本論文探討美國史家小亞瑟．梅爾．斯勒辛格（Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., 1917-2007）如何成為以撰寫當代史（contemporary history）為志業（vocation）的「職業史家」（professional historian），或是他於個人文章中謂之的「見證史家」（eyewitness historian）。本論文將以此職志做為切入點，來剖析他的現實意識及史學思想之間的辯證關係，並進一步指出，小斯勒辛格的學術研究所依據之核心取向。

本論文並非一篇涵蓋小斯勒辛格一生的完整傳記，而是以他重要的相關文本與時代脈絡之間的相互作用去理解。小斯勒辛格處在「現在」比之前任何時代都更快地成為「過去」的二十世紀，他是如何探究此過去的事實？換言之，做為史家，他如何做到，在撰寫歷史時，不放棄政治義務，而用嚴謹的歷史技藝及本身職業的視野，做出學術成果。以此，論證小斯勒辛格至始至終都是一位「參與者的史家」——見證史家。而非是純粹的職業史家，甚至不少研究者所認為，小斯勒辛格是位帶有政治目的職業史家，或是政治家（statesman）與政客（politician）。他的研究成果是非歷史、不具客觀性及接近歷史真相的。

This paper investigates how the American historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., whose works focus on contemporary history, has been considered not just a “professional historian” but also an “eyewitness historian”, an identity suggested in his own essays. In addition to expanding on his vocation, this paper also attempts to analyze the dialectical relationship between his presentism and historical thinking, further underscoring the core values on which Schlesinger Jr. based his academic research.

That said, this paper is by no means a comprehensive account of the life of Schlesinger Jr. but aims to examine his major works in a historical context. Living in the 20th century, when “the present” became “the past” faster than ever, how did Schlesinger Jr. interpret the truth in the past? In other words, as a historian, how did he employ solid historical craftsmanship and unique perspective to make contributions in academia without forsaking his political obligations? The answers lead to the argument that Schlesinger Jr. has always been more of a “historian as participant” than a mere professional historian. Some researchers go so far as to see Schlesinger Jr. as a professional historian with political motivations, a politician or even a statesman, whose research results are non-historical, partial yet closer to historical truth.

一、外文

（一）史料：專書
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.
——. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965.
——. The Age of Jackson. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1953.
——. The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
——. The Crisis of Confidence: Ideas, Power and Violence in America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969.
——. The Disuniting of America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992.
——. The Imperial Presidency. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
——. The Politics of Upheaval, 1935-1936. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003.
——. The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom. New Brunswick (U.S.A.): Transaction Publishers, 2015.

（二）史料：專書論文
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. “Democracy and Leadership,” in The Cycles of American History, edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 419-436. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999).
——. “Liberalism in America: A Note for European,” in The Politics of Hope, edited Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (Boston: The Riverside Press, 1962), 63.
——. “The Cycle of American Politics.” in The Cycles of American History, edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., 23-48. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.
——. Foreword: On Leadership to George W. Bush (Modern World Leaders), by Veda Boyd Jones, 6-11. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2007.

（三）史料：期刊
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “A Comment on “Roosevelt and His Foreign Policy Critics”.” Political Science Quarterly. 94: 1 (Spring 1979): 33-35.
——. “Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.: New Viewpoints in American History Revisited.” The New England Quarterly, 61:4 (Dec. 1988): 483-501.
——. “Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton.” Political Science Quarterly, 112: 2 (Summer 1997): 179-190.
——. “Review: Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and the Ideological History of American Liberalism.” The New England Quarterly, 69: 4 (Dec. 1996): 660-662.
——. “The Historian as Participant.” Daedalus, 100: 2 (Spring 1971): 339-358.
——. “The Humanist Looks at Empirical Social Research.” American Sociological Review, 27: 6 (Dec. 1926): 768-771.

（四）史料：報章雜誌
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “On the Inscrutability of History.” Encounter, November, 1966.

（五）史料：電子資料
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. “A Life in the 20th Century.” Richard Heffner’s Open Mind archive video, 28:48. Accessed July 9, 2017. http://www.thirteen. org/openmind-archive/history/a-life-in-the-20th-century/.
——. “Liberalism in America: A Note for European.” Accessed December 20, 2017. https://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/schleslib.html.
——. “A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History video, 57:12. Accessed March 12, 2017. https://www.gild erlehr-man.org/ multimedia#!3328.
——. “Not Left, Not Right, But a Vital Center.” The New York Times, April 4, 1948. Accessed March 7, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/b-ooks/00/11/26/ specials/schlesinger-centermag.html.
——. “On the Writing of Contemporary History.” The Atlantic, March, 1967. Assessed April 9, 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive /1967/03/on-the-writing-of-contemporary-history/305731/.

（六）專書
Binkley, Wilfred E. The Man in the White House: His Power and Duties. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2009.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Seekers: The Story of Man’s Continuing Quest to Understand His World. New York: Random House, Inc., 1998.
Depoe, Stephen P. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and the Ideological History of American Liberalism. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 2016.
Diggins, John Patrick. The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and the Challenge of the American Past. Princeton. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton university Press, 1997.
Evans, Richard J. In Defence of History. London: Granta Books, 2000
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Third Edition). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011.
——. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010.
——. The Story of American Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton ＆ Company, 1998.
——. Who Owns History?: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World. New York: Hill and Wang, 2002.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. The Age of Extremes: A History of Extremes, 1914-1991. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc., 1996.
Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955.
——. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. New York: A Division of Random House, 1974.
Iggers, Georg G. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. New England, Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1997.
Novick, Peter. That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Palmer, William. Engagement with the Past: The Lives and Works of the World War II Generation of Historians. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2001.
Remini, Robert V. A Short History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., In Retrospect: The History of a Historian. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1963.

（七）專書論文
Brett, Annabel. “What id Intellectual History Now?.” in What is History Now?, edited by David Cannadine, 113-131. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Cunliffe, Marcus, and Robin W. Winks. Introduction to Pastmaster: Some Essays on American Historians, edited by Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W. Winks, vii-xv. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1969.
Cunliffe, Marcus. “Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.” in Pastmasters: Some Essays on American Historians, edited by Marcus Cunliffe and Robin W. Winks, 345-374. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
Diggins, John Patrick and Michael Lind. Introduction: The Vital Historian to The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and the Challenge of the American Past, edited by John Patrick Diggins, 3-15. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Edwin A. Miles. “Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.” In Twentieth-Century American Historian (Dictionary of Literary Biography．Volume Seventeenth), edited by Clyde N. Wilson, 382-400. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research company, 1983.
Feller, Daniel. “Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.” In Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historian of the United States, 1945-2000, edited by Robert Allen Rutland, 156-169. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2000.
Gilbert, Felix. “Intellectual History: Its Aims and Methods.” In Historical Studies Today, edited by Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard, 141-158. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1972.
Pederson, Susan. “What is Political History Now?.” In What is History Now?, edited by David Cannadine, 36-56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Rutland, Robert Allen. Introduction to Clio’s Favorites: Leading Historian of the United States, 1945-2000, edited by Robert Allen Rutland, 1-4. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000.

（八）期刊
Mattson, Kevin. “Arthur Schlesinger Jr. 15 October 1917．28 February 2007.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 153: 1 (Mar. 2009): 115-126.
Nuechterlein, James A. “Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and the Discontents of Postwar American Liberalism.” The Review of Politics, 39: 1 (Jan. 1977): 3-40. Wilentz, Sean. “The Vital Centrist.” The New Republic, December 25, 2000.
Wreszin, Michael. “Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Scholar-Activist in Cold War America: 1946-1956.” Salmagundi, 63/64 (Spring-Summer 1984): 255- 285.

（九）報章雜誌
Greenberg, David. “Richard Hofstadter’s Tradition.” The Atlantic Monthly, November, 1998.
Wilentz, Sean. “Historian Making History: Schlesinger, Woodward, and the Liberal Era in American Historiography.” The New Republic, September 15, 2014.
——. “The Vital Centrist.” The New Republic, December 25, 2000.
——. “The Vital Centrist.” The New Republic, February 13, 2008.
——. “What Was Liberal History?.” The new Republic, July 10, 2006.

（十）電子資料
Breit, Harvey. “Talk with Mr. Schlesinger,” The New York Times, September 18, 1949. Accessed May 16, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/11/26/ specials/schlesinger-talk49.html.
Brinkley, Alan. “Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1917-2007).” Perspectives on History, May, 2007. Accessed December 14, 2016. https://www. historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/may-2007/in-memoriam-arthur-m-schlesinger-jr.
Kennedy, David M. “The Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Accessed March 7, 2017. https://www.gil-derlehrman.org/history-by-era/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945.
Marcus Rediker. “Jesse Lemisch and History from the Bottom Up.” Accessed October 4, 2017. http://www.marcusrediker.com/writings/jesse-lemisch. php.
Martin, Douglas. “Arthur Schlesinger, Historian of Power, Dies at 89.” The New York Times, March 1, 2007. Accessed May 14, 2017. http://www.nytimes. com/2007/03/01/ Washington/01schlesinger.html.

二、中文

（一）專書
（美）沃爾特．拉費伯爾（Walter LaFeber），《美國、俄國和冷戰，1934-2006》（America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-2006），牛可等譯，北京：世界圖書出版公司北京公司，2010。
（美）彼得．諾維克（Peter Novick），《那高尚的夢想：「客觀性問題」與美國歷史學界》（The Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession），楊豫譯，北京：生活．讀書．新知三聯書店，2009。
（美）查爾斯．琼斯（C. O. Jones），《美國總統制》（The American Presidency: A Very Short Introduction），毛維維譯，南京：譯林出版社，2013。
（美）埃里克．方納（Eric Foner），《烈火中的考驗：亞伯拉罕．林肯與美國奴隸制》（The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery），于留振譯，北京：商務印書館，2017。
（美）撒穆爾．伊諾克．斯通普夫（Samuel Enoch Stumpf）、詹姆斯．菲澤（James Fieser）等，《西方哲學史：從蘇格拉底到薩特及其後》（修訂第八版）（Socrates to Sartre and Beyond: A History of Philosophy），匡宏、鄧曉芒等譯，北京：世界圖書出版公司，2009。
（美）魯賓遜（James Harvey Robinson），《新史學》（The New History: Essays Illustrating the Modern Historical Outlook），何炳松譯，上海：上海古籍，2012。
（美）羅伯特．達萊克（Robert Dallek），《肯迪尼傳（下）》（An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963），曾建海譯，北京：中信出版社。
王希，《原則與妥協：美國憲法的精神與實踐》（增訂版），北京：北京大學出版社，2014。
以撒．柏林（Isaiah Berlin），《現實意識》（The Sense of Reality），彭淮棟，臺北：臉譜出版，2004。
布斯丁（Daniel J. Boorstin），《探索者：問「為什麼」的人》（The Seekers: The Story of Man’s Continuing Quest to Understand His World），劉喬譯，臺北：貓頭鷹，2005。
艾瑞克．霍布斯邦（Eric J. Hobsbawm），《極端的年代》（Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991），鄭明萱譯，臺北：麥田，1996。
余英時，《歷史與思想（二版）》，臺北：聯經，2014。
周樑楷，《從湯恩比到霍布斯邦：英國左派史家的世紀》，臺北：商周，2017。
——，《歷史學的思維》，臺北：正中，1993。
芭芭拉．塔奇曼（Barbara W. Tuchman），《從史著論史學》（Practicing History），梅寅生譯，臺北：久大文化，1990。
阿瑟．施勒辛格（Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.），《美國的分裂：種族衝突的危機》（The Disuniting of America: Reflection on a Multicultural Society），馬曉宏譯，臺北：正中，1994。
威廉．詹姆士（William James），《實用主義：某些舊思想方法的新名稱》（Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking），李步樓譯，北京：商務印書館，2009。
威廉．詹姆斯（William James），《實用主義》（Pragmatism），劉宏信譯，臺北：立緒文化，1997。
柯林烏（R. G. Collingwood），《歷史的理念》（The Idea of History），陳明福譯（臺北：桂冠，1992），頁288。
珊卓拉．歐康諾（Sandra Day O’Connor），《最後的正義：美國聯邦最高法院的歷史》（Out of Order: Stories from the History of the Supreme Court）陳森譯，臺北市：商周，2016。
約翰．加爾布雷斯（John Kenneth Galbraith），《不確定的年代》（The Age of Uncertainty），杜念中譯，臺北：時報文化，1994。
修昔底德（Thucydides），《伯羅奔尼撒戰爭史：雅典斯巴達戰爭史》（History of the Peloponnesian War），謝德風譯，臺北：臺灣商務，2000。
埃里希．佛洛姆（Erich Fromm），《逃避自由》（Escape from Freedom），劉宗為譯，新北市：木馬文化出版，2015。
格奧爾格．伊格斯（George G. Iggers），《二十世紀的史學》（Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objective to the Postmodern Challenge），楊豫譯，臺北：昭明，2003。
張四德，《何處是桃源？美國的清教徒主義及其史學流變》（Revisiting City upon the Hill: American Puritanism and the Development of its Historical Thinking），臺北：臺大出版中心出版，2017。
理查．伊凡斯（Richard J. Evans），《為史學辯護》（In Defense of History），潘振泰譯，臺北：巨流，2002。
喬伊斯．艾坡比（Joyce Appleby）等，《歷史的真相》（Telling the Truth About History），薛絢譯，臺北：正中，1996。
彭滂沱，《打造美國總統：從羅斯福到柯林頓的決策領導》，臺北：時報文化，2007。
黃進興，《歷史主義與歷史理論》，臺北：允辰文化，1992。
談麗，《小阿瑟．施萊辛格史學思想研究》，上海：復旦大學出版社，2015。
霍夫斯達德（Richard Hofstadter），《美國思想中的社會達爾文主義》（Social Darwinism in American Thought），郭正昭譯，臺北：聯經，1981。
羅洛．梅（Rollo May），《焦慮的意義》（The Meaning of Anxiety），朱侃如譯，臺北：立緒文化，2004。

（二）專書論文
艾瑞克．霍布斯邦（Eric J. Hobsbawm），〈黨派意識〉（Partisanship），收入氏編著，《論歷史》（On History），黃煜文譯，臺北：麥田出版，2002，頁215-241。
李劍鳴，〈20世紀美國史學的基本走向〉，收入氏編著，《「克羅齊命題」的當代迴響：中美兩國美國史研究的趨向》，北京：北京大學出版社，2016，頁1-24
周樑楷，〈人文主義的傳承和創新〉，收入亞倫．布洛克（Alan Bullock），《西方人文主義傳統》（The Humanist Tradition in the West），董樂山譯，臺北：究竟，2000，頁5-8。
斯勒辛格（Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.），〈「見證歷史」辯（原題：扮演參與者的史家）〉（The Historian as Participant），收入費利克斯．吉爾伯特（Felix Gilbert）與斯蒂芬．格勞賓德（Stephen R. Graubard）編著，《當代史學研究》（Historical Studies Today），李豐斌譯，臺北：明文書局，1982，頁419-446。

（三）期刊
王希專訪，〈近30年美國史學的新變化——埃里克．方納教授訪談錄〉，收入《史學理論研究》，王希譯，3期，北京，2000，頁67-75。

（四）電子資料
邢承吉採訪，〈埃里克．方納：知識分子就是局外人的一部分〉，收入《東方歷史評論》，魯迪秋譯，紐約市，2017，存取於https://m.sohu.com/n /482695809/.