), 159-170.
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counter-productivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 446 – 460.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 240.
Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Rafferty, A. E. (2009). Proactivity directed toward the team and organization: The role of leadership, commitment and role‐breadth self‐efficacy. British Journal of Management, 20(3), 279-291.
Sulea, C., Maricuţoiu, L., Dumitru, C. Z., & Pitariu, H. D. (2015). Predicting counterproductive work behaviors: A meta-analysis of their relationship with individual and situational factors. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 8(1), 66-81.
Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition, measurement, and validation. Academy of management Journal, 37(4), 765-802.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992). Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62: 489-505.
Walumbwa, F. O., Wang, P., Lawler, J. J., & Shi, K. (2004). The role of collective efficacy in the relations between transformational leadership and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(4), 515-530.
Wu, C. H., Parker, S. K., & Bindl, U. K. (2013). Who is proactive and why? Unpacking individual differences in employee proactivity. In Advances in Positive Organizational Psychology, 261-280. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Yan, W. (2010) Effect of employees’ proactive personality and mental capital on organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior. Working Paper, Harbin Normal University, Harbin.