研究生: |
許燁娜 Wu Hsu, Yeh-Na |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
OTT TV影音串流平台衝擊下我國無線電視發展策略─以民視為例 A Terrestrial TV Development Strategy against OTT TV Streaming Platforms - Formosa TV Case Study |
指導教授: |
劉立行
Liu, Li-Xing |
口試委員: |
陳柏宇
Chen, Bo-Yu 唐維敏 Tang, Wei-Min 劉立行 Liu, Li-Xing |
口試日期: | 2022/06/16 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
圖文傳播學系碩士在職專班 Department of Graphic Arts and Communications_Continuing Education Master's Program of Graphic Arts and Communications |
論文出版年: | 2022 |
畢業學年度: | 110 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 79 |
中文關鍵詞: | 數位匯流 、串流 、OTT 、民視OTT |
英文關鍵詞: | Digital Convergence, Streaming, OTT, FTV OTT |
研究方法: | 深度訪談法 、 內容分析法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202200848 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:281 下載:74 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
數位世代, OTT(over-the-top)影音串流平台興起,不僅改變閱聽大眾之收視習慣,也改變影視的產製及播送流程。這些平台業者提供閱聽人「不限單一收視平台設備,可隨時隨地,免費觀看高畫質影音、內容多元且獨家、清單隨選、甚或以月租費低於有線電視,且看到飽(Binge-Viewing)等,各種新穎的個人化服務營運策略」,快速吸引了網路使用者及閱聽大眾的喜愛,訂閱量迅速暴增,傳統電視業者剪線潮與日俱增,對業者的衝擊不僅巨大,甚或是存亡之戰。面對OTT摧毀性攻勢,世界各國大型媒體企業為了生存,紛紛轉型經營「訂閱隨選視訊SVOD (Subscription Video on Demand,SVOD)」,並加強投注在SVOD市場經營之財力及人力,以求生機。相較於世界各國電視業者積極的應變策略,台灣電視業者應何去何從以創造生機,贏得商機,是產官學必須嚴肅審慎面對的問題。
本論文以我國OTT TV為研究主軸,以國內OTT TV之創始台「民間全民電視公司(民視)」為主要研究個案。除了蒐集並研析「外國及我國傳統電視經營者,面對OTT風暴的因應之道」,同時,亦專訪負責民視OTT TV規劃、建置及經營之王宗弘副總經理,以瞭解民視建置OTT TV影音串流平台之發想、建置歷程、OTT TV發展之規劃及策略,設置周邊設備科技公司之初衷及簡史、OTT TV傳輸及經營方式之演進、收視觀眾群之特性、節目規劃特色、業務運作模式,以及目前電視產業與OTT影音串流平台之互動及發展現況,未來發展趨勢等面向,並輔以我國產官學之深度訪談,以為我國電視業者建置及經營OTT TV之參考。
廣告收入減少所導致無線電視的連鎖效應,在節目製作經費低落導致品質越來越差的惡性循環。在「AUDIENCE IS EVERYTHING」標的下,節目製作漸漸偏離了內容導向,轉向「有效抓住觀眾數的利益導向」。惡性循環的結果導致無線電視頻道業者面臨營運危機,相關之內容產製業亦因數位影音串流服務,已經超出傳統頻道電視疆界,遊戲規則及市場大幅變動,競爭激烈而危機四起,傳統電視台必須應戰與轉型,不只台灣這已是全球傳統電視業者熱門顯學。在國家電視台無法立即成立的情況下,強化公共電視人才培訓之功能當為要務。
In the digital generation, the rise of OTT (over-the-top) video streaming platforms has not only changed the viewing habits of the audience, but also changed the production and distribution process of film and television. These platform operators provide viewers with "not limited to a single viewing platform device, and can watch high-quality audio and video for free anytime, anywhere, with diverse and exclusive content, on-demand lists, or even lower monthly fees than cable TV, and watch full ( Binge-Viewing), etc., various novel personalized service operation strategies”, quickly attracted the love of Internet users and the audience, the number of subscriptions has increased rapidly, and the traditional TV industry’s line-cutting trend is increasing day by day, and the impact on the industry is not only huge , or even a battle of survival. In the face of the destructive offensive of OTT, in order to survive, large media companies around the world have transformed and operated "Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD)" and strengthened their financial and human resources to operate in the SVOD market in order to survive. Compared with the active contingency strategies of TV companies around the world, what should Taiwan TV companies do to create vitality and win business opportunities is a problem that must be seriously and prudently faced by industry, government and academia.
This dissertation takes my country's OTT TV as the main research axis, and takes the founding station of the domestic OTT TV "Folk National Television Company (Minshi)" as the main research case. In addition to collecting and analyzing "foreign and Chinese traditional TV operators, how to deal with the OTT storm", he also interviewed Wang Zonghong, deputy general manager of MinTV's OTT TV planning, construction and operation, to understand MinTV The idea of building an OTT TV video and audio streaming platform, the construction process, the planning and strategy of OTT TV development, the original intention and brief history of setting up peripheral equipment technology companies, the evolution of OTT TV transmission and operation methods, the characteristics of viewing audiences, Program planning features, business operation mode, the current interaction and development status of the TV industry and OTT video and audio streaming platforms, and future development trends, and supplemented by in-depth interviews with Chinese government officials, to think that Chinese TV companies will build and operate OTT TV reference.
The knock-on effect of TVB caused by the reduction of advertising revenue is a vicious circle of worse and worse quality caused by the low funding of program production. Under the title of "AUDIENCE IS EVERYTHING", the program production gradually deviated from the content orientation and turned to the "interest orientation that effectively captures the number of viewers". As a result of the vicious circle, radio video channel operators are facing operational crisis, and the related content industry has also exceeded the boundaries of traditional channel TV due to digital video streaming services. Game rules and markets have changed dramatically, competition is fierce and crisis is on the rise, traditional TV stations must Challenges and transformation, not only Taiwan, but also the world's traditional TV industry has become a popular learning. Under the circumstance that the national TV station cannot be established immediately, strengthening the function of public TV personnel training should be the top priority.
一、中文部分
文化部內容策進會(2021)。2020台灣內容產業調查報告,台北市:文化部。
公視(2018)。全球化串流影音越戰越火。開鏡,3,34。取自: https://medium.com/actionquarterlypts/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%B2%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%B3%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E8%B6%8A%E7%81%AB-c655764783bd
公視(2019)。傳統電視業者已走到轉型十字路口。公視岩花館。取自: https://zh-tw.facebook.com/ptsrnd/posts/10158065216154255/
公視(2019)。美國剪線潮加速OTT和社群使用者更分眾。公視岩花館。取自 : https://www.facebook.com/ptsrnd/posts/10157709691999255/
公視(2019)。英國觀眾持續轉向串流媒體。公視岩花館。 取自 : https://rnd.pts.org.tw/Home/Article/FL20190813170017
公視(2020)。Ofcom最新媒體報告出爐一探疫情封鎖期間英國媒體現況。公視岩花館。取自 : https://rnd.pts.org.tw/Home/Article/FL20201026154240
公視(2020)。2020年網路時代的公共廣電挑戰。公視岩花館。 取自 : https://rnd.pts.org.tw/Home/Article/FL20200103171847
王宗弘(2016)。四季線上影視4gTV總經理王宗弘:不投資做內容只是死路一條。娛樂重擊。取自 : https://punchline.asia/archives/25885
朱柔若(譯)(2000)。社會研究方法—質化與量化取向。台北市:揚智。
(Neuman, W. L., 1991)李政忠(2019)。行動上網對電腦上網與傳統媒體使用的影響之世代差異與跨時性趨勢描繪。新聞學研究,141,83-127。
李洋(2018)。公視+迎接時代挑戰。開鏡,3,12-17。取自 : https://medium.com/actionquarterly-pts/%E5%85%AC%E8%A6%96-%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%8C%91%E6%88%B0-5b06bec190b0
吳珍儀(2021)。Disney+訂閱戶1.18億提前達標!上修2024年用戶數有望超越
Netflix。Ettoday新聞雲。取自: https://finance.ettoday.net/news/2121482
卓婷婷(2018)。數位時代解讀M. McLuhan之媒介理論及在教育上的啟示。未出版碩士學位論文。暨南大學教育學院,南投縣。
周延(2020)。MOD、OTT興起台灣有線電視用戶流失 ,業者亡羊補牢策略為何。Digiti。取自: https://www.digitimes.com.tw/iot/article.asp?cat=158&cat1=20&cat2=132&id=0000592128_YIR0372F3EMWWD7XOQJFB
林子璿(2021年1月5日)。全球SVOD營收年增逾2億美元創紀錄Disney+後來居上威脅。Digitimes。取自: https://www.digitimes.com.tw/iot/article.asp?cat=158&cat1=20&cat2=130&cat3=132&id=0000601150_KR101CLF6LRDBLL3JGIH5
邱莉玲(2020年3月4日)。五大傳媒廣告量恐跌破300億。工商時報。
取自: https://ctee.com.tw/amp/news/industry/229156.html
邱慧仙(2013)。數位時代電視收視率量測機制變革。未出版博士學位論文。世新大學,台北市。
施素明(2018)。台灣OTT發展實況。開鏡,3,31-33。 取自: https://info.pts.org.tw/open/data/action/act0003.pdf
胡幼慧(2008)。質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北市:巨流。
徐也翔(2018)。全媒體熱潮洶湧。開鏡,3,36-37。取自:https://info.pts.org.tw/open/data/action/act0003.pdf
唐錦超(2006)(譯)。創新的擴散。台北市,遠流。(Rogers, E. M., 2003)
益普索市場研究Ipsos(2019)。打敗傳統電視,異軍突起的串流影音平台。取自:https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/publication/documents/2020-
12/n131_msu_the_streaming_wars_post_covid_1.pdf
涂敏怡(2017)。台灣OTT影視平台生態系統之研究。未出版博士論文。世新大學,台北市。
國家通訊傳播委員會(2019)。2019數位經濟下我國影音OTT收視衡量機制於商業運作模式之初探(NCCT107012)。取自:
https://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/files/19042/4007_41355_190423_1.pdf
梁良(2018)。何時收視?如何收視?我自己決定。開鏡,3,32-35。
取自: https://info.pts.org.tw/open/data/action/act0003.pdf
陳向明(2002)。社會科學質的研究。台北市:五南。
陳慶立(2018)。NHK的全媒體服務Hybridcast。開鏡,3,41-43。取自: https://info.pts.org.tw/open/data/action/act0003.pdf
張志康(2020年6月)。廣告數位趨勢1/廣告量急速成長17.6%去年規模458億元。工商時報。取自: https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A21%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A%E9%87%8F%E6%80%A5%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7176%E5%8E%BB%E5%B9%B4%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1458%E5%84%84%E5%85%83-233000353.html
黃治瑋(2006)。數位電視節目製作技術報告─以民視製作「數位新生活」。未出版博士論文。世新大學,台北市。
愛立信(2016)。行動趨勢報告。取自:https://www.ericsson.com/491d2f/assets/local/about-ericsson/company- facts/wordwide/taiwan/doc/mobility-report/2016.pdf
新頭殼(2019)。OTT浪潮衝擊韓流撼動三大無線台。中央通訊社。
取自: https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201909210111.aspx
楊晨欣(2021年1月26日)。影音串流戰持續延燒。未來商務。 取自: https://fc.bnext.com.tw/articles/view/1153
楊雅婷(2018)。OTT影音平台的使用者研究:以整合科技接受與資訊系統成功模式探討行為意圖與付費意願。未出版碩士論文。政治大學,台北市。
葉志良、何明軒(2016)。OTT產業政策白皮書。桃園市,元智大學大數據與數位匯流創新中心。
詹婷怡(2018)。全球數位匯流趨勢及法制革新。開鏡,3,58-59。取自: https://info.pts.org.tw/open/data/action/act0003.pdf
資誠聯合會計師事務(2021)。2019-2023台灣娛樂暨媒體業展望報告。取自: https://www.pwc.tw/zh/publications/topic-report/assets/taiwan-entertainment-and-media-outlook-2019-2023.pdf
臺灣傳播調查資料庫(2021)。2020民眾對於媒體的喜好度。取自 : https://crctaiwan.dcat.nycu.edu.tw/
劉幼琍(2017)。OTT TV 的創新服務、經營模式與政策法規。台北市:五南。
劉柏立(2017)。日本OTT TV的經營模式與政策法規。劉幼琍(編),OTT TV的創新服務、經營模式與政策法規(頁173-208)。台北市:五南。
劉展佑(2020年10月28日)。美國CATV戶數衰退加速轉擁抱OTT。台北市廣告代理商業同業公會。http://www.taaa.org.tw/news/article/7535
數位時代(2021)。Disney+營收飆漲,訂戶數破億直逼Netflix!疫情財賺完後如何延續強勁勢頭。https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/61179/2021-disney+
二、英文部分
Anne, S., David A. L. Levy, & Rasmus, K. N. (2019.9). Old, Educated, and Politically Diverse: The Audience of Public Service.
Accenture (2016). Bringing TV to Life: Issue V. Accenture.Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/old-educated-and-politically- diverse-audience-public-service-news
BBC (2020.3.17). Coronavirus: Odeon, Vue and Cineworld shut UK cinemas. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-51925490
BBC (2021.1.11). Tim Davie: Why it’s so important we help children in lockdown. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2020/tim-davie-helping-children-in-lockdown
BBC (2021.1.12). Huge numbers turn to the BBC as Lockdown Learning begins. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2021
BBC (2021.1.4). Covid: Boris Johnson set to announce new England lockdown. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55534999
BBC (2021.1.5). BBC delivers biggest Education offer in its history - including devoting significant airtime to Education on BBC Two. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2020/bbc-launches-biggest-education-offer-ever
Ben, M. (2019.7). Cord cutting is getting ‘freaking ugly,’ analyst says. Retrieved from https://www.fiercevideo.com/video/cord-cutting-getting-freaking-uglyanalyst-says
Benjamin, L. (2019.10). What Netflix's biggest reveal tells us about what works and what doesn't. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/oct/22/netflix-most-watched-tv-shows-films-figures
Bennett, J., Strange, N., Kerr, P., & Medrado, A. (2012). Multiplatform public service broadcasting: The economic and cultural role of UK digital and TV independents. (AHRC Report No. AH-H0185622-2). London: Royal Holloway, University of London; University of Sussex, London Metropolitan University. Retrieved from http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21021/1/bennett-strange-kerr-medrado-2012- multiplatforming-psb-industry-report.pdf
Bhawan, M. D., & Marg, J. L. (2015). Regulatory Framework for Over the-Top (OTT) services. New Delhi: telecom requlatory authority of India.
Bolter, & Grucin (1999). Remediation: understanding new media. MIT press.
Chen, Y. N., (2019). Competitions between OTT TV platforms and traditional television in Taiwan: A niche analysis. Telecommunications policy, 43, 1-10.
Candace Bryan, Brian Kline (2019.11). Why mobile is the key to OTT success. Retrieved from https://digiday.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2019_11_Mobile-Download-White-Paper-1.pdf
Carol Savery. (2008). Communication innovators or laggards? : diffusion of innovations by U.S. Public Relations Practitioners. Saarbrücken Germany.
CenturyLink. (2019.11). The Changing Nature of TV. Retrieved from https://news.lumen.com/2020-02-13-The-Changing-Nature-of-TV-Video-Streaming-Continues-to-Grow
Damanpour, F., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (1998). Theories of organizational structure and innovation adoption: The role of environmental change. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 15(1), 1-24.
Dent, E. B., & Goldberg, S. G. (1999). Challenging “resistance to change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(1), 25-41.
Dixon, C. (2015). eMarketer: 200M OTT video service users by 2019. Could it be higher? Retrieved from nScreenMedia: https://www.nscreenmedia.com/emarketer-200m-ott-video-service users-by-2019-could-it-be-higher/
Doyle, G. (2016). Resistance of channels: Television Distribution in the Multiplatform era. Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), 693-702.
Elaine Low. (2019.10). Why Kids’ Programming Will Be a Major Battleground in the Streaming Wars. Retrieved from https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/kids-programming-netflix-disney-plus-hulu-apple-tv-1203373388/
eMarketer. (2019.12.10). In the US, Netflix Grabs the Most Attention, but Its Reign Will Be Challenged. Retrieved from https://www.emarketer.com/content/in-the-us-netflix-grabs-the-most-attention-but-its-reign-will-be-challenged
Ericsson. (2016). brid solutions for cloud DVR: meeting the needs of converging legacy and OTT platforms. file:///C:/Users/hwa3031/Downloads/hybrid-solutions-for-cloud-dvr.pdf
Evans, E. (2011). Transmedia Television: audiences, new media, and daily life (pp. 1- 16). New York: Routledge.
Flew T. (2014). New media. South Melbourne. Victoria : Oxford University Press.
Fred Leroy. (1996). The diffusion of innovations The impact of communication technology on the professional practice of landscape architecture.The university of texas at Arlington.
Fulgoni, G. (2015). Is the GRP really dead In a cross-platform ecosystem? Why the gross rating point metric should thrive in Today's fragmented media world. Journal of advertising research, 358-261.
Grover, V., & Gosla, M. (1993). The initiation, adoption, and implementation of telecommunication technologies in U. S. organization. Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(1), 141-164.
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1994). Competing for the future. Harvard business review, 72(4), 122-128.
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (2005). Strategic intent. Harvard business review, 83(7/8), 148-161.
Heather, M. (2019.7). The consumer shift to OTT. https://www.ibc.org/trends/grabyo-report-the-consumer-shift-to-ott/4163.article
Higgins, J. M. (1995). Innovation: the core competence. Planning review, 23(6), 32-36.
IAB & MRC. (2018). Digital video impression measurement guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.iab.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/12/Digital-Video-Impression-MeasurementGuidelines_1.1.pdf
Janko, R. (2019.3). Netflix will test character-driven video previews for its kids content. Retrieved from https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/netflix-kids-profile-video-previews-1203167505/
Jansen, B. (2019.12). The state of mobile: insights into emerging behaviours on mobile devices. Retrieved from https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations-and-Whitepapers/2019/Global-State-of-Mobile
Jeff, B. (2019.2). Comcast & Apple don't have a deal (Yet) for the Apple TV. Retrieved from https://www.lightreading.com/video/video-services/comcast-and-apple-dont-have-a-deal-(yet)-for-the-apple-tv-/a/d-id/749217
Jeffery-Poulter, S. (2003). Creating and producing digital content across multiple platforms. Journal of Media Practice, 3(3), 155-164.
Jeremy, B. (2019.4). With record quarter, Netflix strengthens its grip on the streaming crown. Retrieved from https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/04/16/with-record-quarter-netflix-strengthens-its-grip-o.aspx
Jim, W. (2019.10). BBC at risk of losing young audiences, according to Ofcom. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/oct/24/bbc-at-risk-of-losing-young-audiences-according-to-ofcom
Jim, W. (2019.12). BBC election coverage draws more complaints from Tory than Labour supporters. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/dec/31/bbc-election-coverage-draws-more-complaints-from-tory-than-labour-supporters
Justin Harper. (2020.3.25). Will coronavirus lockdowns change the way we watch films. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51763893
Justin, H. (2020.4.9). Disney Plus racks up 50m subscribers in five months. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52211207
Kotter, J. P., & Schlesinger, L. A. (1979). Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 106-117.
Lievrouw A. L. & Livingstone S. (2009). New media. los angeles, Calif. London: SAGE.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
Macmilian, R. (2010.2.24). Thomson reuters sees 2010 revenue flat to slightly down. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/24/us-thomsonreuters-idUSTRE61N2R520100224
Macmilian, R., & Prodhan, G. (2009.2.24). Thomson reuters sees 2009 revenue growth. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/02/24/us-thomsonreuters-idUSTRE51N30Z20090224
Meredith, B. (2019.10). News analysis: Why you should be skeptical of those lists of Netflix’s most-watched shows. Retrieved from https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/ct-ent-netflix-most-watched-shows-skepticism-20191025-cy3wd3gwgnfljooc7a6dw2nzaa-story.html
NAGRA. (2019.7). The global market for premium sports OTT services. Retrieved from https://resources.nagra.com/global-market-premium-sports-ott-services
Nic, N., Richard, F., Anne, S., Simge, A., & Rasmus, K. N. (2020). Reuters institute digital news report 2020. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/202006/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf
Nieman Reports. (2002). Science journalism. Retrieved from http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/issue/100022/Fall-2002.aspx
O’Connor, C. A. (1993). Resistance the repercussions of change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 14(6), 30-36.
Ofcom. (2020). Media Nations 2020 . Retrieved from https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/tv-radio-and-on-demand/media-nations-reports/media-nations-2020
Ofcom. (2018). Media Nations 2018. Retrieved from https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/tv-radio-and-on-demand/media-nations-reports/media-nations-2018
Pilat Media. (2015). Broadcast business management in a multiplatform era. Retrieved from http://www.newbayconnect.com/download/broadcast-business-management-ina-multiplatform- era/
Rebecca, R. (2020.4.2). In the Age of Coronavirus, Even Movie Theaters Learn to Love Streaming. Retrieved from https://www.degonline.org/in-the-age-of-coronavirus-even-movie-theaters-learn-to-love-streaming-hollywood-reporter/
Rogers, E. M. (1962, 1983, 1995, 2003). Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe: Free Press.
Schulz A., Levy A. L.D., & Nielsen, K. R. (2019.9). Old, educated, and politically diverse. The audience of public service. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/old-educated-and-politically-diverse-audience-public-service-news
Schulz, A. (2004). Reconstructing mediatization as an analytical concept. European journal of communication.
Sørensen, I. E. (2015). The revival of live TV: liveness in a multiplatform context. Media, culture & society, 38(3), 1-19.
Spencer, L., Ritchie, J., O’Connor, W. (2003). Analysis: Practices, principles andprocesses. In J. Ritchie & J. Lewis. (Eds.), Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers (pp. 199-218). London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd.
Syvertsen, T. (2006). Television and multi-platform media hybrids: Corporate strategies and regulatory dilemmas. In F. Marcinkowski, W.A. Meier and J. 39 Trappel (Eds), Media and Democracy: Experiences from Europe(pp. 253-273). Bern: Haupt Verlag.
Walt Disney (2019.5). The Walt Disney company reports. https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/the-walt-disney-company-reports-second-quarter-and-six-months-earnings-for-fisc
Ytreberg, E. (2009). Extended liveness and eventfulness in multi-platform reality formats. New Media & Society, 11(4), 467-485.