簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 許元瑄
Hsu, Yuan-Shiuan
論文名稱: 文化智商與工作滿意度的關係:外派人員政治技巧當作調節變項
The Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence and Job Satisfaction: Expatriate’s Political Skill as a Moderator
指導教授: 林怡君
Lin, Yi-Chun
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 國際人力資源發展研究所
Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 54
中文關鍵詞: 文化智商政治技巧工作滿意度
英文關鍵詞: cultural intelligence, political skill, job satisfaction
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202204005
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:170下載:31
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • Globalization encourages individuals across the nation to find a job outside the country. It offers a big opportunity for people in enterprises to interact with foreign workers. Expatriates require cultural intelligence (CQ) to work in a cross-cultural organization, and also need political skills to support them in building networks and acquiring assistance, so that they can adjust very well to their life overseas. The aim of this paper was to explore the impact of CQ on job satisfaction among expatriates. This study also sought to explore the moderating effect of political skill on the relationship between CQ and job satisfaction. The target population of the study is expatriates working in Taiwan. The expatriates should have worked in Taiwan for at least three months as white-collar workers (e.g. teacher, lawyer, engineer, managers, etc.). Data were collected from 302 expatriates in Taiwan by using paper-based questionnaires and online questionnaires. The results indicated that cultural intelligence is positively associated with job satisfaction. However, this study also showed that expatriates with higher levels of political skill and cultural intelligence had the lowest levels of job satisfaction. On the contrary, expatriates with higher levels of cultural intelligence but lower levels of political skill tended to have the highest levels of job satisfaction.
    Keywords: Cultural intelligence, political skill, job satisfaction

    Globalization encourages individuals across the nation to find a job outside the country. It offers a big opportunity for people in enterprises to interact with foreign workers. Expatriates require cultural intelligence (CQ) to work in a cross-cultural organization, and also need political skills to support them in building networks and acquiring assistance, so that they can adjust very well to their life overseas. The aim of this paper was to explore the impact of CQ on job satisfaction among expatriates. This study also sought to explore the moderating effect of political skill on the relationship between CQ and job satisfaction. The target population of the study is expatriates working in Taiwan. The expatriates should have worked in Taiwan for at least three months as white-collar workers (e.g. teacher, lawyer, engineer, managers, etc.). Data were collected from 302 expatriates in Taiwan by using paper-based questionnaires and online questionnaires. The results indicated that cultural intelligence is positively associated with job satisfaction. However, this study also showed that expatriates with higher levels of political skill and cultural intelligence had the lowest levels of job satisfaction. On the contrary, expatriates with higher levels of cultural intelligence but lower levels of political skill tended to have the highest levels of job satisfaction.
    Keywords: Cultural intelligence, political skill, job satisfaction

    TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I ABSTRACT II TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLES V LIST OF FIGURES VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 Background of the Study 1 Problem Statement 3 Study Purpose 4 Research Questions 5 Definition of Key Terms 5 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 7 Expatriates in Taiwan 7 Cultural Intelligence 8 Job Satisfaction 9 Cultural Intelligence and Job Satisfaction 10 Political Skill 13 The Moderating Role of Political Skill 14 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 19 Hypothesis 20 Sample 20 Data Collection Process 20 Questionnaire Design 21 Measurement 21 Control Variables 24 Data Analysis 25 Pilot Test 28 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND FINDINGS 31 Descriptive Statistics 31 Correlation and Reliability Analysis 33 Confirmatory Factory Analysis (CFA) 34 Regression Analysis 34 CHAPTER V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 39 Cultural Intelligence and Job Satisfaction 39 Political Skill as Moderator 40 Implications for Research 40 Implications for Practice 41 Limitations of the Study 42 Future Research Suggestions 43 REFERENCES 45   LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. The Cultural Intelligence (CQ) Scale 22 Table 3.2. The Job Satisfaction Scale 23 Table 3.3. The Political Skill Scale 24 Table 3.4. Descriptive Statistics for Pilot Study 29 Table 3.5. Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation and Reliability for Pilot Study 30 Table 4.1. Descriptive Statistics 32 Table 4.2. Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, and Reliability 33 Table 4.3. Results of Confirmatory Factory Analysis 34 Table 4.4. Results of Hierarchical Regression Analysis for Hypothesis 1 36 Table 4.5. Result of Hierarchical Regression Analysis for Hypothesis 2 37 Table 4.6. Results of Hypotheses Testing 37   LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. Research framework 19 Figure 4.1. The interaction of cultural intelligence and political skill on job satisfaction 38

    REFERENCES

    Ahearn, K. K., Ferris, G. R., Hochwarter, W. A., Douglas, C., & Ammeter, A. P. (2004). Leader political skill and team performance. Journal of Management, 30(3), 309-327.

    Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S. & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work-family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of Management, 28(6), 787-810.
    Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In S. Ang, & L. Van Dyne, (Eds.). Handbook on cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement and applications (pp. 3-15). NY: M.E. Sharpe.
    Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 100-123.

    Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335-371.

    Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    Barakat, L. L., Lorenz, M. P., Ramsey, J. R. & Cretoiu, S. L. (2015). Global managers: An analysis of the impact of cultural intelligence on job satisfaction and performance. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 10(4), 781-800.

    Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.

    Baruch, Y. (2002). No such thing as a global manager. Business Horizons, 45(1), 36-42.
    Bedeian, A. G., Ferris, G. R. & Kacmar, K. M. 1992. Age, tenure, and job satisfaction: A tale of two perspectives. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40(1), 33-48.

    Best, R. G., Stapleton, L. M. & Downey, R. G. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job burnout: The test of alternative models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 441.

    Blickle, G., John, J., Ferris, G. R., Momm, T., Liu, Y., Haag, R. & Oerder, K. (2012). Fit of political skill to the work context: A two‐study investigation. Applied Psychology, 61(2), 295-322.

    Bonache, J. (2005). Job satisfaction among expatriates, repatriates and domestic employees: The perceived impact of international assignments on work-related variables. Personnel Review, 34(1), 110-124.

    Brief, A. P., & Roberson, L. (1989). Job attitude organization: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19(9), 717-727.

    Brouer, R. L., Harris, K. J., & Kacmar, K. M. (2011). The moderating effects of political skill on the perceived politics-outcome relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(6), 869-885.
    Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp.136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Bücker, J. J., Furrer, O., Poutsma, E., & Buyens, D. (2014). The impact of cultural intelligence on communication effectiveness, job satisfaction and anxiety for Chinese host country managers working for foreign multinationals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(14), 2068-2087.

    Chen, A. S. Y., Lin, Y. C., & Sawangpattanakul, A. (2011). The relationship between cultural intelligence and performance with the mediating effect of culture shock: A case from Philippine laborers in Taiwan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(2), 246-258.

    Chen, A. S. Y., Wu, I. H., & Bian, M. D. (2014). The moderating effects of active and agreeable conflict management styles on cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(3), 270-288.

    Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 591-621.

    Clark, A., Oswald, A., & Warr, P. (1996). Is job satisfaction U‐shaped in age? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(1), 57-81.

    Cogliser, C. C., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2000). Exploring work unit context and leader-member exchange: A multi-level perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5), 487-511.
    Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Routledge.
    Cranny, C. J., Smith, P. C., & Stone, E. (1992). Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International.

    Crowne, K. A. (2009). The relationships among social intelligence, emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence. Organization Management Journal, 6(3), 148-163.

    Davis, J. A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.

    Downes, M., Thomas, A. S., & McLarney, C. (2000). The cyclical effect of expatriate satisfaction on organizational performance: The role of firm international orientation. The Learning Organization, 7(3), 122-134.

    Earley, P. C. (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. In Staw, B., & Kramer, R. M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (pp. 271-299). Oxford, UK: JAI Press.

    Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Erez, A., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1270-1279.

    Farh, C. I., Bartol, K. M., Shapiro, D. L., & Shin, J. (2010). Networking abroad: A process model of how expatriates form support ties to facilitate adjustment. Academy of Management Review, 35(3), 434-454.

    Ferris, G. R., Blickle, G., Schneider, P. B., Kramer, J., Zettler, I., Solga, J., & Meurs, J. A. (2008). Political skill construct and criterion-related validation: A two-study investigation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(7), 744-771.

    Ferris, G. R., Hochwarter, W. A., Douglas, C., Blass, F. R., Kolodinsky, R. W., & Treadway, D. C. (2002). Social influence processes in organizations and human resources systems. In Ferris, G.R., & Martocchio, J. J. (Eds.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (pp.65-128). Oxford, UK: JAI Press/ Elsevier Science.

    Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D. D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, 31(1), 126-152.

    Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Perrewé, P. L., Brouer, R. L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007). Political skill in organizations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 290-320.

    Froese, F. J. (2012). Motivation and adjustment of self-initiated expatriates: The case of expatriate academics in South Korea. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(6), 1095-1112.

    Gallagher, V. C., & Laird, M. D. (2008). The combined effect of political skill and political decision making on job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(9), 2336-2360.

    George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1996). Motivational agendas in the workplace: The effects of feelings on focus of attention and work motivation. In Staw, B. M., & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (pp. 75-109). Greenwich, CT: Jai Press.
    Gottfredson, L. S. (2002). Where and why g matters: Not a mystery. Human Performance, 15(1-2), 25-46.

    Gundersen, G., Hellesøy, B. T., & Raeder, S. (2012). Leading international project teams the effectiveness of transformational leadership in dynamic work environments. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19(1), 46-57.

    Harris, K. J., Harris, R. B., & Brouer, R. L. (2009). LMX and subordinate political skill: Direct and interactive effects on turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(10), 2373-2395.

    Herzberg, F. (1972). The motivation-hygiene concept and problems of manpower. In D.R. Hampton (Ed.), Behavioral concepts in management. (2nd ed.). U.S.: Dickensen Publishing Co.

    Herzberg, F., Mausnes, B., Peterson, R. O., & Capwell, D. F. (1957). Job attitudes: Review of research and opinion. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychological Service of Pittsburgh.

    Holopainen, J., & Björkman, I. (2005). The personal characteristics of the successful expatriate: A critical review of the literature and an empirical investigation. Personnel Review, 34(1), 37-50.

    Horn, C. E., & Schaffner, H. A. (2003). Work in America: An encyclopedia of history, policy, and society. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford: ABC-CLIO.

    Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2009). Initial scale development: Sample size for pilot
    studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(3), 394-400.

    Johnston, C. L. (1997). Changing care patterns and registered nurse job satisfaction. Holistic Nursing Practice, 11(3), 69-77.

    Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2008). How the rich (and happy) get richer (and happier): Relationship of core self-evaluations to trajectories in attaining work success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 849-863.

    Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407.
    Kim, K., Kirkman, B. L., & Chen, G. (2008). Cultural intelligence and international assignment effectiveness. In Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp.71-90). NY: M.E. Sharpe.
    Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., & Jaworski, R. A. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 71-100.

    Lee, L. Y., & Sukoco, B. M. (2010). The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(7), 963-981.

    Lin, Y. C., Chen, A. S. Y., & Song, Y. C. (2012). Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(4), 541-552.

    Livermore, D. (2011). The cultural intelligence difference special ebook edition: Master the one skill you can't do without in today's global economy. Broadway, NY: AMACOM.

    Locke, E. A. (1970). Job satisfaction and job performance: A theoretical analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 5(5), 484-500.
    Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp.1297-1349). Chicago: Rand McNally.
    Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562.

    Meisler, G. (2014). Exploring emotional intelligence, political skill, and job satisfaction. Employee Relations, 36(3), 280-293.

    Ministry of Labor, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved from http://english.mol.gov.tw

    Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Mintzberg, H. (1985). The organization as political arena. Journal of Management Studies, 22(2), 133-154.

    Munyon, T. P., Summers, J. K., Thompson, K. M., & Ferris, G. R. (2015). Political skill and work outcomes: A theoretical extension, meta-analytic investigation, and agenda for the future. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 143-184.

    Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(4), 511-526.

    Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2010). The relationships of age with job attitudes: A meta-
    analysis. Personnel Psychology, 63(3), 677-718.

    Ng, T. W., Sorensen, K. L., & Yim, F. H. (2009). Does the job satisfaction-job performance relationship vary across cultures?. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(5), 761-796.
    Northouse, P. G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric methods. New York: McGraw Hill.
    Perrewé, P. L., Ferris, G. R., Frink, D. D., & Anthony, W. P. (2000). Political skill: An antidote for workplace stressors. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 115-123.

    Perrewé, P. L., Zellars, K. L., Ferris, G. R., Rossi, A. M., Kacmar, C. J., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Neutralizing job stressors: Political skill as an antidote to the dysfunctional consequences of role conflict. Academy of Management Journal, 47(1), 141-152.

    Peterson, B. (2011). Cultural intelligence: A guide to working with people from other cultures. London: Nicholas Brealey.

    Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in organizations. Marshfield, MA: Pitman.

    Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., & Dunham, R. B. (1989). Organization-based self-esteem: Construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), 622-648.

    Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method
    biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended
    remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
    Şahin, F. (2011). Effects of leader cultural intelligence on subordinates organizational
    citizenship behavior and job satisfaction. The Journal of Defense Sciences, 10(2),
    80-104.
    Shaffer, M. A. & Harrison, D. A. (1998). Expatriates' psychological withdrawal from international assignments: Work, nonwork, and family influences. Personnel Psychology, 51(1), 87-118.

    Sims, R. A. (2011). Cultural intelligence as a predictor of job satisfaction and intent to renew contract among expatriate international school teachers in Latin America (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tui university, California. Retrieved from ProQuest. (3459551).

    Sternberg, R. J., & Detterman, D. K. (1986). What is intelligence?: Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. London: Praeger.

    Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259-293.

    Thomas, D. C., Elron, E., Stahl, G., Ekelund, B. Z., Ravlin, E. C., Cerdin, J. L., & Lazarova, M. B. (2008). Cultural intelligence domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), 123-143.

    Todd, S. Y., Harris, K. J., Harris, R. B., & Wheeler, A. R. (2009). Career success implications of political skill. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(3), 279-304.

    Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Nielsen, T.M. (2007). Cultural intelligence. In S. Clegg & J. Bailey, (Eds.), International encyclopedia of organization studies (pp. 345-350). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 820-838.
    Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., & England, G. W. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384.

    Yesil, S. (2013). The impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on cross-cultural job satisfaction (CCJS) and international related performance (IRP). Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 13(1), 41-54.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE