本研究旨在瞭解幼兒氣質和色彩偏好之現況，並檢測這兩者間的關係，也探討年齡、性別與幼兒色彩偏好及氣質的關係。本研究以241位四歲和五歲的幼兒為研究對象，這些受試幼兒來自台北市和台北縣的四所公立幼稚園及一所私立托兒所。使用家長填寫的幼兒氣質量表及日本色研表色系統（P.C.C.S）中的紅、橙、黃、綠、藍、紫、黑、灰、白九色的色票卡為研究工具。透過和幼兒一對一訪談，研究結果發現：（一）本研究受試幼兒的平均氣質表現與常模無顯著差異。（二）四歲組與五歲組的氣質表現沒有顯著差異，但性別上男生比女生活動量大、規律性低、反應強度也低，且情緒本質較正向、堅持性低、分神度低、反應閾高。（三）全部241位受試幼兒中，偏好有彩色者有229人，佔95％。（四）受試幼兒中只有64人（26.6%）能表現出某特定偏好顏色。（五）幼兒喜歡的顏色由多至寡依序為：紅、黃、紫、藍、橙、綠、黑、白、灰，其中喜歡紅色的女生較多，喜歡藍色的男生較多；以年齡區分，偏好紅、黃、藍三原色者，四歲組人數較多，偏好橙、綠、紫中間色者，五歲組較多。（六）幼兒對其偏好之色彩知覺各有不同，約可分成三種類型，有如具體物件、知覺如抽象表徵，或聯想如某情境。另外在幼兒色彩偏好與其氣質之關聯分析，則發現：（一）偏好有彩色的男生，且反應閾限較高，偏好有彩色的女生，情緒本質較為正向，且反應強度較小；（二）有固定色彩偏好之男生，反應強度較小；（三）喜歡黃色的男生，堅持性較低，喜歡藍色的男生，反應閾限較高，反之喜歡紅色的男生反應閾較低；（四）喜歡藍色、黃色的女生，情緒本質較為正向，喜歡紫色、紅色的女生，情緒本質較偏負向。針對本研究結果，建議未來可以繼續對年齡更大的兒童進行研究，並可以增加對無彩色色彩偏好、色彩偏好和情緒之間的關聯性研究。

The present study aims to understand the current status of young children’s temperaments and color preferences, and to examine the relations between the two, and between age and gender and color preference and temperament. Targeting young children aged 4~5, the researcher has sampled 241 subjects from one private and four public kindergartens in Taipei city and county areas. Instruments used in the research include young children temperament scale filled in by the parents and nine color cards of Japanese practical color coordinate system (PCCS): red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, black, gray, and white. Through one-on-one interviews with young children, the study has found: (1) No significant difference exists between average temperament expressions and normal modes of subject young children; (2) For all subject young children between 4 and 5, there is no significant difference between their temperament expressions. Comparisons made between genders have found that boys tend to have higher activity level, lower regularity, lower intensity of reaction, higher positive quality of mood, lower persistence, lesser distractibility, and higher threshold of responsiveness than girls; (3) Among all 241 subjects, 229 had chromatic color preference, accounting for 95％; (4) Only 64 young children (26.6%) expressed their preference to specific colors; (5) Colors most favored by young children are, in order of preference level: red, yellow, purple, blue, orange, green, black, white, and gray. Red is the most liked color by girls, and blue by boys. Comparison between age groups has found that the three primary colors (red, yellow and blue) are most liked by 4 year olds, with 5 year olds most preferring the intermediate colors (orange, green and purple); (6) Young children’s perceptions of color preferences may be roughly divided into three categories: concrete objects, abstract representations, and association of situation. Moreover, correlation analysis between color preferences and temperaments has found: (1) Boys with chromatic color preferences have a higher threshold of responsiveness; girls with chromatic color preference have higher positive quality of mood and lower intensity of reaction; (2) Boys with fixed/specific color preference have lower intensity of reaction; (3) Boys with yellow color preference have lower persistence. Contrasting to boys with a blue color preference, those with red color preference have lower threshold of responsiveness; (4) Unlike girls with blue and yellow color preferences, who have higher positive quality of mood, girls with purple and red color preferences have higher negative quality of mood. Finally, the study suggests that future follow-up researches may focus on the investigation of older children, and expand the scope to include exploration on the achromatic color preference, and the correlation between chromatic color preferences and moods.

參考文獻

壹、 中文部份
千千岩英彰（2002）。不可思議的心理與色彩（譯者不詳）。台北市：新潮社。
王珮玲（1999）。六位氣質類型幼兒的同儕關係。台北市立師範學院學報，30，415-430。
王珮玲（2002）。氣質發展的穩定性與父母覺知氣質的致變因素：六歲至八歲兒童追蹤研究。台北市立師範學院學報，33，129-150。
王珮玲（2004）。家長知覺氣質發展的穩定和變化：六歲至十歲兒童追蹤研究，台北市立師範學院學報，35 (2)，61-84。
王美娥、郭雨生和賴瓊琦（2007）。國小學童對形狀與色彩組合的情緒意象調查研究。人文暨社會科學期刊，3(1)，81-94。
石朝霖（2006）。色彩能量的奧秘。台北市：商周。
朱介英（2001）。色彩學－色彩計劃&配色。台北市：美工科技。
李天任（2002）。色彩喜好之探索與運用。台北市：亞太。
李彥霖（2006）。幼兒氣質與其食物選擇知覺之相關研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
何容（主編）（1994）。國語日報辭典。台北市：國語日報社。
林伯賢（1999）。國人色彩偏好之調查研究。藝術學報，64，1-10。
哈特曼泰勒（2000）。顏色密碼：從顏色看性格（魏易熙譯）。台北市：聯經。（原著出版年：1998）
胡薏芬（2007）。嬰兒色彩偏好與其氣質之相關性研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
唐大崙、李天任和蔡政旻（2005）。喜好與視線軌跡關係初探──以色彩喜好排序作業為例。中華心理學刊，47(4)，339-351。
孫懿英、王如華、黃碧桃和白璐（2001）。學齡前期先天性心臟病童與一般兒童之氣質、母親教養方式比較。護理研究，9（1），39-52。
許世寬、賴明美、林正介、李采娟和陳偉德（2001）。中興新村幼兒園孩童之氣質研究。台灣家醫誌，11（2），78-90。
野村順一（2000）。顏色魔法書（李曄譯）。台北市：方智。（原著出版年：1994）
張明（2007）。解讀繽紛的色彩世界：色彩心理。北京市：科學。
莊明振和葉青林（1998）。色彩差異因素對物體色色彩調和的影響。設計學報，3(2)，113-130。
博田茶（2000）。色彩魔術師。台北市：婦女與生活社。
黃郁茹和鍾志從（2008）。氣質會影響幼兒注意力的表現嗎？兒童與家庭國際研討會：社區中的兒童與家庭。輔仁大學。
黃毅志（2003）。台灣地區新職業聲望與社經地位量表之建構與評估：社會科學與教育社會學研究本土化。教育研究集刊，49（4），1-32。
溫惠嵐和鍾志從（2008）。嬰兒氣質、母親敏感性以及母嬰依附之關聯。兒童與家庭國際研討會：社區中的兒童與家庭。輔仁大學。
路西亞馬克思（2003）。色彩心理測驗（蕭彥譯）。台北市：星光。（原著出版年：不詳）
鄒國蘇、鄒國英、鄭素芳、許瓊心和方麗容（2005）。極低出生體重早產兒之氣質特徵與發展之關係。北市醫學雜誌，2（8），722-731。
葛萊特曼亨利（1997）。心理學（上）（洪蘭譯）。台北市：遠流。（原著出版年：1997）
楊惠琴、許瑛巧和賴佳菁（2007）。國小資優班與普通班學生氣質、家庭系統與班級氣氛之比較。花蓮教育大學學報，24，297-316。
劉偉奇、馮睿和周丰昆（1998）。孟塞爾顏色系統與人眼主觀亮度的關係。光學－精密工程，6(3)，31-35。
盧克斯保羅和威爾森傑（2003）。知覺－理論、發展與組織（鄭日昌和周軍譯）。台北市：五南。（原著出版年：2000）
賴怡璇（2005）。介入策略對難養型嬰兒母親的育兒自我效能之試探性研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
盧美貴（2005）。幼兒教育概論。台北市：五南。
鍾志從、王慧中、李良怡、周育如、黃虹瑄和賴怡璇（2007）。初生至三個月嬰兒氣質發展之追蹤探討。95學年度國科會教育學門幼兒教育領域成果發表會。
薛費大衛（2006）。社會人格發展（陳淑敏譯）。台北市：華騰。（原著出版年：2005）
薛費大衛（2002）。發展心理學（王雪貞、林翠湄、連廷嘉和黃俊豪譯）。台北市：學富。（原著出版年：1999）

貳、 西文部分
Adams, R. J. (1987). An evaluation of color preference in early infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 143-150.
Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Ye, R. (1993). Children’s temperament in the US and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7, 359-377.
Banerjee, P. N., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (2007). Infants’ persistence and mothers’ teaching as predictors of toddlers’ cognitive development. Infant Behavior & Development, 30, 479–491.
Blair, K. A., Denham, S. A., Kochanoff, A., & Whipple, B. (2004). Playing it cool: Temperament, emotion regulation, and social behavior in preschoolers. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 419–443.
Blatny, M., Jelinek, M., & Osecka, T. (2007). Assertive toddler, self-efficacious adult: Child temperament predicts personality over forty years. Personality & Individual Differences, 43, 2127-2136.
Blignaut, P., & Naude, A. (2008). The influence of temperament style on a student’s choice of and performance in a computer programming course. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1010–1020.
Bornstein, M. H. (1975). Qualities of color vision in infancy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(3), 401–419.
Burkitt, E., Barrett, M., & Davis, A. (2003). Children’s colour choice for completing drawings of affectively characterized topics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(3), 445-455.
Carson, D. K., & Bittner, M. T. (1994). Temperament and school-aged children’s coping abilities and reponses to stress. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(3), 289-302.
Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1996). Temperament: theory and practice. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Child, I. L., Hansen, J. A., & Hornbeck, F. B. (1968). Age and sex differences in children’s color preferences. Child Development, 39, 237-247.
Chiu, S. W., Gervan, S., Fairbrother, C., Johnson, L. L., Owen-Anderson, A. F. H., Bradley, S. J. et al. (2006). Sex-dimorphic color preference in children with gender identity disorder: A comparison to clinical and community controls. Sex Roles, 55, 385-395.
Clarke, T., & Costall, A. (2008). The emotional connotation of color: A qualitative investigation. Color Research and Application, 33(5), 406-410.
Clavadetscher, J. E., Brown, A. M., Ankrum, C., & Teller, D. Y. (1988). Spectral sensitivity and chromatic discriminations in 3- and 7-week-old human infants. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5(12), 2093–2105.
Clifton, D. (2006). Basic need in a new light – Acolorful diagnosis. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 26(1), 18-19.
De Boo, G. M., & Kolk, A. M. (2007). Ethnic and gender differences in temperament, and the relationship between temperament and depressive and aggressive mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1756–1766.
De Fruyt, F., Wiele, L.V., & Heeringen, C. V. (2000). Cloninger's psychobiological model of temperament and character and the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 441-452.
Dorcus, R. M. (1926). Color preference and color associations. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 33, 399-434.
Ellis, L., & Ficek, C. (2001). Color preferences according to gender and sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Difference, 31, 1375-1379.
Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Binser, M. J., Friedman, R., & Pekrun, R. (2009). The effect of red on avoidance behavior in achievement context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(3), 365-374.
Fernando, M. L. D., Cernovsky, Z. Z., & Harricharan, R. (1992). Color preference of DSM-III-R bipolars and normal controls. Social Behavior and Personality, 20(4), 247-250.
Fox, N. A., & Henderson, H. A. (1999). Does infancy matter? Predicting social behavior from infant temperament. Infant Behavior & Development, 22(4), 445-455.
Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. k., Thomas, A., Chess, S. et al. (1987). Roundtable: What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Development, 58, 505-529.
Guerin, D. W., Gottfried, A. W., & Thomas, C. W. (1997). Difficult temperament and behaviour problems: A longitudinal study from 1.5 to 12 years. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21 (1), 71–90.
Hurlbert, A. C., & Ling, Y. (2007). Biological components of sex differences in color preference. Current Biology,17(16), R623-R625.
Jong. J. T. (2008). A follow-up: The interrelationship between maternal self-efficacy and infant temperament. The XX1th IFHE Congress 2008 (Reflecting the past-Creating the future). Lucerne, Switzerland.
Karp, E. M., & Karp, H. B. (2001). Color association of male and female fourth-grade school children. The Journal of Psychology, 122(4), 383-388.
Kiss, H. G., Gonda, X., Rihmer, A., Seregi, K., Kovacs, D., Pestality, P. et al. (2007). Association of affective temperaments with Cloninger's biological model of personality. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, S325.
Komatsu, H. (1998). Mechanisms of central color vision. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8, 503-508.
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, l-39.
Lee, Y. L., & Jong, J. T. (2008). The Relation between Young Children’s Temperament and Their Perception of Food Choice. PECERA 2008 9th Annual Conference (Educating Young Children in Knowledge-Based Economy). Bangkok, Thailand.
Leonard, S. D. (1999). Does color of warnings affect risk perception? International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 23, 499-504.
Lillie, J., & Anisfeld, M. (1998). Gender differences in neonatal temperament. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 540.
Martin,R. P., Wisenbaker, J., & Baker, J. (1997). Gender differences in temperament at six months and five years. Infant Behavior and Development, 20(3), 339-347.
McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1978). The measurement of temperament in 3-7 year old children. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 19(3), 245-253
McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1995). Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Scottsdale, AZ: Behavioral –Developmental Initiatives.
Medoff-Cooper, B. (1995). Infant temperament: Implication for parenting from birth through 1 year. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 10(3), 141-145.
Moore, D. J., & Homer, P. M. (2000). Dimensions of temperament: Affect intensity and consumer lifestyles. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(4), 231-242.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Blijlevens, P. (2007). Self-reported reactive and regulative temperament in early adolescence: Relations to internalizing and externalizing problem behavior and “Big Three” personality factors. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 1035–1049.
Nolan, R. F., Dai, Y., & Stanley, P. D. (1995). An investigation of the relationship between color choice and depression measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 1195-1200.
Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 207-212.
Rothbart, M. K., (1986). Longitudinal observation on infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 356-365.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In D. Willian & N. Hetherington, Handbook of children psychology: Vol 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley.
Servet, A., Omer, B., Cihad, D., & Yildiz, P. (2007). The effects of temperament and character on the choice of contraceptive methods. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 12(4), 378-384.
Sugita, Y. (2004). Experience in early infancy is indispensable for color perception. Current Biology, 14, 1267-1271.
Tamás, Z., Kovacs, M., Gentzler, A. L., Tepper, P., Gádoros, J., Kiss, E. et al. (2007). The relations of temperament and emotion self-regulation with suicidal behaviors in a clinical sample of depressed children in Hungary. Journal Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 640–652.
Teller, D. Y., Peeples, D. R., & Sekel, M. (1978). Discrimination of chromatic from white light by two-month-old human infants. Vision Reasearch, 18(1), 41-48.
Terwogt, M. M., & Hoeksma, J. B. (2001). Colors and emotions: Preferences and combinations. The Journal of General Psychology, 122(1), 5-17.
Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2004). The relative power of an emotion’s facial expression, label, and behavioral consequence to evoke preschoolers’ knowledge of its cause. Cognitive Dvelopment, 19, 111-125.
Yoshino, A., Kimura, Y., Yoshida, T., Takahashi, Y., & Nomura, S. (2005). Relationships between temperament dimensions in personality and unconscious emotional responses. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1–6.
Zeki, S., & Marini, L. (1998). Three cortical stages of colour processing in the human brain. Brain, 121, 1669-1685.
Zemach, I., Chang, S., & Teller, D. Y. (2007). Infant color vision Prediction of infants spontaneous color preferences. Vision Research, 47(10), 1368-1381.
Zentner, M. R. (2001). Preferences for colour and colour-emotion combination in early childhood. Developmental Science, 4(4), 389-398.