有鑑於員工的創新行為能有效的為組織提升績效與增強組織的永續發展，探討如何促進員工的創新行為已然成為研究領域中的熱門議題。因此，本研究以心理賦權、員工當責為中介變項，來探討主管的賦權領導對於員工創新行為之間的關係是否會因為心理賦權及員工當責之中介而有不同的影響。研究方法以透過問卷調查法來搜集資料，研究對象為不限產業別限制的一般企業員工，共計完成216份有效問卷，並使用階層迴歸分析進行假設結果之驗證，本研究結果發現賦權領導對創新行為有正向影響。再者，賦權領導會分別透過心理賦權與員工當責的中介效果，進而正向影響員工的創新行為。

Innovative Behavior has become a significant topic of organizational research because of its contributions to organizational performance and Sustainable development. The purpose of this study aims to explore the effect of empowering leadership on innovative behavior, while also investigational the mediating effects of psychological empowerment and employee accountability. Data were collected from a sample of 216 full-time employees in Taiwan. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses. The results shows that empowering leadership positively influences employee innovative behavior. Moreover, the results revealed that both psychological empowerment and employee accountability mediate the relationship between empowering leadership and innovative behavior. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

中文文獻

林彥宏 (2009)。民間社工員之增強權能感、自我效能與工作滿意度之研究。國立台灣師範大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
黃秀如 (2012)。賦權領導與服務導向組織公民行為之關係-賦權氛圍的中介效果。中興大學高階經理人碩士在職專班學位論文。

外文文獻

Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A. (2005). To empower or not to empower your sales force? An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 945-955.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123-167.
Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1154-1184.
Arnold, J. J., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., and Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 249-269.
Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 45-68.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26
Bell, N. E., & Staw, B. M. (1989). People as sculptors versus sculpture: The roles of personality and personal control in organizations. In M. B. Arthur, D. T. Hall, & B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of career theory , 232-251.
Bowen, D. E. and E. E. Lawler III. (1992). The empowerment of service workers: what, why, how, and when. Sloan Management Review, 33, 31-39.
Brief, A. P., & Nord, W. R. (1990). Meanings of occupational work. Lexington: Lexington Books
Bruce J Avolio, William L. Gardner, Fred O. Walumbwa, Fred Luthans, Douglas R. May. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors, The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 801-823.
Burke, W.W. (1986). Leadership as empowering others. In S. Srivastva (Ed.), Executive power.
Byham, W. C. (1992). Would you recognize an empowered organization if you saw one? Tapping the Network Journal, 3, 10-13.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment Process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review , 13, 471-482.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M., (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. New York: University of Rochester.
Fong, K., & Snape, E. (2015). Empowering Leadership, Psychological Empowerment and Employee Outcomes: Testing a Multi-level Mediating Model, British Journal of Management, 26, 126-138
Fornell, C. R. & Larcker, F. F. (1981), Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-51.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362
Gist, M.E. (1987). Self-Efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Resource Management, Academy of Management Review, 12, 472-485.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Hall, A. T., Royle, M. T., Brymer, R. A., Perrewé, P. L., Ferris, G. R., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2006). Relationships between felt accountability as a stressor and strain reactions: The neutralizing role of autonomy across two studies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 87-99.
Hall, A. T., Zinko, R., Perryman, A. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior and reputation: Mediators in the relationships between accountability and job performance and satisfaction. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15, 381-392.
Hayes, J. R. (1989). Cognitive processes in creativity. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity.
Hochwarter, W., Ferris, G. R., Gavin, M., Perrewé, P., Hall, A., & Frink, D. (2007). Political skill as a moderator of political behavior-work outcomes relationships: A two-study investigation with convergent results. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 567-576.
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perception of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 287-302.
Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1039-1050.
Kanter, R. M. (1988). Three tiers for innovation research. Communication Research, 15, 509-523.
Kark, R., & Carmeli, A. (2009). Alive and creating: The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 785-804.
Kirton, M. (1976). Adaptors and innovators: A description and measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622-629.
Konczak, L. J., Stelly, D. J., and Trusty, M. L. (2000). Defining and measuring empowering leader behaviors: Development of an up-ward feedback instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 301-313.
Laird, D.A., Brown, R.C., Amonette, J.E., Lehmann, J. (2009). Review of the pyrolysis platform for coproducing bio-oil and biochar. Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 3, 547-562.
Lerner, J. S., & Tetlock, P. E. (1999). Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 255-275.
Li, X.Y. and Zheng, Y.S. (2014). The Influential Factors of Employees’ Innovative Behavior and the Management Advices. Journal of Service Science and Management, 7, 446-450.
Locke, E. A., M. Alavi. & J. Wagner., (1997). Participation in Decision-Making: An Information Exchange Perspective. In Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, 293-331.
Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1987). Leading workers to lead themselves: The external leadership of self-managing work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 106-129.
McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognitive-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal.
Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B., (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27-43.
Nora Madjar, Greg R. Oldham and Michael G. Pratt. (2002). There's No Place like Home? The Contributions of Work and Nonwork Creativity Support to Employees' Creative Performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 45, 757-767.
Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 607-634.
Park, Y. K., Song, J. H., Yoon, S. W., Kim, J. (2013). Learning organization and innovative behavior. European Journal of Training and Development, 38, 75-94.
Pearce, C. L, Sims, H. P., Jr., Cox, J. F., Ball, G., Schnell, E., Smith, K. A., Trevino, L. (2003) Transactors, transformers and beyond: A multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership. Journal of Management Development, 22, 273-307.
Pelz, D. C, Andrews F. M. (1996). Scientists in organizations. New York:Wiley.
Philip E. Tetlock & Jennifer S. Lerner. (1999). Accounting for the Effects of Accountability. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 255-275.
Pieterse, A. N., van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M. & Stam, D. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological empowerment, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 609-623
Robbins, T. L., Crino, M. D., & Fredendall, L. D. (2002). An integrative model of the empowerment process. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 419-443.
Rodwell JJ, Kienzle R & Shadur MA. (1998). The relationships among work-related perceptions, employee attitudes, and employee performance: The integral role of communication. Human Resource Management, 37, 3-4.
Sagnak, M. (2012). The empowering leadership and teachers’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of innovation climate. African Journal of Business Management, 6, 1635-1641
Sandvik, I. L., & Sandvik, K. (2003). The impact of market orientation on product innovativeness and business performance. Journal of Research in Marketing, 20, 355-376.
Schroeder, R. G., Van de Ven, A. H., Scudder, G. D., & Polley, D. (1989). The development of innovation ideas. In A. H. Van de Ven, H. L. Angle & M. S. Poole (Eds.), Research on The Management of Innovation: The Minnesota Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 107- 134.
Shalley, C. E., Gilson, L. L., & Blum, T. C. (2000). Matching creativity requirements and the work environment: Effects on satisfaction and intentions to leave. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 215-223.
Sims H. P. , Manz C .C. (1996). Company of heroes: Unleashing the power of self-leadership. New York: Wiley.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1992). When organizations dare: The dynamics of psychological empowerment in the workplace. UMI Microform Number 3011067. Ann Arbor: Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Individual empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442-1465.
Srivastava, A., Bartol, K. M., & Locke, E. A. (2006). Empowering Leadership in Management Teams: Effects on Knowledge Sharing, Efficacy, and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 1239-1251.
Susanne G. Scot. (1994). Determinants Of Innovative Behavior: A Path Model Of Individual Innovation In The Workplace, Academy Of Management Journal, 37, 580-607.
Taborda, C. G. (2000). Leadership, teamwork, and empowerment: Future management trends, Costing Engineering, 42, 41.
Terje Sla ̊tten. (2011). Empowering leadership and the influence of a humorous work climate on service employees’ creativity and innovative behavior in frontline service jobs, International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 3, 267-284
Tetlock, P. E. (1983a). Accountability and complexity of thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 74-83.
Tetlock, P. E. (1983b). Accountability and the perseverance of first impressions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46, 285-292.
Tetlock, P. E. (1985). Accountability: A social check on the fundamental attribution error. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 227-236.
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. The Academy of Management Review, 15, 666-681.
Tierney, & Farmer. (2003). The Pygmalion process and employee creativity. Journal of Management , 30, 413-432.
Tierney. (2003). Exploring the nature of creativity leadership and its effects: a qualitative field examination. Portland state university.
Van de Ven Andrew H. (1986). Central Problems in the Management of Innovation. Management Science, 32, 590-607.
Vesey, J. (2014). Employee Accountability: Exploring the Link Between Personality and the Accountability Environment.
Wallace, J.C., Johnson, P.D., Mathe, K., & Paul, J. (2011). Structural and psychological empowerment climates, performance, and the moderating role of shared felt accountability: A managerial perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 840-850.
Walther, J. B. (1992). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research, 19, 52-90.
West, M. A., & Farr, J. L. (1989). Innovation at work: Psychological perspectives. Social behavior, 4, 15-30.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 293-321.
Yuan, F., & Woodman, R. W. (2010). Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 323-342.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 107-128.
Zhou, J. (2003). When the presence of creative coworkers is related to creativity: Role of supervisor close monitoring, developmental feedback, and creative personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 413-422.