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研究生: 張嘉文
Jhang, Jia-Wun
論文名稱: 在行動裝置上達成複雜場景之互動性基於物理高品質成像
Achieving Interactive Physically Based Rendering of Complex Scenes on Mobile Platforms
指導教授: 張鈞法
Chang, Chun-Fa
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 資訊工程學系
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
論文出版年: 2021
畢業學年度: 109
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 32
中文關鍵詞: 行動裝置路徑追蹤
英文關鍵詞: mobile devices, path tracing
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100062
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:142下載:10
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  • 過去因為手機在計算速度與記憶體容量上的限制,遊戲中為了達到即時互動的效果,大多只是將場景與人物以貼圖的方式顯示在畫面上,或是使用光柵化(Rasterization)的方法產生陰影與直接光照的效果,但很難有反射、折射、散射等讓玩家有臨場感的逼真畫面。
      如今電腦上實時光線追蹤技術已趨於成熟,手機將不可避免地成為下一個目標。在此篇論文中,我們使用 OpenGL Compute Shader,利用手機 GPU 的平行計算能力來實現路徑追蹤(Path Tracing);此外我們編寫了加速結構(BVH Tree with SAH 、Huffman Tree)來減少找尋三角片交叉的耗時,並使用「無堆疊」的方法作遍歷,因此可以在SIMT架構的GPU上高效運行,更實驗了不同的光線追蹤方法(Bidirectional Path Tracing、Metropolis Light Transport)來加速收斂場景中的顏色;如最後的成果所呈現,即使是擁有豐富材質的複雜場景,我們的程式依舊可以在很短的時間內畫出雜訊少又逼真的圖。

    In the past, due to the limitations of mobile phones in terms of computing speed and memory capacity, in order to achieve real-time interaction in games, most people showed textures on the screen, or generated effects of shadow and direct lighting by rasterization. But it is difficult to have realistic images such as reflection, refraction, and scattering that give players a sense of presence.
    Now that the real-time ray tracing technology on computers has matured, mobile phones will inevitably become the next target. In this paper, we use OpenGL Compute Shader to achieve path tracing on the mobile phone. We implement Bounding Volume Hierarchy acceleration structures with Surface Area Heuristic and Huffman Coding to reduce the search time for triangle intersection. We use Stack-less BVH Traversal to run on the SIMT architecture efficiently. In addition, we experiment with different ray tracing methods such as Bidirectional Path Tracing (BDPT), and Metropolis Light Transport (MLT) to accelerate the convergence of image colors. The final results show that even for complex scenes, our program can still draw a realistic and less noisy picture in short time.

    第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機 1 1.2 研究目標 2 1.3 論文架構 2 第二章 文獻探討 3 2.1 光傳輸的測量 3 2.1.1 輻照度和輻射度 3 2.1.2 雙向反射分布函數 4 2.1.3 算圖方程 4 2.2 蒙地卡羅積分 5 2.2.1 重要性取樣 6 2.2.2 多重重要性取樣 7 2.3 路徑取樣方法 8 2.3.1 路徑追蹤 8 2.3.2 雙向路徑追蹤 9 2.3.3 梅特羅波利斯光傳輸 10 第三章 系統實作 11 3.1 路徑追蹤 12 3.1.1 資料處理密集化 13 3.1.2 材質計算公式 14 3.2 雙向路徑追蹤 15 3.2.1 光線連接策略 16 3.2.2 直接光照和光子連接 17 3.3 梅特羅波利斯光傳輸 18 3.3.1 突變策略 19 3.4 加速結構 20 3.4.1 霍夫曼樹 20 3.4.2 邊界體積層次結構樹 21 3.4.3 資料壓縮 22 3.4.4 無堆疊遍歷 22 3.5 有偏的路徑追蹤 23 第四章 實驗結果分析 24 4.1 測試環境 24 4.2 加速策略分析 25 4.2.1 有/無堆疊遍歷 25 4.2.2 有/無資料處理密集化 25 4.2.3 有/無霍夫曼樹 26 4.2.4 邊界體積層次結構樹 26 4.3 追蹤策略分析 27 4.3.1 光源遮蔽場景 27 4.3.2 有/無偏差 28 4.4 不同平台比較 29 4.4.1 OpenGL Compute Shader / Vulkan 29 4.4.2 GeForce GTX1070 Mobile / Adreno 640 29 第五章 結論與未來研究 30 參考文獻 31 參考資料 32

    [AD 11] Antwerpen, Dietger, "Improving SIMD efficiency for parallel Monte Carlo Light Transport on the GPU," ACM SIGGRAPH, High-Performance Graphics, 2011.

    [BK 16]  N. Binder, A. Keller, "Efficient Stackless Hierarchy Traversal on GPUs with Backtracking in Constant Time," Eurographics, ACM SIGGRAPH, High-Performance Graphics, 2016.

    [CC 17]  Chang-Yu Tang, Chun-Fa Chang, "A Path Reuse Method for Specular Surface Reflection in Monte Carlo Path Tracing," IEEE ICASI, 2017.

    [Gru 19] A. Gruber (Qualcomm), "Mobile GPU Power and Performance," Hot3D, High-Performance Graphics, 2019.

    [Kar 13] B. Karis, "Real Shading in Unreal Engine 4," ACM SIGGRAPH, 2013.

    [PJH 16] M. Pharr, W. Jakob and G. Humphreys, "Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation," Third Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2016.

    [Vea 97] E. Veach, "Robust Monte Carlo Methods for Light Transport Simulation," Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1997.

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