在西洋音樂史上,提琴是一項極富傳奇色彩且具有完美聲響的樂器,更以超然絕倫之姿橫亙於四百餘年的製琴工藝文化。自十七世紀起,義大利北部以提琴製造之重鎮迅速崛起,寫下了樂器史上絢麗璀璨的篇章。而克里蒙納(Cremona)名家輩岀的三大製琴家族-阿瑪蒂(Amati)、瓜奈里(Guarneri)、史特拉底瓦里(Stradivari),締造了製琴史上光輝燦爛的黃金時代,達到了技巧與聲譽的巔峰。台灣奇美博物館(The Chi Mei Museum)是名列世界上極具規模的提琴收藏機構之一,它所典藏的克里蒙納名琴無疑是歷史上的璀璨明珠,其重要性與歷史性不言而喻。
本論文共分為五章,除了第一章為緒論之外,第二章從製琴學派的歷史脈絡談起,再以三個層面-著名提琴收藏家、名琴與演奏名家之關係、提琴收藏機構,分別探討提琴藝術價值的提升。第三章為奇美四大典藏名琴身世的追溯與探索,其焦點著墨於奇美博物館所典藏的四把克里蒙納名琴:小提琴「瑪麗‧霍爾-維奧第」(“ex Marie Hall-Viotti,” 1709)、「奧雷‧布爾」(“Ole Bull,” 1744)、「姚阿幸-艾爾曼」(“Joachim-Elman,” 1722),以及大提琴「鮑爾」(“ex Pawle,” 1730)。筆者將對四把名琴歷史進行抽絲剝繭的深入探索,以期能從歷史價值與意義之角度,「形塑」名琴所呈現的歷史意涵,探討名琴在提琴史上的重要性與特殊性。第四章從奇美博物館收藏提琴之歷程談起,再將其典藏名琴之參展經歷做一彙整與簡述,探討奇美名琴典藏在提琴蒐藏史上的歷史定位。第五章為結論,筆者以音樂學子的立場,對奇美典藏名琴的推廣提供個人淺見,並在此領域學術研究方面的未來展望給予建議。
一、中文書目
(一)專書著作
洪啟忠。《小提琴樂器及其調整法》。台南:學興,1977。
莊仲平。《提琴的祕密:提琴的歷史、美學與相關的實用知識》。台北:藝術家,2008。
________。《提琴之愛:製琴、名琴,和擁有它們的故事》。台北:如果,2006。
陳珍吾 編。《奇美典藏提琴圖鑑》。台南:奇美文化基金會,1997。
(二)翻譯專書
Faber, Toby.《匠心獨具:史特拉第瓦里與琴的傳奇故事》(Stradivarius: One Cello, Five Violins and a Genius),席玉蘋 譯。台北:台灣商務,2007。
Farga, Franz.《小提琴的名琴》(The Top Violins)。華天礽,華天禎 譯。上海:上海音樂學院,2005。
Stowell, Robin, ed. 《小提琴指南》(The Cambridge Companion to the Violin)。湯定九 譯。台北:世界文物,1996。
(三)學術論文
區晨郁。〈音樂圖像學:小提琴樂器研究〉。國立台北藝術大學音樂學研究所碩士論文,2004。
劉佳穎。〈易沙意對法比樂派小提琴技術之傳承與創新~以其第四號無伴奏小提琴奏鳴曲為例〉。國立交通大學音樂研究所碩士論文,2006。
二、外文書目
(一)專書著作
Balfoort, Dirk J. Antonius Stradivarius. Translated by W. A. G. Doyle-Davidson. Stockholm: The Continental Book Company, 1947.
Beare, Charles, and Bruce Carlson. Antonio Stradivari: The Cremona Exhibition of 1987. With a foreword by Yo Yo Ma. London: J. & A. Beare, 1993.
Bein, Robert, Ernset N. Doring, and Geoffrey Fushi. How Many Strads? Our Heritage from the Master. Chicago: Bein & Fushi, 1999.
Biddulph, Peter, and Frédéric Chaudière. Antonio Stradivari. Montpelier: Musée Fabre / Actes Sud, 2008.
Bissolotti, Marco Vinicio. The Genius of Violin Making in Cremona. Cremona: Edizioni Novecento, 2000.
Boyden, David D. Catalogue of the Hill Collection of Musical Instruments in the Ashmolean Museum. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
________. The History of Violin Playing, from its Origins to 1761 and its Relationship to the Violin and Violin Music. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Boyden, David D., Werner Bachmann, Malcolm Boyd, Peter Cooke, Alastair Dick, Carleen M. Hutchins, Klaus Marx, Sonya Monosoff, J. C. Schelleng, Boris Schwarz, Rodney Slatford, Ann Woodward. Violin Family. The New Grove Musical Instruments Series, edited by Stanley Sadie. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.
Cacciatori, Fausto,ed. Andrea Amati Opera Omnia: Les Violons Du Roi. Cremona: Consorzio Liutai Antonio Stradivari, 2007.
Campbell, Margaret. The Great Violinists. With a foreword by Ruggiero Ricci. London: Granada Publishing/Paul Elek, 1980.
Chapin, Victor. The Violin and Its Masters. New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1969.
Chiesa, Carlo, and Duane Rosengard. The Stradivari Legacy. London: Peter Biddulph, 1998.
Chiesa, Carlo, John Dilworth, Roger Graham Hargrave, Stewart Pollens, Duane Rosengard, and Eric Wen. Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesú. London: Peter Biddulph, 1998.
Elman, Saul. Memoirs of Mischa Elman’s Father. New York: by the author, 1933.
Faber, Toby. Stradivarius: One Cello, Five Violins and a Genius. London: Pan Books, 2005.
Francais, Jacques. The Dr. Herbert Axelrod Stradivari Quartet. Neptune City, N. J.: Paganiniana Publications, 1985.
Gill Dominic, ed. The Book of the Violin. Oxford: Phaidon Press, 1984.
Gindin, Dmitry. The Late Cremonese Violin Makers. Cremona: Edizioni Novecento, 2002.
Goodkind, Herbert K. Violin Iconography of Antonio Stradivari 1644-1737. Larchmont, New York: by the author, 1972.
Hart, George. The violin: Its Famous Makers and Their Imitators. New York: AMS Press, 1978.
Hawley, Royal De Forest. The Hawley Collection of Violins: With a History of Their Makers and a Brief Review of the Evolution and Decline of the Art of Violin Making in Italy 1540-1800. With an introduction by Theodore Thomas. Chicago: Lyon & Healy, 1904.
Hill, W. Henry, Arthur F. Hill, and Alfred E. Hill. Antonio Stradivari: His Life and Work, 1644-1737. New York: Dover Publications, 1963.
________. The Violin-Makers of the Guarneri Family, 1626-1762. London: W. E. Hill & Sons, 1931. Reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1989.
Ingles, Tim. Four Centuries of Violin Making: Fine Instruments from the Sotheby's Archive. With an introduction by John Dirworth. Boston: Cozio Publishing, 2006.
Jalovec, Karel. Beautiful Italian Violins. Translated by J. B. Kozák. London: Paul Hamlyn, 1963.
Kolneder, Walter. The Amadeus Book of the Violin: Construction, History, and Music. Translated and edited by Reinhard G. Pauly. Cambridge: Amadeus Press, 2003.
Kozinn, Allan. Mischa Elman and the Romantic Style. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1990.
Martens, Frederick H. Violin Mastery: Talks with Master Violinists and Teachers. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1919.
Mosconi, Andrea. Cremona's Instruments: The Town Hall and the Collection of Stringed Instruments. With an introduction by Carlo Chiesa. Cremona: Cremonabooks, 2001.
Pollens, Stewart, Carlo Chiesa, John Dilworth, Roger Hargrave, Peter Klein, Duane Rosengard, and Eric Wen. The Violin Masterpieces of Guarneri del Gesù: An Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Commemorating the 250th Anniversary of the Maker's Death. With a foreword by Peter Biddulph. London: Peter Biddulph, 1994.
Powrozniak, Jozef. Lipinski: His Life and Times. Translated by Maria Lewicka. Neptune City, N. J.: Paganiniana Publications, 1986.
Pulver, Jeffrey. Paganini: The Romantic Virtuoso. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970.
Rattray, David. Masterpieces Of Italian Violin Making (1620-1850): Important Stringed Instruments from the Collection at the Royal Academy of Music. London: Outline Press, 2000.
Reuning, Christopher, ed. Cremona 1730-1750: The Olympus of Violin Making. Translated by Carlo Chiesa and Andrew McEwen. Cremona: Consorzio Liutai Antonio Stradivari, 2008.
Sacconi, Simone F. The “Secrets” of Stradivari: With the Catalogue of the Stradivarian Relics Contained in the Civic Museum “Ala Ponzone” of Cremona. Translated and edited by Andrew Dipper and Cristina Rivaroli. Cremona: Libreria Del Convegno, 1979.
Schwarz, Boris. Great Masters of the Violin: From Corelli and Vivaldi to Stern, Zukerman and Perlman. With a foreword by Yehudi Menuhin. New York: Dover Publications, 1983.
Sheppard, Leslie, and Herbert R. Axelrod. Paganini. Neptune City, N. J.: Paganiniana Publications, 1979.
Stowell, Robin, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Violin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Sugden, John. Paganini. Illustrated Lives of the Great Composers. London: Omnibus Press, 1986.
Werro, Henry. “Ole Bull”: Joseph Guarnerius del Gesù 1744. Berne: by the author, 1971.
(二)期刊
Baron, John H. “Vieuxtemps (and Ole Bull) in New Orleans.” American Music 8, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 210-226.
Benestad, Finn. “Nationalistic Trends in 19th-century Norwegian Music.” History of European Ideas 16, no. 4-6 (January 1993): 665-670.
Cai, Camilla, and Arve Tellefsen. “Ole Bull’s Violins.” The Strad 107, no. 1269 (January 1996): 36-45.
Dilworth, John. “Viotti’s Famous Fiddle.” The Strad 117, no. 1391 (March 2006): 24-30.
Layton, Robert. Review of Ole Bull: Norway's Romantic Musician and Cosmopolitan
Patriot, by Camilla Cai and Einar Ingvald Haugen. Music & Letters 76, no. 1 (February 1995): 113-115.
Lewin, Robert. “Record Breaker.” The Strad 99, no. 1178 (June 1988): 490-491.
Mell, Albert. “Joseph Joachim: A Connoisseur of Fine Violins.” The Violin Society of America 16, no. 1 (1999): 133-155.
Potter, Tully. “Mischa Elman: A Lyrical Legacy on Disc.” The Strad 113, no. 1351 (November 2002): 1238-1241.
Smith, Mortimer. “Ole Bull’s 1647 Nicolas Amati.” Journal of the Violin Society of America 6, no. 4 (1983): 9-14.
Stowell, Robin. “Man with the Golden Violin.” The Strad 117, no. 1391 (March 2006): 32-35.
Walls, Peter. “Mozart and the Violin.” Early Music 20, no. 1 (February 1992): 7-29.
Weistein, Amnon. “Ole Bull: A Renaissance Man.” Journal of the Violin Society of America 17, no. 1 (2000): 85-125.
________. “Ole Bull and Vuillaume.” The Strad 113, no. 1341 (January 2002): 52-56.
三、人物專訪
台南大學音樂系助理教授汪宇琪老師專訪。筆者訪問,2008.06.29,台北。錄影。東吳大學松怡廳。
東吳大學音樂系副教授黃維明老師專訪。筆者訪問,2008.06.27,台北。錄影。東吳大學松怡廳。
高雄師範大學音樂系副教授劉姝嫥老師專訪。筆者訪問,2008.06.23。台北。錄影。東吳大學松怡廳。
國立台灣師範大學音樂系教授陳沁紅老師專訪。筆者訪問,2008.06.25,台北。錄影。東吳大學松怡廳。
四、網路資料
何定照。〈名琴名弓 搭上浦利葉〉。《聯合新聞網-閱讀藝文:訊息藝開罐》。http://udn.com/NEWS/READING/REA8/4560181.shtml。2008.10.16;(accessed March 29, 2009).
林采韻。〈浦利葉巧遇奇美瓜奈里名琴〉。《中時電子報-藝文新聞》。http://news.chinatimes.com/Chinatimes/Philology/Philology-artnews/0,3409,112008101600030+110513+20081016+news,00.html。2008.10.16;(accessed March 29, 2009).
奇美博物館提琴收藏數位典藏計畫。http://archive.music.ntnu.edu.tw/chimei/index.html (accessed October 18, 2008).
Aarhus, Aslak. “Ole Bull-‘The Titan’.” Minneapolis/St. Paul International Film Festival. http://www.mspfilmfest.org/2007/content/view/52/32/ (accessed June 15, 2008).
Brown, Jonathan. “The Saving of a Stradivarius.” The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-saving-of-a-stradivarius-484696.html (accessed June 3, 2008).
Cozio. com. http://www.cozio.com/Index.aspx (accessed October 18, 2008).
Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. “Ole Bull's New Norway.” http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/olebull/page1.asp?secid=31 (accessed June 22, 2008).
Royal Academy of Music. “Viotti in London.” http://www.ram.ac.uk/NR/rdonlyres/A279B66C-E888-4D9C-AF7D-D0ED19E5E2D5/0/ViottiinLondon.pdf (accessed June 12, 2008).
The Chi Mei Museum. “‘Ole Bull’: Violin by Joseph Guarneri del Gesu 1744, Cremona in Italy.” http://www.chimeicorp.com/museum/music/violin-3.htm (accessed June 14, 2008).
五、影音資料
Beare, Charles, Yo-Yo Ma, Yehudi Menuhin, Anne-Sophie Mutter, and Pinchas Zukerman. Antonio Stradivari: A Gala Celebration. DVD. Taiwan: Tas Entertainment, 2002.
Accardo, Salvatore, and Laura Manzini. The Violins of Cremona. DVD. Taiwan: Tas Entertainment, 2006.
Andersen, Bjørn Wilberg, Kraggerud Henning, Andrea Bræin Hovig, Sven Nordin, and Preben Olram. Ole Bull-Himmelstormeren. DVD. Directed by Aslak Aarhus. Norway: Ole Bernt Frøshaug, 2006.
Stradivari: Search For Perfection. Directed by Sven Hartung. German: Miramedia, 2004.