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研究生: 范氏芝
Chi Thi Pham
論文名稱: An assessment of the magmatic conditions of Late Neoproterozoic collisional and post-collisional granites from the Guéra Massif, South-Central Chad
An assessment of the magmatic conditions of Late Neoproterozoic collisional and post-collisional granites from the Guéra Massif, South-Central Chad
指導教授: John Gregory Shellnutt
John Gregory Shellnutt
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 地球科學系
Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年: 2019
畢業學年度: 107
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 235
中文關鍵詞: Saharan MetacratonGuéra MassifCentral African Orogenic Beltpost-collisional granitecollisional granitebiotite chemistrymagmatic conditionoxygen fugacity
英文關鍵詞: Central African Orogenic Belt, post-collisional granite, collisional granite, biotite chemistry, magmatic condition, oxygen fugacity
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU201900697
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:92下載:16
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  • The Guéra massif of South-Central Chad recorded the late stages of the Pan-African orogeny related to the collision between the Congo Craton and the Saharan Metacraton. The granitic rocks of the Guéra massif are Neoproterozoic and were emplaced during three distinct intervals: ~590 Ma, ~570 Ma, and ~560 Ma. The younger granites from the Guéra massif may be related to the slightly younger granites (~550 Ma) that constitute the Lake Fitri inliers to the west. The oldest (≥ 590 Ma) rocks have geochemical characteristics of collisional granites whereas the younger (≤ 570 Ma) rocks are similar to post-collisional granites. Biotite and amphibole chemistry for both types of granites are studied to estimate the magmatic conditions of the host rock, subsequently, to distinguish the type of granites and interpret the relationship between them, hence, to better understand the geology of south-central Chad area. The biotite from the collisional granites have higher Al and Ti content, and low iron number (Fe# = Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg) = 0.40-0.96). Their average magmatic temperature is 639 ± 73oC, and average pressure is 1.9 ± 0.1 kbars, and the average redox state -18.3 ± 3.1 that lies between the nickel-nickel oxide and quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffers. The biotites from the post-collisional granites are characterized by higher Fe# (≥0.7), and lower Al and Ti contents, as compared to collisional granites. All post-collisional biotites crystallized at lower temperatures (570 Ma = 620 ± 44oC, 560 Ma = 616 ± 31oC and 550 Ma = 613 ± 45oC). However, the Guéra granites are formed at pressures of 1.8 ± 0.1 kbars and 2.1 ± 0.1 kbars with the relative oxidation state transitioning from oxidizing to reducing environment (log fO2 = -19.5 ± 1.9 and -19.1 ± 1.6 for 570 Ma and 560 Ma, respectively) around the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffers and wüstite-magnetite buffers. In contrast, the Lake Fitri post-collisional granites were emplaced at higher pressure (4.1 ± 0.1 kbars) and higher relative oxidation state, similar to the Guéra massif collisional granites (log fO2= -18.3 ± 3.1). Amphiboles are more common in the post-collisional granites and are calcic with a low magnesian number (Mg#=Mg2+/(Mg2++Fe) ≤ 0.3) which is consistent with the lower oxidation state. It appears that the granites of the Guéra massif display distinct evolution from high to low in temperature, pressure, oxidation state over time. Moreover, the Guéra post-collisional granites had very different magmatic conditions than the post-collisional granites of Lake Fitri, suggesting there may be a terrane boundary between the two exposures.

    The Guéra massif of South-Central Chad recorded the late stages of the Pan-African orogeny related to the collision between the Congo Craton and the Saharan Metacraton. The granitic rocks of the Guéra massif are Neoproterozoic and were emplaced during three distinct intervals: ~590 Ma, ~570 Ma, and ~560 Ma. The younger granites from the Guéra massif may be related to the slightly younger granites (~550 Ma) that constitute the Lake Fitri inliers to the west. The oldest (≥ 590 Ma) rocks have geochemical characteristics of collisional granites whereas the younger (≤ 570 Ma) rocks are similar to post-collisional granites. Biotite and amphibole chemistry for both types of granites are studied to estimate the magmatic conditions of the host rock, subsequently, to distinguish the type of granites and interpret the relationship between them, hence, to better understand the geology of south-central Chad area. The biotite from the collisional granites have higher Al and Ti content, and low iron number (Fe# = Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg) = 0.40-0.96). Their average magmatic temperature is 639 ± 73oC, and average pressure is 1.9 ± 0.1 kbars, and the average redox state -18.3 ± 3.1 that lies between the nickel-nickel oxide and quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffers. The biotites from the post-collisional granites are characterized by higher Fe# (≥0.7), and lower Al and Ti contents, as compared to collisional granites. All post-collisional biotites crystallized at lower temperatures (570 Ma = 620 ± 44oC, 560 Ma = 616 ± 31oC and 550 Ma = 613 ± 45oC). However, the Guéra granites are formed at pressures of 1.8 ± 0.1 kbars and 2.1 ± 0.1 kbars with the relative oxidation state transitioning from oxidizing to reducing environment (log fO2 = -19.5 ± 1.9 and -19.1 ± 1.6 for 570 Ma and 560 Ma, respectively) around the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffers and wüstite-magnetite buffers. In contrast, the Lake Fitri post-collisional granites were emplaced at higher pressure (4.1 ± 0.1 kbars) and higher relative oxidation state, similar to the Guéra massif collisional granites (log fO2= -18.3 ± 3.1). Amphiboles are more common in the post-collisional granites and are calcic with a low magnesian number (Mg#=Mg2+/(Mg2++Fe) ≤ 0.3) which is consistent with the lower oxidation state. It appears that the granites of the Guéra massif display distinct evolution from high to low in temperature, pressure, oxidation state over time. Moreover, the Guéra post-collisional granites had very different magmatic conditions than the post-collisional granites of Lake Fitri, suggesting there may be a terrane boundary between the two exposures.
    Key words: Saharan Metacraton, Guéra Massif, Central African Orogenic Belt, post-collisional granite, collisional granite, biotite chemistry, magmatic condition, oxygen fugacity

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i Content ii Abbreviations v List of Figures vi List of Pictures xii List of Tables xv Abstract 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. General introduction 3 1.2. Gondwana supercontinent 10 1.3. Pan-Africa orogeny 13 1.4. Domains of the Saharan Metacraton in Chad 15 1.4.1. Tibesti massif 17 1.4.2. Ouaddaï massif 18 1.4.3 Guéra massif 18 1.5. Domains of the CAOB in Chad 19 1.5.1. Mayo Kebbi massif 19 1.5.2. Yadé massif 20 1.6. The purpose of the study 21 CHAPTER 2. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 23 2.1. Guéra massif 25 2.2. Lake Fitri region 31 2.3. Phanerozoic sedimentary basins in Chad 33 CHAPTER 3. PETROGRAPHY 35 3.1. Post-collisional granite 35 3.2. Collisional granite 48 CHAPTER 4. METHODS 57 4.1. Principles of electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) 57 4.1.1. X-ray generation and interaction volume 57 4.1.2. Wavelength dispersion and focusing of characteristic X-ray 58 4.2. Source of data and analytical method 60 CHAPTER 5. RESULTS 63 5.1. Rock classification 63 5.2. Mineral classification 66 5.2.1. Classification of minerals from collisional granite 66 5.2.2. Classification of minerals from post-collisional granite 69 5.3. Mineral composition 72 5.3.1. Post-collisional granite 74 5.3.2. Collisional granite 80 CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION 85 6.1. Temperature estimates 85 6.2. Pressure estimates 87 6.3. Oxygen fugacity estimates 96 6.4. The change in magmatic conditions during magma course 101 6.5. Biotite composition and parental magma 109 6.6. Significance of biotite composition in the determination of tectonomagmatic setting 112 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION 116 References 118 Appendix 149 Appendix 1 150 Appendix 2 157 Appendix 3 177 Appendix 4 216

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