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研究生: 陳瑩珊
Chen Ying San
論文名稱: 國小學童依附關係、失落經驗與生活適應之相關研究
A Study of Attachment Relationships, Loss Experiences, and Life Adjustment of the Students in Elementary School
指導教授: 林家興
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2000
畢業學年度: 88
語文別: 中文
中文關鍵詞: 國小學童依附關係失落經驗生活適應
英文關鍵詞: elementary school students, attachment relationship, loss experience, life adjustment
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:332下載:71
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  • 本研究旨在探討國小學童的依附關係、失落經驗與生活適應三者之間的關係。以台北縣市、桃園縣、新竹縣市十二所公立小學的四到六年級學生為研究對象,共計403名。本研究採用問卷調查法進行資料收集,所使用的研究工具包括「父母與同儕依附量表」、「失落經驗量表」、與「國小學童生活適應量表」。調查所得資料分別以t檢定、單因子變異數分析(one-way ANOVA)、皮爾遜積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料處理。本研究的主要發現如下:
    一、 在依附關係方面,男女生在「父親依附」、「母親依附」的得分並無顯著差異,但在「同儕依附」上,女童顯著高於男童。不同年級國小學生在「父親依附」、「母親依附」及「同儕依附」的得分均無顯著差異。
    二、 在失落經驗方面,不同性別及年級的國小學童在「關係失落」、「生命失落」與「實質與象徵失落」的得分則無顯著差異。
    三、 在生活適應方面,不同性別的學生在「親和力」、「社交技巧」、「社會適應」、「功課與遊戲的調適」、「生活的目標」、「適應感」與「心理堅忍度」的得分並無顯著差異,但女童在「行為成熟度」、「情緒穩定性」高於男童,在「自我接受度」的得分上卻低於男童。至於年級差異方面,四年級學童在「親和力」的得分上顯著高於五年級,在「功課與遊戲的調適」方面,四年級的得分顯著高於六年級;在「生活的目標」上,四年級的得分顯著高於五年級,而五年級的得分則顯著高於六年級。
    四、 國小學童的依附關係與其失落經驗有相關存在。關係組型為:「父親依附」、「母親依附」、「同儕依附」與「關係失落」、「生命失落」和「實質與象徵失落」為負相關,而「父親依附」、「母親依附」與「同儕依附」為正相關。
    五、 國小學童的依附關係及失落經驗均與其生活適應有顯著的相關存在。關係組型為:「失落經驗」、「關係失落」、「生命失落」、「實質與象徵失落」與「生活適應」為負相關;而「父親依附」、「母親依附」、「同儕依附」與「生活適應」則為正相關。
    六、 依附關係中的「同儕依附」、「父親依附」及失落經驗中的「實質與象徵失落」分量表可有效預測國小學童生活適應,預測的總變異量達37﹪。其中,實質與象徵失落更能預測國小學童的生活適應。
    本研究根據以上的研究結果加以討論,並提出針對親職及輔導上的應用與未來研究的建議。

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among attachment relationships, loss experiences and life adjustment. The sample consisted of 403 students from 4th to 6th grades from twelve elementary schools in Taipei, Taoyuan, and Hsinchu. Instruments used in this study were “ The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment”, “The Loss Experiences Questionnaire” and “The Revision of Elementary School Children Life Adjustment”. Data obtained in this study were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The main findings were follows:
    1. With regard to attachment relationships, there was no significant difference between different gender students on father attachment and mother attachment. Female students were higher in scores than those of male students on peer attachment relationships. No difference was found on attachment relationships among 4th, 5th, and 6th grade students.
    2. With regard to loss experiences, no difference was found on relationship loss, life loss, and substance and symbolic loss between different gender and grade students.
    3. With regard to life adjustment, there was no significant difference between different gender students on affiliation, social skills, social adjustment, adjustment in study and game-play, goals for living, sense of adaptability, and neurosis. Girls’ score on behavioral immaturity and emotional stability
    were higher than boys’, Girls’ score on physical inferiority were lower than boys’. Moreover, the 4th grade scored higher on affiliation and goals for living than the 5th, the 4th grade scored higher on adjustment in study and game-play,and the 5th grade scored higher on goals for living.
    4. The result of Pearson correlation analyses revealed that attachment was associated with loss experiences. Father attachment , mother attachment, and peer attachment were negatively correlated with relationship loss, life loss, and substance and symbolic loss.
    5. Attachment relationships and loss experiences of elementary school students were significantly correlated with life adjustment. Loss experiences, relationship loss, life loss, and substance and symbolic loss were negatively correlated with life adjustment. Father attachment, mother attachment, and peer attachment were positively correlated with life adjustment.
    6. According to the result of regression stepwise analyses, peer attachment, father attachment, and substance and symbolic loss could significantly predict life adjustment, which accounted for 37% of the variance of the life adjustment.
    Based on the results, implications of this study for parenting and guidance were discussed, and suggestions for future research were proposed.

    目 錄 中文摘要 英文摘要 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………1 第二節 研究問題與假設……………………………………………6 第三節 名詞界定……………………………………………………9 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 依附關係的理論基礎與相關研究………………………..12 第二節 失落的理論基礎與相關研究…………………………. …37 第三節 依附關係、失落經驗與生活適應之相關文獻與研究. …56 第三章 研究方法 第一節 研究架構…………………………………………………. 66 第二節 研究對象…………………………………………………. 67 第三節 研究工具…………………………………………………. 69 第四節 實施程序………………………………………………. …77 第五節 資料處理…………………………………………………. 78 第四章 研究結果 第一節 不同性別、年級國小學童在依附關係、失落經驗、生活適應的差異情形 ….………………………………….….80 第二節 依附關係、失落經驗與生活適應之積差相關分析結果.. 86 第三節 依附關係、失落經驗對國小學童生活適應的迴歸分析結果…… ..………………………………………………… 89 第五章 討論 第一節 性別、年級在依附關係、失落經驗、生活適應之差異情形……… …………………………………………… ….. 91 第二節 依附關係、失落經驗及生活適應的相關…………….… 97 第三節 依附關係與失落經驗對生活適應的預測. ..……….…101 第六章 結論與建議 第一節 結論………………………………………………………107 第二節 建議………………………………………………………110 參考文獻 一、 中文部分………………………………………………………117 二、 英文部分………………………………………………………121 附錄一 第一次預試量表 附錄二 第二次預試量表 附錄三 第三次預試量表 附錄四 專家效度評定 附錄五 本研究所使用之研究工具 圖 目 錄 圖2-1 依附行為系統…………………………………………………15 圖2-2 依附模式………………………………………………………31 圖2-2 依附與悲傷的過程….………………………………………..58 圖3-1 研究架構………………………………………………………66 表 目 錄 表2-1 陌生情境測驗的步驟…………………………………..……..19 表2-2 預期失落與意外失落的型態…………………………………42 表2-3 哀傷階段的劃分…………………………………………….. .46 表3-1 小學生樣本性別與就讀學校、及就讀年級的分佈情形.…..68 表4-1 不同性別在依附關係、失落經驗、生活適應的差異情形…82 表4-2 不同年級國小學生對依附關係的變異數分析摘要表…..…..83 表4-3 不同年級國小學生對失落經驗的變異數分析摘要表……....84 表4-4 不同年級國小學生對生活適應的變異數分析摘要表……....85 表4-5 依附關係與失落經驗之積差相關矩陣…………………..…..87 表4-6 依附關係、失落經驗與生活適應之相關係數表…..………..88 表4-7 實質與象徵失落、父親依附、同儕依附預測生活適應之迴歸 模式變異數分析摘要表…. …………………………………89 表4-8 實質與象徵失落、父親依附、同儕依附預測生活適應之逐步迴歸分析表……………………………………… ………….90

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    江睿霞(民83):父母婚姻衝突對兒童生活適應之影響。國立政治大學教育學系碩士論文。
    巫珍宜(民80):青少年死亡態度之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
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    吳秀碧(民84):哀傷治療工作坊活動手冊。國立彰化師範大學學生輔導 中心。
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    林家塋(民88):喪失子女的父母失落與悲傷反應及復原歷程之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
    許明松(民86):大學生的依附關係與其生活適應之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
    張進上(民84):陪他一段—如何協助適應困難的學生。國教之友,47(2),19-23。
    莊茂德(民82):台南縣國小單親兒童與雙親兒童行為困擾之比較研究。國教之友,44(3),37-44。
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    黃慧涵(民81):青年學生對父母過世的哀傷反應、調適行為與家庭關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
    黃凱倫(民80):幼兒與母親依附關係及其社會行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育學系碩士論文。
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    黃立賢(民85):國民小學學生適應問題及其相關因素之研究。教育資料文摘,38(2),129-149。
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    劉宗幸(民88):社會支持、自我效能對兒童知覺雙親衝突影響兒童生活適應歷程之調節效果研究。國立政治大學心裡學系碩士論文。
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    蔡秀玲(民86):大學男女學生依附關係、個體化與適應之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
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    頁)。台北:心理。
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