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研究生: 彭賢德
Peng, Hsien-Te
論文名稱: 鉛球投擲技術之生物力學分析
Biomechanical Analyses of Shot Putting
指導教授: 黃長福
Huang, Chen-Fu
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 體育學系
Department of Physical Education
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 140
中文關鍵詞: 鉛球投擲生物力學逆動力學
英文關鍵詞: shot put, throw, biomechanics, inverse dynamics
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 本研究的目的為(1)分析旋轉式與背向滑步式投擲技術之運動學參數,並探討其與成績表現之相關性。(2)分析旋轉式與背向滑步式投擲技術之地面反作用力參數,並探討其與成績表現之相關性。(3)分析旋轉式與背向滑步式投擲技術之關節力矩、功率參數,應用逆動力學模型來探討鉛球投擲過程中,投擲臂與下肢關節肌肉作用的控制機轉,釐清鉛球投擲技術關節肌肉作用的模式。使用之方法以男性旋轉式與背向滑步式鉛球投擲優秀選手各三位為受試者(均以右手投擲),利用四台高速數位攝影機(125 Hz)同步擷取記錄鉛球選手的三維投擲動作資料,並與兩個測力板(1250 Hz)分別置於投擲圈中間與抵趾板前,同步收集下肢地面反作用力資料,然後透過Kwon 3D動作分析系統與Kwon GRF軟體,進行各參數的分析運算。得到主要結果在旋轉式投擲地面反作用力方面,成績表現與右腳的最大垂直力、最大垂直力發力率、主動期時間、主動期垂直力衝量、垂直總衝量、水平總衝量均有顯著的正相關存在;與左腳最大水平制動力、垂直總衝量、地面反作用力總時間有顯著的正相關存在,與左腳最大水平制動力產生時間-離左腳著地後、水平總衝量有顯著的負相關存在。在旋轉式投擲下肢力矩、功率方面,右腳著地期間,右踝關節為蹠屈力矩起主要作用,並先呈現吸收功率,然後呈現產生功率;右膝關節肌肉作用為屈曲力矩先起主要作用,呈現產生功率,然後伸展力矩起主要作用,並先呈現吸收功率再呈現產生功率;右髖關節為伸展力矩起主要作用,額狀面為先短暫的外展力矩,後為較長的內收力矩起主要作用,並先呈現產生功率,再呈現吸收功率,然後又再呈現產生功率。旋轉式投擲左腳著地期間,左踝關節為蹠屈力矩起主要作用,並先呈現吸收功率,然後呈現產生功率;左膝關節肌肉作用均為伸展力矩起主要作用,並呈現產生功率;左髖關節均為屈曲起主要作用,額狀面均為外展力矩起主要作用,並先呈現吸收功率,然後再呈現產生功率。本研究主要結論在旋轉式投擲方面,旋轉式投擲下肢作用,右腳著地支撐的關鍵期是在主動期作用時間,而且右腳垂直力扮演重要且關鍵的角色,並且要減少右腳的制動作用;左腳的制動作用,雖然與投擲行進方向相反,但是卻有助於投擲成績表現,而且扮演相當關鍵的角色,此外須很快地達到最大水平制動力,並且增加左腳的垂直衝量。旋轉式投擲踝、膝、髖關節肌肉作用,在右腳著地支撐期間,踝關節肌群負責先緩衝,而後推蹬;膝、髖關節肌群負責先旋轉驅動,接下來緩衝,而後推蹬。在左腳著地支撐期間,踝、髖關節肌群負責先緩衝,而後推蹬;膝關節肌群則全程負責推蹬。

    Purposes: The purposes of this study were (1) to analyze the kinematics of spin and glide shot put technique and correlate it with performance. (2) to analyze the ground reaction force and impulse and correlate them with performance. (3) to analyze the moment and power of joints of lower limbs. Methods: Three right-handed male spin shot putters and three glide shot putters were subjects. Four high-speed cameras (125 Hz) were synchronized to sample the motion data and were gen-locked with two force plate forms (1250 Hz) which were set in the middle and front of the circle respectively to sample the ground reaction force. Those data were then digitized and calculated with Kwon 3D and Kwon GRF system to get the parameters. Results: In the aspect of spin technique: There were significant positive correlations between the performance and maximal vertical force, maximal loading rate of vertical force, propulsive phase time, vertical impulse in propulsive phase, total vertical impulse and total horizontal impulse on right leg, and maximal horizontal braking force, total vertical force and total ground reaction force time on left leg. There were significant negative correlations between the performance and the time of maximal horizontal braking force and total horizontal impulse. During the right foot landing, the muscle moment about the ankle was net plantar flexion moment and showed power absorption at first and then power generation; the muscle moment about the knee was net flexion moment and showed power generation at first, and then the net extension moment and showed power absorption and then power generation again; the muscle moment about the hip was net extension moment, and on the frontal plane, was net abduction moment at first in a short time and then net adduction moment latter in long time, and showed power generation at first, and then power absorption, and then power generation again. During the left foot landing, the muscle moment about the ankle was net plantar flexion moment and showed power absorption at first and then power generation; the muscle moment about the knee was net extension moment and showed power generation; the muscle moment about the hip was net flexion moment, and on the frontal plane, was net abduction moment and showed power absorption and then power generation. Conclusions: In the aspect of spin technique: The key phase during right foot support was the propulsive phase. The vertical force was crucial and the braking effect of right foot should be reduced in the phase. The braking effect of left foot was in the opposite direction of the throwing, however it was contributive to the performance and crucial. Moreover, the maximal horizontal braking force should be reached quickly and the vertical impulse should be increased. During right foot support, the ankle joint muscles took charge of cushion at fist and then push; the knee and hip joint muscles took charge of spin and the following cushion, and then push. During left foot support, the ankle and hip joint muscles took charge of cushion at fist and then push; the knee joint muscles took charge of push.

    目 次 中文摘要………………………………………………………………I 英文摘要………………………………………………………………III 謝誌……………………………………………………………………V 目次……………………………………………………………………VI 表次……………………………………………………………………IX 圖次……………………………………………………………………XII 第一章、緒論…………………………………………………………1 第一節、前言…………………………………………………………1 第二節、問題背景……………………………………………………6 第三節、研究目的……………………………………………………8 第四節、研究範圍……………………………………………………10 第五節、研究限制……………………………………………………10 第六節、名詞操作性定義……………………………………………10 第二章、相關文獻探討…..…………………………………………14 第一節、逆動力學模型相關研究……………………………………14 第二節、鉛球投擲動作之下肢動力學相關研究……………………16 第三節、文獻總結……………………………………………………23 第三章、方法…………………………………………………………24 第一節、研究對象……………………………………………………24 第二節、實驗時間地點………………………………………………24 第三節、實驗儀器設備………………………………………………25 第四節、實驗場地佈置………………………………………………27 第五節、實驗說明與流程……………………………………………27 第六節、實驗資料收集方法…………………………………………29 第七節、實驗資料處理方法…………………………………………29 第四章、結果…………………………………………………………45 第一節、旋轉式鉛球投擲之運動學分析……………………………45 第二節、背向滑步式鉛球投擲之運動學分析………………………56 第三節、旋轉式與背向滑步式鉛球投擲運動學比較………………65 第四節、旋轉式投擲下肢地面反作用力參數與成績表現之相關 …………………………………………………………………………70 第五節、背向滑步式投擲下肢地面反作用力參數與成績表現之相關 …………………………………………………………………………76 第六節、旋轉式鉛球投擲之下肢關節力矩、功率分析……………82 第七節、背向滑步式鉛球投擲之下肢關節力矩、功分析…………94 第伍章、討論與結論…………………………………………………105 第一節、鉛球投擲之運動學…………………………………………105 第二節、鉛球投擲之下肢地面反作用力……………………………113 第三節、鉛球投擲之下肢關節力矩、功率…………………………117 第四節、結論與建議…………………………………………………122 引用文獻………………………………………………………………125 一、中文部分…………………………………………………………125 二、英文部分…………………………………………………………126 附錄一:受試者同意書………………………………………………130 附錄二:各試擲之測力板參數………………………………………132

    一、中文部分:

    周鶴鳴、陳在頣(1986)。田徑運動。臺中縣:霧峰出版社。

    邱靖華(2000)。男女世界鉛球紀錄保持者之最佳投擲成績推估。大專體育,48,民89.04,頁157-164。

    翁梓林、水心蓓(1999)。影響鉛球推擲距離之運動學參數相關研究。國立臺北師範學院學報,12,民88.06,頁655-675。

    張立群、洪得明 (1993)。陳信裕、呂景義破全國男子鉛球紀錄之動作的運動學分析。體育與運動,87,民82.10,頁17-25。

    許樹淵(1992)。田徑論。臺北市:偉彬體育研究社。

    彭賢德、黃長福(2004)。鉛球旋轉投擲技術之力學分析:個案研究。體育學報,36,51-60。

    彭賢德、黃長福、彭賢勝(2004)。鉛球旋轉與背向滑步投擲動作之運動學分析。大專體育學刊,6(2),139-150。

    彭賢德、彭賢勝、黃長福(2004)。2003年全國運動會鉛球項目旋轉式投擲技術分析。教練科學,4,169-179。

    彭賢德、彭賢順、彭賢勝(2003)。旋轉式鉛球投擲技術之探討。教練科學,2,102-112。

    彭賢德、彭賢勝、彭賢順(2006)。旋轉式鉛球投擲技術流程與練習步驟。運動教練科學,6,71-83。

    劉宇、江界山、陳重佑(1996)。肌力與肌力診斷的生物力學基礎。臺灣師大體育研究,2,頁151-179。

    劉宇(2001)。國數術騰空飛腳動作下肢肌肉控制功能的肢段間互動動力學分析。未出版。

    蔚順華、石慶賀(1990)。鉛球投擲初始條件之生物力學分析。國立體育學院論叢,1(2),民79.06,頁97-105。

    潘寶石(1993)。男子鉛球投擲之生物力學分析。未出版的碩士論文,國立體育學院運動科學研究所,桃園縣,臺灣。

    羅俊欽、黃長福(1998)。鉛球推擲之運動學分析。臺灣師大體育研究,5,頁 87-94。〕

    二、英文部分:

    Apkarian, J. (1989). A three-dimensional kinematic and dynamic model of the lower limb. Journal of Biomechanics, 22(2), 143-155.

    Alexander, M.J.L. (1991). The role of the rear leg in the shot put deliver. Track and field quarterly review. 91(3), 16-21.

    Andrews, J.G. (1982). On the relationship between resultant joint torques and muscular activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 361-367.

    Bartonietz, K.E. (1994). The energy relationship in rotation and glide shot put techniques. Modern athlete and coach, 32(2), 7-10.

    Bartonietz, K.E. (1990). Biomechanical characteristics of the rotation technique in shot put. Techniques in athletics, Cologue, 7-9 June, 580-588.

    Bobber, M.F. & Ingen Schenau, G.J. van. (1988). Coordination in vertical jumping. Journal of Biomechanics, 21(3), 249-262.

    Dessureault, J. (1978). Kinetic and kinematic factors involved in shot putting. In E. Asmussen & J. Jorgensen (Eds.), Biomechanics,VI (pp.51-60). Champaign, I L:Human Kinetics.

    Egger, J.P. (1994).Reflections on the evolution of performances in the shot put.New studies in athletics, 9(1),9-13.

    Eng, J.J. & Winter, D.A. (1995). Kinetic analysis of the lower limbs during walking: What information can be gained from a three-dimensional model? Journal of Biomechanics, 28(6), 753-758.

    Escamilla, R.F., Fleisig, G.S., Barrentine, S.W., Andrews, J.R. & Moorman, C. (2002). Kinematic and Kinetic comparisons between American and Korean professional baseball pitchers. Sports Biomechanics, 1(2), 213-228.

    Feltner, M., & Dapena, J. (1986). Dynamics of the shoulder and elbow joints of the throwing arm during a baseball pitch. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 2(4), 235-259.

    Fleisig, G.S., Andrews, J.R., Dillman, C.J., Satterwhite, Y., & Escamilla, R.F. (1996) Kinetics of Baseball Pitching with Implications About Injury Mechanicsms. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 23(2), 233-239.

    Hay, J.G. (1993). The biomechanics of sports techniques (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: The Paramount Communications.

    Hunter, J.P., Marshall, R.N. & McNair, P.J. (2004). Segment-interaction analysis of the stance limb in sprint running. Journal of Biomechanics, 37, 1439-1446.

    Jacobs, R. & Ingen Schenau, G.J. van. (1992). Intermuscular coordination in a sprint push-off. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(9), 953-965.

    Jacobs, R., Bobbert, M.F. & Ingen Schenau, G.J. van. (1996). Mechanical output from individual muscles during explosive leg extensions: the role of biarticular muscles. Journal of Biomechanics, 29(4), 513-523.

    Johnson, M.D. & Buckley, J.G. (2001). Muscle power patterns in the mid-acceleration phase of sprinting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 263-272.

    Kwon, Y.H. (1993). The effects of body segment parameter estimation on the experimental simulation of a complex airborne movement. Doctoral Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.

    Kwon, Y.H. (1996). Effects of the method of body segment parameter estimation on airborne angular momentum. Journal of applied biomechanics, 12(4), 413-430.

    Kwon, Y.H. (2001). Experimental simulation of an airborne movement: applicability of the body segment parameter estimation methods. Journal of applied biomechanics, 17(3), 232-240.

    Linthorne, N.P. (2001). Optimum release angle in the shot put. Journal of Sports Sciences,19,359-372.

    Liu, W. & Wang, M. (2000). Kinematical analysis of shot put in elite athletes- a case study. In Hong, Y.(ed.), Proceedings of XVIII International symposium on biomechanics in sports, Hong Kong, Department of Sports Science and Physical Education. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, c2000,300-304.

    Luhtanen, P.& Blomqvist, M.& Vanttiene, T. (1997). A comparison of two elite shot putters using the rotational shot put technique. New studies in athletics,12(4),25-33.

    Maheras, A.V. (1998). Shot put: optimum angle of release. Track and field quarterly review. 98(4),24-26.

    Mann, R.V. (1981). A kinetic analysis of sprinting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 13, 325-328.

    Mann, R.V., Sprague, P. (1980). A kinetic analysis of the ground leg during sprint running. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51, 334-348.

    Palm, V.(1990).Some biomechanical observation of the rotational shot put. Modern athlete and coach, 28(3),15-18.

    Palm, V. (1991). Balance-the key to success in the rotational shot put technique. Modern athlete and coach, 29(2),30-31.

    Rasmussen, B. (1998). Spin to win. Part 1: introduction to rotational shot put technique. Coach and athletic director,67(8),36-39.

    Schneider. K., Zernicke. R.F, Ulrich. B.D., Jensen. J.L & Thelen. E. (1990). Understanding movement control in infants through the analysis of limb intersegmental dynamics. Journal of motor behavior, 22(4), 493-520.

    Stefanyshyn, D.J., & Nigg, B.M. (1998). Contribution of the lower extremity joints to mechanical energy in running vertical jumps and running long jumps. Journal of Sports Science, 16, 177-186.

    Tsirakos, D.K. & Killias, I.A. (1995). Mechanical and temporal characteristics of the shot put: a comparative study. Track and field coaches review. 95(3),20-23.

    Tsirakos, D.K., Bartlett, R.M. & Killias, I.A. (1995). A comparative study of the release and temporal characteristics of shot put. Journal of human movement studies.28(5),227-242.

    Winter, D. A. (1983). Moments of force and mechanical power in jogging. Journal of Biomechanics, 16(1), 91-97.

    Winter, D.A. (1990). Biomechanics and motor control of human Movement (2nd ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Zatsiorsky, V.M.(1990).The biomechanics of shot putting technique. Techniques in athletics,Cologue,7-9 June,118-125.

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