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研究生： 陳晏淇
Chen, Yan-Chi
論文名稱： 台灣閩南語語音字典改良
Optimizing the Lexicon for Recognizing Taiwanese Southern Min Speech
指導教授： 甯俐馨
Ning, Li-Hsin
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年： 2020
畢業學年度： 108
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 123
中文關鍵詞： 台灣閩南語 、發音變異 、多種發音 、新詞 、字典
英文關鍵詞： Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM), pronunciation variation (PV), multiple pronunciation (MP), new word (NW), lexicon
DOI URL： http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202001044
論文種類： 學術論文
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    • 本研究旨在改良囊括日常用語的台灣閩南語語音字典。有鑒於台灣的老化人口日益增加，建置台灣閩南語語音資料庫於未來多元應用更趨重要，如：語音科技改良與語言保存。然而，由於台灣閩南語為低資源語言(low-resource language)之一，目前可取得的台灣閩南語語料相當稀少；本研究蒐集線上台灣閩南語對話語料，並予以人工分詞與標記。本研究以蒐集的語料探究現有的台灣閩南語字典之於蒐集語料的涵蓋率，並發現尚有未被收錄於台灣閩南語字典中的台灣閩南語發音詞條與台灣閩南語新詞條。本研究將整理未被收錄於字典中的詞條，蒐集的詞條將被分類為三個類別；其分別為：發音變異(pronunciation variation, PV)、多種發音(multiple pronunciation, MP) 與新詞(new word, NW) 。本文將呈現針對蒐集語料的深入分析，並基於觀察的結果進行討論。討論重點將著眼於總括性的觀察性統整。我們期望此研究結果能夠反映部分台灣閩南語語詞在實際台灣閩南語對話中的使用情形，並協助改良現有台灣閩南語語音辨識系統。

    This thesis aims to optimize a Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) lexicon that accommodates daily use of TSM words. In light of the increasing aging population in Taiwan, it might be necessary to build a database containing TSM words for diverse applications such as speech technologies and language preservation. Nevertheless, as a low-resource language, there is a dearth of available for TSM research. Due to the scarcity of TSM data, this thesis prepared TSM data by gathering on-line TSM conversational speeches, segmenting the content of the speeches, and annotating the data manually. Next, this thesis investigated the word coverage of the existing TSM dictionary and found that some TSM pronunciations and TSM words have yet been included in the dictionary. Data that were not found were then sorted into 3 categories: pronunciation variation (PV), multiple pronunciation (MP), and new word (NW) based on their pronunciation variation types. Followed up an in-depth description of data analysis, a discussion based on our observation will be elicited. The discussion would shed the lights on the generalization of our findings. It is expected that our findings would be capable of capturing a glimpse of daily use of TSM. We hope our results could be able to help optimize the lexicon for Taiwanese Southern Min speech recognition (TSMSR) system in progress and benefit TSM-related studies in the future.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i CHINESE ABSTRACT ii ENGLISH ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Significance 6 1.3 Organization 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Introduction of Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) 9 2.1.1 TSM phonological system 9 2.1.2 Vowels & consonants 10 2.1.3 Tones 13 2.2 Establishing a Dictionary 16 2.2.1 Lexicalization 16 2.2.2 Types of dictionaries 17 2.2.3 What should be included in the dictionary 19 2.2.4 Contraction 24 2.3 Application of the Dictionary 26 2.3.1 An overview of a TSMSR system 26 2.3.2 Data Fed to TSMSR 27 2.3.3 The importance of TSM characters 28 2.3.4 The problem of one-to-one mapping 28 2.3.5 The importance of including pronunciation variation in the lexicon 30 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Data Preparation/Description 33 3.2 Phonetic Representation 38 3.3 Data Processing 38 3.4 Data Processing: Data/Dictionary Preparation 43 3.4.1 Pronunciation variation (PV) 43 3.4.2 Multiple pronunciation (MP) 43 3.4.3 New Word (NW) 46 3.5 Classification Criteria 46 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS 49 4.1 Pronunciation Variation (PV) 49 4.1.1 Contraction 49 4.1.2 Deletion of an entire syllable 51 4.1.3 Initial consonant deletion 52 4.1.4 /l/ Insertion 54 4.1.5 Monophthongization (diphthong --> monothong) 56 4.1.6 Vowel change 56 4.2 Multiple Pronunciation (MP) 57 4.2.1 Vowel differences 57 4.2.2 Consonantal differences 59 4.2.3 Nasal variations 60 4.2.4 Differences at the phrasal level 62 4.3 New Word (NW) 63 4.3.1 Words with non-separable word meanings 63 4.3.2 Appendage & Insertion 64 4.3.3 e7 appendage 68 4.3.4 Oo3 insertion 69 4.3.5 Synonyms 69 4.3.6 V-著/V-到 phrases 70 4.3.7 Non-verbal kong2 72 4.3.8 Words with complex internal structures 77 4.3.9 4-character Words 79 4.3.10 Frequent words 81 4.3.11 Duplication 83 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 85 5.1 The Three Wordlists 86 5.1.1 Pronunciation variation (PV) 86 5.1.2 Multiple pronunciation (MP) 86 5.1.3 New word (NW) 87 5.1.4 Summary 88 5.2 Contribution 89 5.2.1 Lexicon 89 5.2.2 Future application 90 5.2.3 Limitation 91 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 93 6.1 Result 93 6.2 Prospect 94 References 95 Appendix 1– Pronunciation Variations (PV) 99 Appendix 2 – Multiple Pronunciations (MP) 104 Appendix 3– New Word (NW) 106

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