目的：比較台灣地區優秀游泳運動員與控制組之間的PPARα ntron7 G/C、PPARδexon4 +294基因型分佈頻率的關聯性。方法：受試對象選自國內過去曾參加奧運、亞運、世界盃及台灣區運動會游泳成績得名次的游泳選手(男性108名，女性66名)及非選手(男性173名，女性134名)當控制組。抽取空腹靜脈血後，以聚合酶連鎖反應－限制酶片
段長度多形性（polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism，PCR-RFLP）技術分析比較。統計分析PPARα、PPARδ基因型分佈頻率，採卡方檢定(Chi-square Test) 。結果：台灣地區PPARα intron7 G/C基因型尚未發現有變異情形。
PPARδ T/C基因型分佈頻率於男、女性間有顯著差異，其餘皆無顯著差異。結論：PPARδ exon4 +294 T/C基因多形性可能與台灣地區游泳選手優秀運動表現無關聯性，但不同性別間的基因型分佈有顯著的差異，原因尚待深入研究及釐清。建議可招募各種不同長距離運動項目的受試者，以彌補樣本數不足的缺憾。

Purpose: To investigate the association of the PPARα intron7 G/C and PPARδ exon4 +294 T/C genotype frequencies between the general population and elite swimmers in Taiwan. Methods: Subjects were selected from former Taiwanese swimmers who participated in the Olympics, Asian Games, the World Championships or who had placed in the top three finishers in major Taiwan swimming events (SWIM group, 108 males and 66 females). The control group (CON group, 173 males and 134 females) was selected from the Taiwanese general population. The genotype of PPARα and PPARδ genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP ).Using the Chi-square Test to exam the frequency of difference group, α＝.05. Results: PPARα intron7 G/C genotype never show the variation in Taiwan. There was no significant difference in PPARα and PPARδ polymorphism between the athletes and the controls. Only the PPARδexon4 +294 T/C genotype frequency has significant difference between the man and woman. Conclusion: PPARδ exon4 +294 T/C gene polymorphism may not have association with elite
swimming performance in Taiwan, but the genotype frequency between the sex difference still need to be studied. It is suggested to recruit more subjects from the long-distance exercise of the different type in order to make up for the sample size.

引用文獻
中文部份：
朱玉賢、李毅 (2004) 。現代分子生物學第二版。台北縣：藝軒。

朱雲瑋、蔡淳淳、曾慶宗、胡虞國 (譯) (2007) 。分子生物學-輕輕鬆鬆學分生。台北縣：藝軒。(Clark, D.P., & Russell, L.D., 1997 )

李文權(1996) 。遺傳學。台北市：眾光文化。

李建雄、端木梁、翁郁嘉、黃淑姿(1989)。生物化學(下冊)。台北縣：藝軒。

周資眾（1997）。運動員的科學選材與育才。國民體育季刊， 126，105-114。

周資眾、方進隆 (2007) 。 臺灣運動選材的發展與展望。中華體育季刊，21(2)，75-81。

周資眾（2008）。桌球運動員選材- -吳志祺之個案研究。興國學報，9， 185-193。

邱麗玲、謝玲玲、顏克典、謝伸裕(2007)。ACTN3與ACE基因多形性與優秀爆發型運動員的相關性。體育學報，40(4)，1-12。

武育勇 (2003) 。游泳論。臺北縣：啟英。

許樹淵（2004）。運動科學導論。台北市：師大。

高啟倫、許安東 (2004) 。競技游泳選才：以台北縣秀朗國民小學為例。大專體育，75，84-88。

陳全壽(1998)。科學如何為競技運動服務。大專體育，39，14-16。

陳俊忠（2004）。運動競技科技與運動成績。科學月刊，415，528-534。

陳嘉芬(2004) 。基礎遺傳學。台北縣：藝軒。

黃取炎(2000)。游泳運動員選才與訓練概念研究-以台灣地區的游泳教練為例。未出版碩士論文，國立台灣體育學院體育研究，台中市。

黃憲達(2005)。生命科學課程改進計畫。http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/2.htm.

楊吉成、繆競誠 (2005) 。醫用基因工程。臺北縣：新文京開發。

楊蕎芯 (2008)。粒線體DNA 與運動能力相關之探討。 2008年北京奧運會後兩岸體育發展研討會論文集 (頁267-277) 。

英文部份：
Ahmetov, I.I., Mozhayskaya, I.A., Flavell, D.M., Astratenkova, I.V., Komkova, A.I., Lyuaeva, E.V., et al. (2006). PPARα gene variation and physical performance in Russian athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 97(1):103-108.

Ahmetov, I.I., Astratenkova, I.V., & Rogozkin, V.A. (2007). Association of a PPARD Polymorphism with Human Physical Performance. Molecular Biology, 41(5), 776–780.

Alvarez, R., Requero, J.R., Batalla, A., Iqlesias, C.G., Cortina, A., Alvarez, V., et al. (1998) Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor 1 polymorphisms: association with early coronary disease. Cardiovascular Research, 40(2):375-379.

Aoyama, T., Peters, J.M., Iritani, N., Nakajima, T., Furuhata, K., Hashimoto, T., et al. (1998). Altered constitutive expression of fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes in mice lacking the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 5678–5684.

Bray, M.S., Hagberg, J.M., Perusse, L., Rankinen, T., Roth, S.M., Wolfarth, B., et al. (2009) The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 35-73.

Brooks, G.A., & Mercier, J. (1994). Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise: the "crossover" concept. Journal of Applied Physiology , 76(6), 2253-61.

Costa, A.M., Silva, A.J., Garrido, N.D., Louro, H., Oliveira, R.J., Breitenfeld, L. (2009) Association between ACE D allele and elite short distance swimming. European Journal of Applied Physiology. , 106(6), 785-790.

Carter, S.L., Rennie, C., Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2001) Substrate utilization during endurance exercise in men and women after endurance training. American journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 280, 898–907.

Desvergne, B., & Wahli, W. (1999). Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocrine Reviews,20, 649-688.

Escher, P., & Wahli, W. (2000). Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors: insight into multiple cellular function. Mutation Research, 448, 121-138.

Flavell, D.M., Torra, I. P., Jamshidi, Y., Evans, D., Diamond, J.R., Elkeles, R.S., et al. (2000). Variation in the PPARα gene is associated with altered function in vitro and plasma lipid concentrations in Type II diabetic subjects. Diabetologia, 43, 673-680.

Flavell, D.M., Jamshidi, Y., Hawe, E., Torra, I.P., Taskinen, M.R., Frick, M.H., et al. (2002). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a gene variants influence progression of coronary atherosclerosis and risk of coronary artery disease. Circulation, 105, 1440–1445.

Fürnsinn, C., Willson, T.M., & Brunmair, B. (2007). Peroxisome proliferator-activated eceptor-δ, a regulator of oxidative capacity, fuel switching and cholesterol transport.Diabetologia, 50, 8-17.

Gilde, A.J., Karin, A.J.M., Willemsen, P.H.M., Chinetti, G., Feike, R., Ger, J., et al. (2003). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and PPAR beta/delta, but not PPAR gamma, modulate the expression of genes involved in cardiac lipid metabolism. Circulation Research, 92, 518-24.

Gulick, T., Cresci, S., Caira, T., Moore, D.D., Kelly, D.P. (1994). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative enzyme gene
expression. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 91, 11012–11016.

Hsieh, L. L., Liou, S. H., Chen, Y. H., Tsai, L. C., Yang, T., & Wu, T. N. (2000). Association between aminolevulinate dehydrogenase genotype and blood lead levels in Taiwan.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 42, 151-155.

Horowitz, J.F., Leone, T.C., Feng, W., Kelly, D.P., & Klein, S. (2000). Effectof endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: a Potential role for PPARα in the metabolic response to training. American Journal of Physiology, 279, 348-355.

Horton, T.J., Pagliassotti, M.J., Hobbs, K., Hill, J.O. (1998) Fuel metabolism in men and women during and after long-duration exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 1823–1832.

Jamshidi, Y., Montgomery, H.E., Hense, H.W., Myerson, S.G., Torra, I.P., Staels, B., et al. (2002). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α gene regulates left ventricular growth in response to exercise and hypertension. Circulation, 105, 950–955.

Kelly, D.P., & Strauss, A.W. (1994). Inherited cardiomyopathies. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 913–919.

Kendrick, Z.V., Steffen, C.A., Rumsey, W.L., Goldberg, D.I. (1987) Effect of estradiol on tissue glycogen metabolism in exercised oophorectomized rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63, 492–496.

Kendrick, Z.V., Ellis, G.S. (1991) Effect of estradiol on tissue glycogen metabolism and lipid availability in exercised male rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 1694–1699.

Lee, S.S., Pineau, T., Drago, J., Lee, E.J., Owens, J.W., Kroetz, D.L., et al.(1995). Targeted disruption of the alpha isoform of the peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gene in mice results in abolishment of the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferators.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, 15, 3012-3022

Lucia, A., Gomez-Gallego, F., Chicharro, J.L., Hoyos, J., Celaya, K., Cordova, A., et al. (2005) Is there an association between ACE and CKMM polymorphisms and cycling performance status during 3-week races? International Journal of Sports Medicine. 26(6), 442-447.

Luquet, S., Lopez-Soriano, J., Holst, D., Fredenrich, A., Melki, J., Rassoulzadegan, M., et al. (2003). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta controls muscle development and oxidative capability. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal, 17, 2299–2301.

Maher, A.C., Fu, M.H., Isfort, R.J., Varbanov, A.R., Qu, X.A., Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2009) Sex differences in global mRNA content of human skeletal muscle. Public Library of Science Online, 4 (7), e6335.

Markku, V., Pirjo, N., Teemu, K., Jussi, P., Kirsti, H., Kirsi, A. et al. (2005). Single nucleotide
polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor _ gene are associated with skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Diabetes, 54, 3587-3591.

Motojima, K., passilly, P., Peter, J.M., Gonzalez, F.J. & Latruffe, N. (1998). Expression of putative fatty acid transporter genes are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma activators in tissue-and inducer-specific manner. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 16710-16714.

Montgomery, H. E., Marshall, R., Hemingway, H., Myerson, S., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C. M., Hayward, M., Jubb, M., World, M., Thomas, L., Brynes, A., Saeed, N., Barnard, M., Bell, J., Prasad, K., Rayson, M., Talmud, P., Humphries, S. (1998) Human gene for physical performance. Nature, 393, 221-222.

Rankinen, T., Bray, M.S., Hagberg, J.M., Perusse, L., Roth, S.M., Wolfarth, B., et al. (2006) The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2005
update. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(11), 1863-1888.

Roepstorff, C., Donsmark, M., Thiele, M., Vistisen, B., Stewart, G., et al. (2006) Sex differences in hormone-sensitive lipase expression, activity, and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise. American journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 291, 1106–1114.

Rodriguez, J. C., Gil-Gomez, G., Hegardt, F. G. and Haro, D. (1994). Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor mediates induction of the mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3methylglutary-CoA synthase gene by fatty acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 18767-18772.

Russell, A.P., Feilchenfeldt, J., Schreiber, S., Praz, M., Crettenand, A., Gobelet, C., et al. (2003). Endurance training in humans leads to fiber type-specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{alpha} in skeletal muscle. Diabetes, 52, 2874-2881.

Sack, M.N., Rader, T.A., Park, S., Bastin, J., McCune, SA., Kelly, D.P. (1996). Fatty acid oxidation enzyme is downregulated in the failing heart. Circulation, 94, 2837–2842.

Schoonjans, K., Watanabe, M., Suzuki, H., Mahfoudi, A., Krey, G., Wahli, W., et al. (1995). Induction of the acyl-coenzyme A synthetase gene by fibrates and fatty acids is mediated by a peroxisome proliferator response element in the C promoter. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 19269-19276.

Skogsberg, J., Kannisto, K.,Cassel, T.N., Hamsten, A., Eriksson, P., Ehrenborg, E. (2003). Evidence that peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor delta influences cholesterol metabolism in men. Journal of The American Heart Association, 23, 637-643.

Tan, N.S., Michalik, L., Desvergne, B., Wahli, W. (2003). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta as a target for wound healing drugs: what is possible? American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 4, 523-530.

Wang, Y.X., Zhang, C.L., Yu, R.T., Cho, H.K., Nelson, M.C., Bayuga-Ocampo, C.R., et al. (2004). Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARdelta. Public
Library of Science Biology, 2, 1532-1539.

Yang, N., MacArthur, D. G., Gulbin, J. P., Hahn, A. G., Beggs, A. H., Easteal, S., et al. (2003). ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. American Journal of Human Genetics, 73, 627-631.