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研究生: 賴淑萍
Shu-Ping Lai
論文名稱: 大學生「女運動員三症候群」之相關探討
Related Studies in ‘Female Athlete Triad’ of University Students
指導教授: 湯馥君
Tang, Fu-Chun
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 人類發展與家庭學系
Department of Human Development and Family Studies
論文出版年: 2006
畢業學年度: 94
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 135
中文關鍵詞: 女運動員三症候群體型意識飲食行為身體組成骨骼代謝
英文關鍵詞: female athlete triad, body image, dietary behavior, body composition, bone turnover
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:162下載:13
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  • 本研究目的是探討女學生運動員體型意識、運動訓練與「女運動員三症候群」之相關。研究對象為大學女生(18~22歲),依運動訓練及月經週期之規律性分四組:經期規律運動組20人、經期不規律運動組20人、經期規律靜態組21人及經期不規律靜態組20人;分別進行「飲食、運動與生活習慣問卷」、飲食態度問卷調查、身體組成、跟骨廣頻超音波衰減率之測量、血清雌激素濃度分析、維生素D 受器基因BsmI多型性,及尿液羥基脯胺酸、3-甲基組胺酸、鈣等濃度及其酸鹼值檢測。
    結果發現,長期從事運動訓練對女學生運動員之雌激素濃度並未造成干擾,但有延遲初經年齡之趨勢。運動組之期望體型較靜態組纖細,體型不滿意度較高 (p<.05),飲食態度得分≧20分者之比例也高於靜態組 (15% vs. 4.8%)。四組受試者之熱量攝取皆未達建議量,但對自我食量有高估之錯誤認知。受試者食物攝取及身體組成之差異,源於運動訓練 (p<.05)。運動組非正餐之熱量攝取高於靜態組 (p<.05),但三餐之熱量攝取則低於靜態組 (p<.005),並有較多飲食異常之行為。同體重下,運動組之除脂體重較高,而靜態組則是體脂重較高。運動組之跟骨廣頻超音波衰減率顯著高於不規律靜態組 (p<.05),顯示運動對雌激素濃度低下者之骨骼具有保護作用。本研究受試者之BsmI基因多型性頻度分配為BB (4.9%)、Bb (1.2%)與bb (93.8%),故無法藉由統計探討基因與骨骼健全之關連性。尿液之羥基脯胺酸、3-甲基組胺酸、鈣等濃度,於各組之間無顯著差異。
    受試者之體型意識影響其飲食態度,但不影響飲食攝取;長期運動訓練影響身體組成,但不影響血清雌激素濃度。儘管飲食攝取不當,飲食態度扭曲,但本研究受試者目前並未有明顯之「女運動員三症候群」症狀。

    The purpose of this study was to explore the correlation among body image, exercise training, and ‘female athlete triad’ of university students. Based on exercise training and menstrual status, the university female students (aged 18~22 years) were divided into four groups: regular menstruation/exercise subjects (n=20), irregular menstruation/exercise subjects (n=20), regular menstruation/sedentary subjects (n=21), and irregular menstruation/sedentary subjects (n=20). We examined dietary behavior and exercise habits, Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), body composition, calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), serum estradiol concentration, BsmI polymorphism at the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene locus, urinary concentrations of hydroxyproline (HP), 3-methylhistidine (3-MH), and calcium, and urinary pH value.
    We found that serum estradiol concentration was not affected by exercise training which was supposed to delay the age at menarche in athletes. The desire for being slender in the exercise subjects was significantly stronger than the sedentary subjects (p<.05). The body dissatisfaction in the exercise subjects was significantly higher than the sedentary subjects (p<.05). Number of subjects with EAT greater than 20 was found to be more in the exercise groups than in the sedentary groups (15% vs. 4.8%). Although self-perceived food intake was overestimated, the energy intake of the female subjects was below the recommendation. The differences in food intake and body composition among the groups were primarily due to exercise effect (p<.05). The energy intakes from snack and drinks in the exercise subjects were significantly higher than those in the sedentary subjects (p<.05), whereas the energy intake from meals was significantly lower (p<.005). Within the same body weight, the fat-free mass in the exercise subjects tended to be higher than that in the sedentary subjects, whereas the fat mass was lower. The BUA of the exercise subjects was significantly higher than that of the irregular menstruation/sedentary subjects (p<.05). At a low serum concentration of estradiol, exercise demonstrated a protective role on bone mass and bone quality. Since the genotype distribution found in this study was 4.9% BB; 1.2% Bb; and 93.8% bb, the genetic impact on the bone integrity of our subjects could not be explored statistically. There was no significant difference in the urinary HP, 3-MH, and calcium concentrations among the four groups.
    The body image of the female subjects affected their eating attitudes, but did not affect their dietary intake. Exercise training influenced the body composition, but not the serum estradiol concentration. Although the food intake was inadequate, along with poor eating attitudes, the ‘Female athlete triad’, however, was not observed in the present study.

    目次 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究動機………………………………………………………… 1 第二節 研究目的………………………………………………………… 2 第三節 研究問題………………………………………………………… 3 第四節 名詞定義………………………………………………………… 4 第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………………… 6 第一節 運動概述………………………………………………………… 6 一、運動與能量系統……………………………………………… 6 二、相關運動簡介………………………………………………… 7 第二節 運動員飲食狀況………………………………………………… 9 ㄧ、營養問題……………………………………………………… 9 二、飲食狀況與行為……………………………………………… 11 三、營養需求……………………………………………………… 16 第三節 生理狀況與運動訓練…………………………………………… 21 ㄧ、身體組成.……………………………………………………… 21 二、肌肉與骨骼…………………………………………………… 23 三、血液、荷爾蒙與月經狀況…………………………………… 29 第四節 文獻探討總結…………………………………………………… 32 第三章 研究方法………………………………………………………… 34 第一節 研究流程………………………………………………………… 34 第二節 研究對象………………………………………………………… 35 第三節 研究工具與方法………………………………………………… 36 一、檢體與數據收集……………………………………………… 36 二、檢體生化分析………………………………………………… 40 第四節 統計分析………………………………………………………… 46 第四章 研究結果………………………………………………………… 47 第一節 基本資料………………………………………………………… 47 一、生理參數……………………………………………………… 47 二、運動習慣……………………………………………………… 47 三、月經週期狀況………………………………………………… 47 第二節 自我體型認知…………………………………………………… 48 第三節 飲食行為………………………………………………………… 49 一、飲食態度調查………………………………………………… 49 二、飲食攝取……………………………………………………… 50 第四節 身體組成分析…………………………………………………… 52 第五節 生化分析………………………………………………………… 53 一、維生素D受器基因鑑定……………………………………… 53 二、尿液分析……………………………………………………… 53 第五章 討論……………………………………………………………… 54 第一節 月經週期狀況…………………………………………………… 54 第二節 自我體型認知…………………………………………………… 55 第三節 飲食行為………………………………………………………… 57 一、飲食態度調查………………………………………………… 57 二、飲食攝取……………………………………………………… 58 第四節 身體組成分析…………………………………………………… 62 第五節 生化分析………………………………………………………… 64 一、維生素D受器基因鑑定……………………………………… 64 二、尿液分析……………………………………………………… 65 第六節 相關性探討……………………………………………………… 66 一、體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關性探討…………… 66 二、身體組成之相關性探討……………………………………… 67 三、骨代謝之相關性探討………………………………………… 67 第六章 結論與建議……………………………………………………… 71 第一節 結論……………………………………………………………… 71 第二節 建議……………………………………………………………… 73 第三節 研究限制………………………………………………………… 75 第四節 未來研究之建議………………………………………………… 75 參考文獻 一、中文部份……………………………………………………………… 108 二、西文部份……………………………………………………………… 111 附錄 附錄一 受試者同意書…………………………………………………… 125 附錄二 研究活動海報內容……………………………………………… 126 附錄三 人體試驗審查通過書…………………………………………… 127 附錄四 「飲食、運動與生活習慣問卷」……………………………… 128 附錄五 飲食態度問卷…………………………………………………… 134 表次 表3.1 尿液胺基酸代謝物混合標準液中各胺基酸代謝物stock標準液之取 量………………………………………………………………………… 42 表3.2 肌酸酐稀釋標準液、尿液稀釋液及反應試劑鹼性苦味酸之取 量………………………………………………………………………… 45 表4.1.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者生理參數之主要效果及交互作 用效果分析…………………………………………………………… 77 表4.1.2 各組受試者之生理參數……………………………………………… 77 表4.2 各組受試者之運動習慣………………………………………………… 78 表4.3 各組受試者之血清雌激素濃度與初經年齡調查……………………… 78 表4.4.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者自我體型認知之主要效果及交 互作用效果分析…………………………………………………… 79 表4.4.2 各組受試者之自我體型認知……………………………………… 80 表4.4.3 各組受試者自我體型(somatotype)認知之分布…………… 81 表4.4.4 各組受試者自我體型(BMI)認知之分布……………………… 82 表4.4.5 各組受試者自我體型(WHR)認知之分布……………………… 83 表4.5.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者飲食態度之主要效果及交互作 用效果分析………………………………………………………… 84 表4.5.2 各組受試者之飲食態度…………………………………………… 84 表4.6.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者食物攝取調查之主要效果及交 互作用效果分析…………………………………………………… 85 表4.6.2 各組受試者之食物攝取調查……………………………………… 86 表4.6.3 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者熱量分配調查之主要效果及交 互作用效果分析…………………………………………………… 87 表4.6.4 各組受試者之熱量分配調查……………………………………… 88 表4.7.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者身體組成之主要效果及交互作 用效果分析………………………………………………………… 89 表4.7.2 各組受試者之身體組成分析……………………………………… 90 表4.8 各組受試者之維生素D受器基因型頻度……………………………… 91 表4.9.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者尿液分析之主要效果及交互作 用效果分析………………………………………………………… 92 表4.9.2 各組受試者之尿液分析…………………………………………… 92 表4.10.1 運動組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析…………… 93 表4.10.2 靜態組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析…………… 94 表4.11.1 運動組骨量、骨質與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分 析…………………………………………………………………… 95 表4.11.2 靜態組骨量、骨質與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分 析…………………………………………………………………… 96 表4.11.3 受試者骨量、骨質與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分 析…………………………………………………………………… 97 表4.12 各組受試者初經年齡與骨量、骨質、身體組成之相關分析……… 98 圖次 圖4.1 運動組之初經年齡分布……………………………………………… 99 圖4.2 運動組之經期狀況…………………………………………………… 99 圖4.3 受試者最常食用之烹調方式………………………………………… 100 圖4.4 受試者雞鴨魚皮之攝食調查………………………………………… 100 圖4.5 受試者食用乳品含脂量之比較……………………………………… 101 圖4.6 受試者食用肉類含脂量之比較……………………………………… 101 圖4.7 受試者之自我認知食量……………………………………………… 102 圖4.8 受試者觀賞電視時之零食攝食狀況………………………………… 103 圖4.9 受試者使用電腦時之零食攝食狀況………………………………… 103 圖4.10 受試者營養補充劑之使用狀況…………………………………… 104 圖4.11 受試者特殊藥物之使用與自我催吐………………………………… 105 圖4.12 體重與體脂重、除脂體重之相關…………………………………… 106 圖4.13 運動持續年日與跟骨廣頻衰減率之相關…………………………… 107

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