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研究生: 劉虹麟
Liu, Hung-Lin
論文名稱: 歐洲文化首都之文化形象與歐洲認同:以格拉斯哥與利物浦為例
Cultural Images and European Identity in the European Capital of Culture: The Cases of Glasgow and Liverpool
指導教授: 劉俊裕
Liu, Chun-Yu
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 歐洲文化與觀光研究所
Graduate Institute of European Cultures and Tourism
論文出版年: 2014
畢業學年度: 102
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 188
中文關鍵詞: 歐洲文化首都文化形象歐洲認同格拉斯哥利物浦
英文關鍵詞: European Capital of Culture, cultural image, European identity, Glasgow, Liverpool
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 首屆歐洲文化首都活動於1985年在希臘雅典舉辦至今,其程序及發展在這26年中幾經更迭,活動方針及選拔過程日漸繁複,由歐洲聯盟所提供的經費也逐漸提高,但是對於該活動所被賦予的形貌與意義卻顯得模糊,極其彈性的活動架構留下許多矛盾的議題。因此,本文的研究目的有以下四點:
    一、收集分析國內外相關研究與文獻資料,耙梳歐洲文化首都、文化形象與歐洲認同之研究範疇,探討其研究議題內涵。
    二、勾勒1990年格拉斯哥擔任歐洲文化城市以及2008年利物浦擔任歐洲文化首都,所呈現歐洲文化形象。
    三、探究於兩屆活動中所體現之歐洲認同論述。
    四、透過理論與個案研究之相互驗證,分析歐盟、會員國與城市於活動文化內涵之交互關係與影響,並理解文化形象與歐洲認同於活動文化面向之互動。
    本研究以歐盟文化活動中歷史最悠久的歐洲文化首都活動作為研究對象,並選擇以1990年的歐洲文化城市格拉斯哥,與2008年的歐洲文化首都利物浦,進行個案研究。除了蒐集與分析相關文獻資料,架構出本研究理論脈絡,另外蒐集格拉斯哥與利物浦活動前、中、後的籌辦資料與報告等,進行整理、比較與探究。透過研究資料的分析,本研究試圖以「藝文」、「經濟」、「社會」與「政治」四項驅力來探討複雜文化形象的構面,進而勾勒出活動中的歐洲文化形象;並以歐洲認同的四種論述「共同歷史遺產」、「文化整合工程」、「政治結構歷程」以及「公民共同參與」,檢視活動中的歐洲認同層面,以及探討歐洲認同論述如何與活動形象相呼應的可能性。經過研究分析後,本研究歸納出以下三點結論:

    一、四種形塑文化形象驅力都同時與歐盟、會員國與城市相關。然而,經濟與社會驅力影響承辦城市對於活動的構想與實踐;政治驅力較多見於歐盟與會員國的活動敘述中。藝文驅力一方面受到城市背景的影響,重視在地人文特色展現;另一方面鑒於歐洲文化首都活動的主題與精神,強調與歐洲或世界的藝術文化交流。此外,四項驅力特質間的重疊性,使其影響彼此滲透、互動、匯聚成整體歐洲文化形象。
    二、歐洲認同的四種論述在歐洲文化首都的興辦歷程中都可以看見。經由政治結構歷程是否建立歐洲認同,主要視歐盟與會員國關係。而所謂的歐洲共同歷史遺產,已經在實務中被呈現為歐洲所有歷史遺產。文化整合工程以及公民共同參與所能夠產生或創造的歐洲認同的可能性,其實有限。然而,由於這項活動的長期舉辦,使得歐洲公眾有多次沉浸於歐洲主題文化活動的可能性,同時也是在歐洲不同的地理區域製造出對於共同活動的記憶,促使歐洲意識空間的擴展。
    三、歐洲文化形象與認同論述互為表裡,四種歐洲認同論述透過四種文化形象驅力,形塑出歐洲文化首都活動之文化形象。文化整合工程的歐洲認同論述可以在經濟驅力中發現其表現性,藝文驅力則表達出共同歷史遺產的觀點,社會驅力呼應了公民共同參與,以及政治驅力實踐了政治結構歷程的歐洲認同論述。而四種驅力間其特質的滲透性,也證實四種歐洲認同論述在實務分析中交互重疊與影響的可能性。

    The first European City of Culture took place at Athens, Greek in 1985. Until 2011, 44 European Cities have held the event and the competition for winning the title is intense among cities. During the 25 years, the procedures of holding the activity have been more detailed and complicated; however, the meanings of the title have been ambiguous, even ambivalent. There are four purposes of this study:
    1. Collect and analyze the related studies and data. Investigate into the context of the related issues and set up the scope for this research.
    2. Outline the European cultural image of Glasgow 1990 and Liverpool 2008.
    3. Look into the statements of European identity emergent in the case studies.
    4. Through the comparison of the analysis of the research review and of the case studies, figure out the interaction between cultural image and European identity.
    The study framework is build with the analysis and investigation of the related data and research. This study takes four drives, including economics, culture, society and politics, which shape the cultural images, to analyze the components of European Capital of Culture’s images. The four statements of European identity, including common historical heritage, cultural integrated development, political integrated development, and civic participation, would be used to look into the statements of European identity of European Capital of Culture. There are three findings:
    1. The four drives are all related to the European Union, member states and cities. However, economic and social drives have more influences on the cities when they think about the blueprints and practices of the European Capital of Culture. The statements of European Union and member states are influenced more by political drive. The cultural drive could be found in two parts. One is local and the other is European or international. And some components of drives are fluxional, which explains the integrated parts of the image.
    2. All four statements of European identity could be found in the procedures of European Capital of Culture. Whether the statement of political integrated development works depends on the relationship between European Union and member states. The common historical heritage in practice becomes all European historical heritages. The long-termed effects of European Capital of Culture make the statements of cultural integrated development and civic participation possible because of the common memory and the growth of European awareness.
    3. The four statements of European identity are emergent in four drives of cultural images. The statement of cultural integrated development could be seen in the economical drive. The cultural drive expresses the points of common historical heritage. The social drive is respond to the statement of civic participation. The political drive puts the statement of political integrated development into practice. The fluxion of the components of drives explains the possibilities of these four statements which have influences on each other.

    摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………… i ABSTACT …………………………………………………………………………iii 目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………… v 表目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………… ix 圖目錄 ………………………………………………………………………………xi 第一章 緒論 ……………………………………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究目的 ……………………………………………………………… 1 第二節 研究範圍與方法 ……………………………………………………… 6 壹、研究範圍與限制 ……………………………………………………… 6 貳、研究方法 ……………………………………………………………… 7 第三節 研究架構與章節安排 ……………………………………………… 15 壹、研究架構 ……………………………………………………………… 15 貳、研究流程與章節安排 ………………………………………………… 17 第二章 文化形象與歐洲認同 ……………………………………………… 19 第一節 文化形象 ………………………………………………………… 19 壹、 文化形象範疇 ……………………………………………………… 19 貳、 四種驅力下的文化形象:經濟、藝文、社會、政治 …………… 22 參、 文化形象與認同 …………………………………………………… 27 第二節 歐洲認同 ………………………………………………………… 28 壹、 歐洲認同為共同歷史遺產…………………………………………… 29 貳、 歐洲認同為文化整合工程…………………………………………… 30 參、 歐洲認同為政治結構歷程…………………………………………… 31 肆、 歐洲認同為公民共同參與…………………………………………… 34 第三節 歐洲聯盟與歐洲認同………………………………………………… 35 壹、 歐洲認同之於歐洲聯盟的重要性…………………………………… 35 貳、 歐盟文化計畫之發展………………………………………………… 38 第三章 1990年歐洲文化城市:格拉斯哥 ………………………………… 50 第一節 被遺忘的蘇格蘭文化重鎮…………………………………………… 50 第二節 打造格拉斯哥傳奇…………………………………………………… 55 壹、 申請過程……………………………………………………………… 55 貳、 主題與目標…………………………………………………………… 58 參、 資金結構……………………………………………………………… 60 肆、 活動內容……………………………………………………………… 61 第三節 傳奇的解構與建構…………………………………………………… 65 壹、 1990年以前的格拉斯哥……………………………………………… 65 貳、 形象改造……………………………………………………………… 67 參、 形象改造的策略使用………………………………………………… 69 第四章 2008年歐洲文化首都:利物浦 ……………………………… 71 第一節 文化板塊上的裂縫…………………………………………………… 71 第二節 邁向歐洲文化首都之路……………………………………………… 75 壹、 申請過程……………………………………………………………… 75 貳、 主題與目標…………………………………………………………… 79 參、 活動資金 …………………………………………………………… 83 第三節 2008年活動內容 …………………………………………………… 84 第五章 歐洲文化形象與認同分析 ……………………………… 104 第一節 勾勒歐洲文化形象 ………………………………………………… 104 壹、 經濟驅力下的文化形象 …………………………………………… 104 貳、 藝文驅力下的文化形象 …………………………………………… 108 參、 社會驅力下的文化形象 …………………………………………… 112 肆、 政治驅力下的文化形象 …………………………………………… 115 第二節 何去何從的歐洲認同 ……………………………………………… 120 壹、 從共同歷史遺產中認識歐洲認同 ………………………………… 121 貳、 由文化整合工程以產生歐洲認同 ………………………………… 125 參、 自政治結構歷程中建立歐洲認同 ………………………………… 129 肆、 由公民共同參與以創造歐洲認同 ………………………………… 130 第六章 結論與建議 ………………………………………………… 133 壹、四種趨力下的歐洲文化首都之文化形象 ………………………… 134 貳、歐洲文化首都中歐洲認同的四種論述表現 ……………………… 144 參、歐洲文化形象與認同論述互為表裡 ……………………………… 147 肆、建議 ………………………………………………………………… 153 參考資料 …………………………………………………………… 154 壹、 中文 ……………………………………………………………………… 154 貳、 外文 ……………………………………………………………………… 155 附錄 …………………………………………………………………… 164 附錄一:「歐洲文化首都」選拔暨任名程序之演變 …………………………164 附錄二:「歐洲文化首都」意涵發展 …………………………………………168 附錄三:向格拉斯哥索取資料之通訊記錄……………………………………170 附錄四:向利物浦索取資料之通訊記錄……………………………………… 181

    一、中文部分
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    王志弘,「影像城市與都市意義的文化生產:『台北畫刊』之分析」,城市與設計學報 no. 13/14 (2003): 303-40。
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    (三)未發表論文
    Liu, Jerry C. Y. “Global City and Glocal Cultural Image: 2009 Kaohsiung World Games as a Mega Cultural Event.” Unpublished Manuscript. “Global City and Glocal Cultural Image: 2009 Kaohsiung World Games as a Mega-event”. Paper Delivered in the 2008 ChunCheon International Leisure Symposium. Sep. 5-6, ChunCheon, South Korea. (An Earlier Version of This Paper was Presented in Global Sports, Leisure and Cultural Industries in Taiwan全球運動與台灣休閒文化產業”. Organized byWenzao Ursuline College of Language, Kaohsiung, June 14.)
    (四)官方文件
    Conclusions of the Ministers of Culture meeting within the Council of 12 November 1992 on the procedure for designation of European Cities of Culture (92/C 336/02).
    Decision No 1622/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 2006 establishing a Community action for the European Capital of Culture event for the years 2007 to 2019.
    Decision 1419/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 establishing a Community action for the European Capital of Culture event for the years 2005 to 2019.
    Declaration in favour of a European Charter of Culture, 2005.
    Declaration on European Identity in Bulletin of the European Community. December 1973, No. 12, pp. 118-122.
    European Cultural Convention, Paris, 19. XII. 1954. European Treaty Series- No. 18.
    Liverpool City Council, Executive Summary, 2000.
    Report submitted to the Milan European Council(Milan, 28-29 June 1985), in Bulletin of the European Communities, 1985, No Supplement 7/85, pp. 18-30.
    Revolution of the Ministers responsible for Cultural Affairs, meeting within the Council, of 13 June 1985 concerning the annual event ‘European City of Culture’ Official Journal C 153, 22/06/1985 P, 0002-00002.
    Solemn Declaration on European Union (Stuttgart, 19 June 1983), in Bulletin of the European Communities. June 1983, No. 6, pp. 24-29.
    Statement by Hans- Dietrich Genscher at the European Parliament, in Official Journal of the European Communities(OJEC). 12.04.1983, No 1-297, pp. 40-42.
    (五)官方報告
    Department for Culture Media and Sport, Report on the Short-listed Applications for the UK Nomination for European Capital of Culture 2008, 2003.
    ERM Economics commissioned by Liverpool City Council, European Capital of Culture 2008: Socio- Economic Impact Assessment of Liverpool’s Bid, 2003.
    Liverpool City Council. Liverpool Core Cities Prospectus, 2003.
    Myerscough, John. European Cities of Culture and cultural months. Glasgow: The Network of Cultural Cities of Europe, 1994.
    Palmer/Rae Associates. European Cities and Capitals of Culture: Study Prepared for the European Commission, Part 1 and Part 2. Brussels, 2004.
    Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Committee of the Regions. Ex Post evaluation of the European Capital of Culture event 2007 (Luxembourg and
    Sibiu) and 2008 (Liverpool and Stavanger). Brussels, 22. 12. 2009 COM(2009) 689 final.
    (六)報章雜誌
    Braiden, Gerry. “Success? All It Took Was a Smile.” The Herald (Glasgow).
    Grossman, Loyd. “Gateway to England.” New Statesman (London: 2004): 46.
    Miller, Phil. “Glasgow was great … we’ll be better.” The Herald (Glasgow), Jan. 11, 2008, page 17.
    Moran, Joe. “The Big Gig Begins.” New Statesman (London: 2008): 44.
    O’ Connell, Brian. “Lessons for Liverpool.” New Statesman (London: 2006): 41.
    三、網路資訊
    歐盟執委會網站:http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc443_en.htm
    歐盟電子資料庫: http://ec.europa.eu/geninfo/query/search_en.html
    European Navigator網站: http://www.ena.lu/
    Impacts 08研究資料網站: http://www.liv.ac.uk/impacts08/
    Lab for Culture. Org: http://live.labforculture.org/2009/01/culturalcapitals/Cultural%20Capitals_EN.pdf
    Liverpool 08活動官方網站: http://www.liverpool08.com/
    Liverpool City Council: http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/

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