簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 張惠甄
Chang, Hui-Chen
論文名稱: 信用卡對幸福感之影響效果-來自中國家庭金融調查(CHFS)數據的實證研究
Credit Card Effect on Happiness from China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) Data
指導教授: 曾永清
Tseng, Yung-Ching
口試委員: 邱哲修
Chiou, Jer-Shiou
郝充仁
Hao, Chung-Jen
口試日期: 2021/01/08
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 公民教育與活動領導學系
Department of Civic Education and Leadership
論文出版年: 2021
畢業學年度: 109
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 92
中文關鍵詞: CHFS幸福感信用卡欠款餘額理財知識理財態度ordered logit model
英文關鍵詞: CHFS, happiness, credit card balance, financial knowledge, financial attitude, ordered logit model
研究方法: 次級資料分析
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100500
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:179下載:42
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 隨中國家戶負債逐年攀高的趨勢,間接可能影響居民的生活滿意度。本研究 利用2015年中國家庭金融調查(China Household Finance Survey, CHFS)數據資料,探討信用卡負債影響居民幸福感程度,同時納入理財知識、理財態度與風險態度對信用卡欠款餘額之關係探討。另說明不同背景變項對幸福感之顯著差異,及與不同背景變項、自變項與信用卡欠款餘額的相關性。本研究使用ordered logit model欲得出幸福感之預測機率與各變項對幸福感之邊際效益。統計結果發現人口變項對幸福感、信用卡欠款餘額大多具有顯著差異,且「女性、教育程度、共產黨員、健康狀況、資產、風險態度、信用卡欠款餘額」對幸福感具有顯著效果。其中女性相較男性、共產黨員較非共產黨員身分者幸福感勝算比高,另在不同程度的幸福感邊際效應下出現正負向效果。

    With the rising household debt in China, it may indirectly affect the life satisfaction of residents. This study used data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS) in 2015 to explore the extent to which credit card debt affects residents’ happiness. At the same time, it used financial knowledge, financial attitude and risk attitude to illustrate the significant differences in the happiness. Besides, this research also found the correlation between independent variable, background variables and credit card balance. This study used the ordered logit model to obtain the prediction probability of happiness, and the marginal probability of various variables to happiness. Finally, the statistical results found that background variables have significant differences in happiness and credit card balance, and "female, education level, CCP members, health status, assets, risk attitude, credit card balance" have significant effect on happiness. Among them, women have a higher odds ratio in happiness than men, and CCP members’ happiness odds ratio also higher than those who are non-CCP members. In addition, there are positive and negative marginal effects with vary degrees of happiness.

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機與目的 4 第三節 研究問題與假設 6 第四節 研究限制 8 第二章 文獻探討 10 第一節 幸福感相關理論與研究 10 第二節 負債與信用卡相關研究 17 第三節 信用卡與幸福感的關係研究 22 第四節 背景因素與幸福感之相關研究 26 第五節 理財知識、態度與幸福感之相關研究 32 第三章 研究設計 34 第一節 研究流程 34 第二節 研究資料來源與處理 35 第三節 資料分析與統計模式 36 第四節 模型設計 37 第四章 研究結果與討論 43 第一節 背景變項敘述統計 43 第二節 背景變項對幸福感、信用卡行為之差異分析 49 第三節 相關係數矩陣 59 第四節 次序羅吉特迴歸模型(OLM) 62 第五章 結論與建議 72 第一節 結論 72 第二節 建議 75 參考文獻 79

    壹、中文部分
    中國政府網(2020)。2019年支付體系運行總體情況。取自http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-03/17/5492275/files/53314a9224dd4b78b6dcafa3493da503.pdf 
    中國家庭金融調查與研究中心(2018年12月2日)。調查中心介紹。取自https://chfs.swufe.edu.cn/researchcenter/intro.html
    中國產業信息(2018)。2018年中國信用卡市場發展現狀及發展前景分析。取自https://www.chyxx.com/industry/201806/654052.html
    中國債務規模已超過GDP的300% 約佔全球總債務的15%--IIF(2019年7月18日)。中國財經。2020年11月18日,取自https://www.reuters.com/article/iif-china-debt-ratio-0718-thur-idCNKCS1UD0NQ
    甘梨、王紹文(2019)。中國家庭金融租賃研究。臺北市:財經錢線文化。
    白鶴祥(2017)。金融知識教育納入國民教育體系。金融博覽,4,32-33。
    行政院主計總處(2014)。國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究期末報告。行政院主計總處委託研究(編號:RES-103-03),未出版。取自https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/521610483ZXKUP4S8.pdf
    行政院主計總處(2014a)。美好生活指數-主觀幸福感。取自http://www.stat.gov.tw/public/Attachment/28111181971.pdf
    行政院主計總處(2016)。國民幸福指數調查暨主觀幸福感研究期末報告。行政院主計總處委託研究(編號:RES-105-02),未出版。取自https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/9411162842XUOZUPXC.pdf
    余民寧(2015)。幸福心理學-從幽谷邁向巔峰之路 從幽谷邁向巔峰之路。新北市:心理出版社。
    吳書榆(譯)(2013)。幸福經濟學:幸福是滿足過生活?還是人生有目標?全美最具影響力智庫的關鍵報告(原作者:Carol Graham)。臺北市:漫遊者。(原著出版年:2010)
    吳衛星、吳錕、王璡(2018)。金融素養與家庭負債—基於中國居民家庭微觀調查數據的分析。經濟研究,1,97-109。
    宋麗娜、西蒙·阿爾普頓、肖輝(2014)。中國城市地區的生活滿意度:構成要素與決定因素。國外理論動態,6,90-101。
    李江一、李涵、甘犁(2015)。家庭資產−負債與幸福感:「幸福−收入」之謎的一個解釋。南開經濟研究,5,3−23。
    杜蕾、胡少華(2004)。中國信用卡市場的坎坷成長路。銀行家,6,51-53。
    幸福感調查─結婚,人生才美滿?男性比女性更想婚(2015年9月11日)。今周刊。2021年5月1日,取自https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/80407/post/201509110015/%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F%E6%84%9F%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E2%94%80%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E6%89%8D%E7%BE%8E%E6%BB%BF%EF%BC%9F%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E6%9B%B4%E6%83%B3%E5%A9%9A
    林姿儀(2007年11月14日)。回顧2005年-2006年之台灣卡債風暴,財團法人國家政策研究基金會國政分析報告。財團法人國家政策研究基金會。取自https://www.npf.org.tw/2/3558
    林薏禎(2020年11月19日)。IIF:今年底全球債務總額恐達277兆美元 再創紀錄新高。鉅亨網。2021年5月18日,取自https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4543827
    信用卡業務機構管理辦法(2015年6月29日)。
    姚開屏(2000)。簡介與評論常用的一般性健康相關生活品質量表兼談對未來研究的建議。測驗年刊,47(2),111-138。
    苗元江(2007)。幸福感概念模型的演化。贛南師範學院學報,28(4),42 – 46。
    高順岳(2017)。居民幸福感影響因素實證研究。統計與決策,5,116-118。
    國家教育研究院(2010)。教育大辭書。取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1306349/
    國務院辦公廳(2015)。關於加強金融消費者權益保護工作的指導意見。取自http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-11/13/content_10289.htm
    張允碩 (2011年4月13日)。當心中國卡債風暴。天下雜誌,418。2021年5月18日,取自https://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5001762
    張瀚文、杜秋實(2010)。中國信用卡發展與管理研究。價值工程,8-9。
    陳有真、賈志永與羅亞林(2010)。學術界關於幸福感研究的述評。天府新論,1,40-45。
    陳岩(2021年1月18日)。中國經濟:去年GDP增速2.3% 或成全球唯一正增長。BBC中文。2021年5月18日,取自https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/business-55702760
    陳密桃、陳玲婉(2006)。國小學童母親的人格特質與親職壓力、幸福感之相關研究。高雄師大學報:教育與社會科學類,20,1-20。
    傅聯英(2018)。信用卡支付如何影響主觀幸福感?—基於薩繆爾森幸福公式的研究。財經研究,44(3),32-44。
    彭錦鵬、黃東益(2012)。幸福指數指標建構之研究。財團法人臺灣民主基金會補助研究計畫(計畫編號:G12111)。臺北市:臺灣民主基金會。
    彭錦鵬(2014)。影響主觀幸福感因素之研究。「2014 台灣政治學會年會暨『當前全球民主實踐的再思考:困境、挑戰與突破』國際學術研討會」發表之論文,國立臺灣大學社會科學院。(與李俊達合著)
    曾永清、李麗香(2012)。情境式理財課程影響國中生理財素養之研究。中等教育,63(2),111-131。
    曾永清(2013)。理財教育的概念及其相關效益分析。公民教育與活動領導學報,24,1-41。
    曾永清、呂秋萍(2014)。父母理財教導對國中生理財素養與理財行為關係之研究。公民教育與活動領導學報,23,139-172。
    曾永清(2019)。美、英及中三國理財教育國家策略發展經驗對臺灣的啟示。北商學報,35,25-41。
    黃明聖(2015)。台灣家庭及政府債務負擔與金融穩定之關聯及其影響分析。中央銀行委託研究報告(計畫編號:103cbc-金1)。中央銀行。
    黃富櫻(2008)。主要國家央行推廣金融教育的比較與借鏡。國際金融參考資料,55,152-196。
    黃興海(2005)。我國銀行卡消費與經濟增長的實證研究。金融研究,11,72-82。
    黃錦寧、韋荷琳(2019)。加快完善我國金融知識普及教育體系的思考。區域金融研究,563(8),26-29。
    董曉翠(2014)。新視界二部曲--再探主觀幸福感。主計月刊,708,66-75。
    資誠聯合會計師事務所暨其策略合作夥伴(2019年3月19日)。資誠發布《2019全球消費者洞察報告》數位行為將主宰消費市場 做好四策略迎接經營挑戰。取自https://www.pwc.tw/zh/news/press-release/press-20190319.html
    廖志明(2020年7月20日)。我國信用卡業務還有多大的發展空間?天風證券。2021年5月11日,取自https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202007201392896673_1.pdf?1595258227000.pdf
    榮方(2016)。基於CG2013調查資料探究居民幸福感的影響因素。現代商業,7,189-190。
    銀行法(2018年4月17日)。
    劉立凡(2010)。到底多健康?健康光譜的意涵與演化。台灣老年學論壇,5,1-11。
    劉宏、明瀚翔、趙陽(2013)。財富對主觀幸福感的影響研究—基於微觀資料的實證分析。南開經濟研究,4,95−110。
    鄭旭智、張育哲、潘倩玉、林克明(2002)。類別與受限依變項的迴歸統計模式(原作者:J. Scott Long)。臺北市:弘智文化。(原著出版年:1997)
    黎子文(2015)。我國信用卡市場發展回顧及新挑戰分析。中國信用卡,12,63-66。
    謝俊寧(2018)。我國信用卡業務發展探究。現代商業,36,85-86。
    韓立岩、杜春(2011)。城鎮家庭消費金融效應的地區差異研究。經濟研究,1,30-42。

    貳、英文部分
    Adams, T., & Moore, M. (2007). High-risk health and credit behavior among 18- to 25-year-old college students. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 101–108.
    Akerlof, G. A., & Shiller, R. J. (2009). Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters For Global Capitalism. Princeton, America: Princeton University Press.
    Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: America’s perception of life quality. New York, America: Plenum Press.
    Archuleta, K. L., Dale, A., & Spann, S. M. (2013). College students and financial distress: Exploring debt, financial satisfaction, and financial anxiety. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 24(2), 50–62.
    Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. London & New York: Routedge.
    Argyle, M., & Crossland, J. (1987). The dimensions of positive emotions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26(2), 127–137.
    Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990). The happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1011-1017.
    Balmer, N., Pleasence, P., Buck, A., & Walker, H. (2006). Worried Sick: The Experience of Debt Problems and their Relationship with Health, Illness and Disability. Social Policy and Society, 5(1), 39-51.
    Berti, Anna & Monaci, Mariagrazia. (2011). Third graders' acquisition of knowledge of banking: Restructuring or accretion? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 357-371.
    Bolger, N., & Amarel, D. (2007). Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 458-475.
    Borden, L. M., Lee, S., Serido, J. & Collins, D. (2008). Changing college students` financial knowledge, attitudes, and behavior through seminar participation. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29, 23-40.
    Braunstein, S., & Welch, C. (2002). Financial literacy: An overview of practice, research, and policy. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 88(11), 445-457.
    Britt, S., Cumbie, J. A. & Bell, M. M. (2013). The Influence of Locus of Control on Student Financial Behavior. College Student Journal, 47(1), 178-185.
    Brown S., Taylor K., Price S. W. (2005). Debt and distress: Evaluating the psychological cost of credit. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26(5), 642-663.
    Brown, M., van der Klaauw, W., Wen, J. & Zafar, B. (2013). Financial education and the debt behavior of the Young. The Review of Financial Studies, 29(9), 2490–2522.
    Brown S. & Gray D.(2016). Household Finances and Well-Being: An Empirical Analysis of Comparison Effects. Journal of Economic Psychology, 53(45), 17-36.
    Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life. New York: Russell Sage.
    Campbell, A. (1981). The sense of well-being in America: Recent patterns and trends. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
    Campbell, John (2006). Household Finance. Journal of Finance, 61, 1553-1604.
    Clayton, M., L. Z. Jose & J. O. S. Wilson. (2015). Does Debt Affect Health? Cross Country Evidence on the Debt-health Nexus. Social Science & Medicine, 130, 51-58.
    Delafrooz, N., & Paim, L. (2015). Determinants of financial wellness among Malaysia workers. International Journal of Accounting & Business Management, 3(2), 11-28.

    Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, Robert J., & Oswald, Andrew J. (2001). Preference over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American Economic Review, 91(1), 335-341.
    Diener, E. (2000) Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
    Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1, 151-157.
    Drentea, P., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2000). Over the limit: The association among health, race and debt. Social Science & Medicine, 50(4), 517–529.
    Drentea, P., & Reynolds, J. R. (2012). Neither a borrower nor a lender be the relative importance of debt and SES for mental health among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 24(4), 673–695.
    Easterlin, R. (1974). Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence” In: David, R. and Reder, R., (Eds)., Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York, Academic Press.
    Easterlin, R.& Angelescu, L. (2007). Modern Economic Growth and Quality of Life: Cross Sectional and Time Series Evidence (USC CLEO Research Paper No. C07-7). Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=980354
    Education Counts (2007). Profile & Trends 2007: New Zealand's Tertiary Education Sector. Retrieved from https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/home
    Eurostat (2015). Eurostat regional yearbook 2015. Luxembourg:European Union.
    Ferrans, C. E., & Powers, M. J. (1985)。Quality of life index:Development and psychometric properties。Advances in Nursing Science, 8(1), 15-24。

    Frey, B. & Stutzer. A. (2000). Happiness, Economy and Institutions. The Economic Journal, 110(466), 918-938.
    Frey, B., & Stutzer, A. (2007). CESifo seminar series. Economics and psychology: A promising new cross-disciplinary field. MIT Press.
    Furnham, A., & Brewin,C.R(1990).Personality and happiness. Personality and Individual Difference,11(10), 1093-1096.
    Hayhoe, C. R., Leach, L. J., Turner, P. R., Bruin, M. J., & Lawrence, F. C. (2000). Differences in spending habits and credit use of college students. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 34, 113–133.
    Haynes-Bordas, R., Kiss, D. E., & Yilmazer, T. (2008). Effectiveness of financial management behavior and account usage: Evidence from a‘second chance’ program. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29(3), 362-390.
    Hayo & Seifert. (2003).Subjective economic well-being in Eastern Europe. Journal of Economic Psychology, 24(3), 329-348.
    Headey, B., & Wearing, A. (1989). Personality, life events, and subjective well-being: Towards a dynamic equilibrium model. Personal and Social Psychology, 57(4), 731-739.
    Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2018). World Happiness Report 2018, New York:Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    Hilgert, M. A., Hogarth, J. M. & Beverly, S. G. (2003). Household financial management: The connection between knowledge and behavior. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 89(7), 309-322.
    Hira, T. K., & Mugenda, O. (1999b). The relationships between self-worth and financial beliefs, behavior, and satisfaction. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 91(4), 76.

    Hunter, Jennifer & Heath, Claudia. (2017). The Relationship Between Credit Card Use Behavior and Household Well-Being During the Great Recession: Implications for the Ethics of Credit Use. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 28, 213-224.
    Jennifer L. Huntera & Claudia J. Heathb. (2017). The Relationship Between Credit Card Use Behavior and Household Well-Being During the Great Recession:Implications for the Ethics of Credit Use. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 28(2):213–224.
    Joo, S. H., & Grable, J. E. (2004). An exploratory framework of the determinants of financial satisfaction. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 25(1), 25-50.
    Kahneman, D., & Krueger, Alan B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 3-24.
    Kahneman, Daniel & Deaton, Angus.(2010). High Income Improves Evaluation of Life But Not Emotional Well-Being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16489-16493.
    Klapper, L. A. Lusardi & A. P. Georgios. (2013). Financial Literacy and its Consequences: Evidence from Russia during the Financial Crisis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, 3904-3924。
    Knight J.,Song L. (2009). Gunatilaka R. Subjective Well-being and Its Determinants in Rural China. China Economic Review, 20(4):635-49.
    Kourilsky, M.L. (1977). The Kinder-Economy: A Case Study of Kindergarten Pupils' Acquisition of Economic Concepts. The Elementary School Journal, 77, 182 - 191.
    Krause, N., Jay, G., & Liang, J. (1991). Financial strain and psychological well-being among the American and Japanese elderly. Psychology and Aging, 6(2), 170–181.
    Lu, L., & Argyle, M. (1991). Happiness and cooperation. Personality and Individual Difference, 12, 1019-1030.
    Lu, L., & Shih, J. B. (1997). Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences, 22(2), 249–256.
    Lusardi, Annamaria & Olivia S. Mitchell (2007a). Baby Boomer Retirement Security: The Role of Planning, Financial Literacy, and Housing Wealth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(1), 205-224.
    Lusardi, Annamaria & Olivia S. Mitchell. (2007). Financial Literacy and Retirement Preparedness: Evidence and Implications for Financial Education. Business Economics.42(1), 35-44.
    Lusardi, Annamaria, Olivia Mitchell, and Vilsa Curto (2009). Financial Literacy Among the Young: Evidence and Implications for Consumer Policy. The Journal of Consumer Affairs ,44(2), 358-380.
    Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S., & Curto, V. (2010). Financial literacy among the young. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 358–380.
    Lusardi, Annamaria & Mitchell, Olivia & Curto, Vilsa. (2014). Financial Literacy and Financial Sophistication in the Older Population. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. 13(4), 347-366.
    Lusardi, Annamaria & Peter Tufano (2015). Debt Literacy, Financial Experience, and Overindebtedness. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 14(4), 332-368.
    Mian, A., Sufi, A. (2010) Household Leverage and the Recession of 2007–09. IMF Economic Review ,58(1), 74–117.
    Mills, R., Grasmick, H., Morgan, C., & Wenk, D. (1992). The Effects of Gender, Family Satisfaction, and Economic Strain on Psychological Well-Being. Family Relations, 41(4), 440-445.
    Monticone, C., 2010. How Much Does Wealth Matter in Acquisition of Financial Literacy?. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 403-422.

    Nickerson, Schwarz, Norbert & Diener. (2007). Financial aspirations, financial success, and overall life satisfaction: Who? And how? Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(4), 467-515.
    O’Neill, B., Xiao, J., Bristow, B. J., Brennan, P. Q., & Kerbel, C. (2000). MONEY 2000TM: Differences in perceptions among program participants. The Journal of Consumer Education, 18, 35-42.
    OECD (2011). OECD Launches Your Better Life Index. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/.
    Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., Haring, M. J., & Witter, R. A. (1984). Health and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19(2), 111-132.
    Perry, V. G. & Morris, M. D. (2005). Who Is in Control? The Role of Self-Perception, Knowledge, and Income in Explaining Consumer Financial Behaviour. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39(2), 299-313.
    Pierre, E. & Shreffler, K.. (2013). Credit card usage among older adults: Assessing financial literacy and pressures. Journal of Extension, 51(3), 1-9.
    Programme for International Student Assessment. (2012). PISA 2012 Financial literacy assessment framework. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/46962580.pdf
    Rampichini & Schifini D'Andrea. (1998). Studies on the Quality of Life in Italy. Social Indicators Research, 44(1), 41-69.
    Rao, A., & Barber, B. L. (2005). Financial well-being: Descriptors and pathways. TCAI Working Paper 5–2.
    Rapkin, B. D., & Fischer, K. (1992). Framing the construct of life satisfaction in terms of older adult’ personal goal. Psychology and Aging, 7(1): 138-149.

    Rim,Y. (1993).Values, happiness and family structure variables. Personality and Individual Difference,15(5), 595-598.
    Robb, C. A. & Woodyard, A. S. (2011). Financial knowledge and ‘best practice’ behavior. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 22(1), 36-46.
    Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178-1197.
    Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Gillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293-311.
    Shim, S., Xiao, J. J., Barber, B. L., & Lyons, A. C. (2009). Pathways to life success: A conceptutal model of financial well-being for young adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 708-723.
    Tatarkiewicz, W. (1976). Analysis of Happiness. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
    Tay, L., Batz, C., Parrigon, S., & Kuykendall, L. (2017). Debt and subjective well-being: The other side of the income-happiness coin. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 18(3), 903–937.
    The World Bank Group. (n.d. ). GDP growth (annual %). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?most_recent_value_desc=true
    Tsou, MW., Liu, JT. (2001). Happiness and Domain Satisfaction in Taiwan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2, 269–288.
    Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of Happiness. Dordrecht, Netherlands:D. Redel.
    Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is Happiness Relative? Social Indicators Research, 24(1), 1-34.
    WHO. (1947). Constitution of the World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO.

    Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. (1989). Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 249-264.
    Worthy, S. L., Jonkman, J., & Pike, L. B. (2010). Sensation-seeking, risk-taking, and problematic financial behaviors of college students. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 31, 161–170.
    Xiao, J. J., Sorhaindo, B., & Garman, E. T. (2006). Financial behaviours of consumers in credit counseling. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30(2), 108–121.
    Xiao, J.J., Shim, S., Barber, B., & Lyons, A. (2007). Academic success and well-being of college students: financial behaviors matter. (Technical Report) TCAI, University of Arizona.
    Xiao, J. J., Tang, C., & Shim, S. (2009). Acting for happiness: Financial behavior and life satisfaction of college students. Social Indicators Research, 92(1), 53–68.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE