簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 楊詠盛
Yang, Yung-Sheng
論文名稱: 以媒介使用結構模式探討新聞付費訂閱制讀者使用動機及付費意願
Paywalls Research: Examining User’s Motivation and Willing to Pay by the Structural Model of Media Use
指導教授: 陳炳宏
Chen, Ping-Hung
口試委員: 侯政男
Hou, Cheng-Nan
陳順孝
Chen, Shun-Hsiao
陳炳宏
Chen, Ping-Hung
口試日期: 2023/12/26
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 大眾傳播研究所
Graduate Institute of Mass Communication
論文出版年: 2024
畢業學年度: 112
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 142
中文關鍵詞: 付費牆新聞付費訂閱制媒介使用結構模式付費意願
英文關鍵詞: Paywall, News subscription, Structure model of media use, Willing to pay
研究方法: 半結構式訪談法焦點團體法網路問卷調查法
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202400187
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:103下載:16
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 2011年美國紐約時報(New York Times)全面採取新聞付費牆(paywall),如同過去的訂閱報紙一樣,只是讀者須透過網路金流系統付費後,取得完整內容的瀏覽權,在紙本發行量與數位廣告營收雙重下滑,內容付費訂閱制成為媒體開闢新營收的選擇。
    根據財團法人台灣網路資訊中心(2022)調查,網路是民眾最常用來獲取資訊的媒介,但過去一年曾付費訂閱過網路新聞的臺灣讀者僅佔1.42%,因此為了解臺灣讀者,對新聞付費制的使用動機及付費意願(willing to pay,WTP),本研究以媒介使用結構及媒體互動性論點切入,透過網路問卷調查法及焦點團體訪談法,調查付費訂閱過新聞媒體的讀者,探討驅動閱聽人為新聞付費的原因。
    問卷結果指出,內容專業化與獨特性是讀者願意為新聞付費訂閱的必要條件,訪談後也發現,讀者基於明確的動機需求,如考試或工作所需以致強化了付費意願,一旦目的完成或使用動機不再,付費意願將明顯削弱;反之,缺乏明確動機的驅動,使用者須累積一定程度的付費意願,藉由新聞付費牆的阻攔與優惠折扣誘因後,才會引發讀者的付費訂閱行為。
    本研究認為,閱聽人在新聞付費訂閱制的使用動機與付費意願上,受到社會結構與大眾媒體的作用影響,儘管受訪者認同內容有價觀念,卻也認為臺灣新聞媒體的產品定價不符合預期,加上自媒體或串流影音平台排擠注意力及預算,導致讀者缺少明確的使用目的下,不足以產生付費訂閱的動機,使優惠折扣成為閱聽人在付費訂閱時的顯著誘因。

    In 2011, The New York Times implemented a paywall system, like the traditional subscription model in print newspapers. Readers must use online payment systems to gain access to the content. News media faced the challenges of declining prints circulation and digital advertising revenue, the digital content paywall subscriptions become as another strategy to earn alternative revenue for the contemporary media industry.
    Internet was become the popular medium for search information, but lots of reader use social media and platform to receive the newest information instead of news media website and application. According to a 2022 data survey by the Taiwan Network Information Center, only 1.42% Taiwanese readers paid the news media subscription services within the past year.
    To understand what the Taiwanese audience will base on motivations and willingness to pay (WTP) for news subscription, this study uses the structure of media use and media interactivity theoretical framework, to investigate the already subscribed reader what they have purchase motivations for news media via online survey study method and focus group interviews.
    According to research findings, user have strong and exact motivations to guide them subscription news media, but they will cancel the subscription or weaken WTP when they completed the target in the same time. Compared to the absence of subscription motivations, users need variety of reasons to enhance their WTP before like good media brand reputation, additional gift, interesting article, and then it will boost readers significant motivations to subscribe news media when news paywalls have discount or disturb their read experience extremely.
    However, if Taiwan news media will conduct the news paywall model, it is important to realize the reader's WTP based on society influences and mass media environment in Taiwan. Even though the majority of audience acknowledging the value of digital content, the challenge with news media have crisis of attention and budget for self-media or streaming video platforms. Additionally, Taiwan news media need more efforts to communicate potential readers what is the difference of content versus free digital news media. In the other words, discount incentive is still significant role to appeal to the Taiwanese readers paying for news media.

    第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 問題意識 4 第三節 研究問題 6 第貳章 文獻探討 8 第一節 新聞付費制度 9 第二節 閱聽人的新聞消費與付費意願 23 第三節 閱聽人媒介使用行為 34 第參章 研究方法 50 第一節 研究範圍及研究架構 50 第二節 研究設計 58 第肆章 資料探討與分析 68 第一節 描述性統計 68 第二節 影響付費意願之要素 86 第伍章 研究發現 88 第陸章 研究結論與建議 108 第一節 研究結論與貢獻 108 第二節 研究限制 112 第三節 研究建議 113 參考文獻與文章 115 附錄、本研究之正式問卷 136

    于若蓉、杜素豪(2022)。〈網路調查的注意力檢測對題項回應時間與問卷完填的影響〉。《調查研究-方法與應用》,48:7-46。
    中央通訊社(2021年5月14日)。〈台灣蘋果日報紙本18年收刊再敲媒體寒冬警鐘〉,《中央社》,上網日期:2022年12月9日,取自:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202105145018.aspx
    中央通訊社(2022年10月26日)。〈媒體與平台分潤展開對話唐鳳:彼此都有高意願〉,《中央社》,上網日期:2022年12月9日,取自:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202210260197.aspx
    天下雜誌(2018年11月)。〈天下雜誌轉型報告書〉,《天下雜誌》,台北市。
    天下雜誌(2019年5月10日)。〈最強經濟模式,決定未來五年輸贏〉,《天下雜誌》。上網日期:2022年12月9日,取自:https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5095148?template=transformers &from_id=5095074 &from_index=1 &rec=i2i
    王宜燕(2012)。〈閱聽人研究實踐轉向理論初探〉。《新聞學研究》,113:39-75。https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.201210_(113).0002
    王泰俐、周慧儀、羅文輝(2010)。〈台灣國際電視新聞的小報化〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,13:75-108。
    王梅玲(2002)。〈焦點團體研究法的理論與應用〉。《圖書與資訊學刊》, 40:29-46。
    王淑美(2018)。〈網路速度與新聞—轉變中的記者時間實踐及價值反思〉。《中華傳播學刊》,33:65-98。DOI:10.6195/cjcr.201806_33.0002
    王毓莉(2014)。〈台灣新聞記者對「業配新聞」的馴服與抗拒〉。《新聞學研究》,119:45-79。DOI:10.30386/MCR.201404_(119).0002
    台北市媒體服務代理商協會(2012年4月25日)。《2012年MAA台灣媒體白皮書》。台北市。
    台北市媒體服務代理商協會(2021年8月25日)。《2021年MAA台灣媒體白皮書》。台北市。
    台灣媒體教育觀察基金會(2020月12月15日)。《逆食NEWS–新媒體經營》【Podcast】。台北市:台灣媒體教育觀察基金會、和平東路實驗室。上網日期:2022年12月9日,取自:https://www.mediawatch.org.tw/publication/9945
    台灣媒體教育觀察基金會(2020年12月)。《2019台灣新聞媒體可信度研究研究報告》。台北市。
    左軒霆(2019)。《訂閱經濟》。台北市:天下雜誌。
    自由時報(2022年9月16日)。〈報業近10年營收腰斬 李永得表態支持新聞付費〉。上網日期:2022年11月14日,取自自由財經新聞網:https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/4060540
    吳明隆、涂金堂(2014)。《SPSS與統計應用分析》。臺北市:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
    吳麗珍、黃惠滿、李浩銑(2014)。方便取樣和立意取樣之比較。《護理雜誌》,61(3):105-111。https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.61.3.105
    宋韻雅(2019)。〈數位轉型下中國媒體生態的常與變〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,48:5-8。
    李小勤(2019)。〈小而美?注意力經濟視角下的傳媒盈利新模式初探:以廣州為例〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,49:43-73。
    李政忠(2003)。從抽樣與統計方法探討網路問卷調查的可行性:比較電話訪談與網路問卷樣本的實質差異性。廣播與電視,21:55-94。
    沈文英(1997)。〈媒體使用與需求滿足理論之發展〉。《廣播與電視》,2 (4):45-81。
    沈文英(2001)。〈階程化之[媒體使用]模式:動機、媒體使用、動機滿足〉。《廣播與電視》,16:87-109。
    東方日報(2021年6月23日)。〈《蘋果》收費訂閱半年收2.2億元 63萬用戶頓變孤兒仔〉。取自東網:https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20210623/bkn-20210623184549191-0623_00822_001.html
    林宇玲(2021)。〈新聞教育的數位挑戰與轉型:以世新大學新聞學系為例〉。《傳播研究與實踐》,11(1):53-82。
    林妏純(2022年12月9日)。〈平台化的新聞實踐與使用者互動〉。「【台大新聞所研討會】數位傳播新趨勢:新聞實踐、資訊操控危機與平台管理政策」主題座談一。
    林金定、嚴嘉楓、陳美花(2005)。〈質性研究方法:訪談模式與實施步驟分析〉。《身心障礙研究季刊》,3(2):122-136。
    林珊如(2002)。〈網路使用者特性與資訊行為研究趨勢之探討〉。《圖書資訊學刊》,17:35-47。取自https://jlis.lis.ntu.edu.tw/files/journal/j17-2.pdf
    林祐安(2013)。〈媒體品牌延伸─探討傳統新聞媒體發展網路品牌的相互回饋效果〉。國立陽明交通大學傳播與科技研究所碩士畢業論文,新竹市。取自http://hdl.handle.net/11536/73251
    林照真(2013)。〈為什麼聚合?有關台灣電視新聞轉借新媒體訊息之現象分析與批判〉。《中華傳播學刊》,23:3-40。
    林照真(2014)。〈聚合對傳統報紙轉型的衝擊:《紐約時報》與《衛報》的比較研究〉。《新聞學研究》,120:1-45。
    林照真(2017)。《新聞在轉捩點上—數位時代的新聞轉型與聚合》。臺北市。聯經出版公司。
    林照真(2021年12月30日)。〈不透明競爭進行中 臉書谷哥重挫媒體與公共言論〉。《向網路巨擘收費》,上網日期:2022年10月14日,取自ETtoday新聞雲:https://forum.ettoday.net/news/2158107
    林麗雲(2008)。〈變遷與挑戰:解禁後的台灣報業〉。《新聞學研究》,95:183-212。DOI:10.30386/MCR.200804_(95).0005
    邱家宜(2021年10月8日)。〈臺灣媒體陷數位轉型困境 紐約時報付費牆的成功能否成為借鏡?〉,《鏡週刊》。上網日期:2022年12月9日,取自:https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20211007web002/
    邱皓政(2006)。《 量化研究與統計分析》。臺北市:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
    邱慧仙、蔡念中(2012)。〈閱聽人世代與情境變數對於新聞接收載具偏好之影響〉。玄奘資訊傳播學報,9:23-44。
    侯政男(2019)。〈彩虹雲端世界的使用與滿足:台灣已婚雙性戀男性之行動社交網絡運用及尋求社會支持之關連性研究。《性學研究》,10(1):1-27。
    胡元輝(2020年11月)。〈新聞媒體之發展趨勢與產業議題〉。《財團法人中技社2020-02專題報告》,2:25-46。
    徐桂權(2018)。〈新媒介環境中閱聽人參與典範的建構:以歐洲閱聽人轉型研究計畫為考察對象〉。《新聞學研究》,134:145-178。
    徐桂權(2021)。數位時代仍需要不可愛的新聞界-《為什麼新聞業依然重要》書評。新聞學研究,147:181-190。
    翁秀琪(1993)。〈閱聽人研究的新趨勢-收訊分析的理論與方法〉。《新聞學研究》,47:1-15。
    財團法人卓越新聞獎基金會(2022年2月23日)。《林照真X蕭衡倩X吳琬瑜X王銘岳X胡光夏|好新聞應該付費?探索一個新的商業模式。》上網日期:2022年10月14日,取自:https://www.feja.org.tw/63631
    財團法人臺灣網路資訊中心(2020年12月)。〈歷次個人及家庭上網行為調查趨勢分析〉。《2020台灣網路報告》,1-58。
    財團法人臺灣網路資訊中心(2022年7月20日)。〈台灣網路使用現況〉。《2022台灣網路報告》,1-37。
    動腦雜誌(2020年9月1日)。〈搞「訂」消費者!品牌訂閱商機一次掌握〉,《動腦雜誌》。取自:https://www.brain.com.tw/news/articlecontent?ID=49167
    區家麟(2013)。〈網絡新聞再界定:市場導向下的新媒體變革〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,25:103-133。
    商業週刊(2020年7月1日)。〈消費者平均6個月就變心…《蘋果日報》從訂閱退回免費,問題不只在內容〉。《商週頭條》。上網日期:2022年10月14日,取自:https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/focus/blog/3002987
    國家通訊傳播委員會(2020年2月)。《109年通訊市場調查報告》(109年通訊傳播市場發展概況與趨勢調查分析委託研究案,NCCT109008),取自交通部國家通訊傳播委員會網頁:https://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/files/21021/5190_45724_210217_2.pdf
    張文強(1997)。〈閱聽人與新聞閱讀-閱聽人概念的轉變〉。《新聞學研究》,55:291-310。
    張玉佩(2011)。〈線上遊戲之閱聽人愉悅經驗探索〉。《中華傳播學刊》,19:61-96。
    張郁敏(2012)。〈因人而異的新聞消費行為:整合新聞媒介與新聞品牌的新思維〉。《中華傳播學刊》,21:81-117。DOI:10.6195/cjcr.2012.21.03
    張郁敏(2012)。〈跨媒介新聞資訊處理模型:資訊來源擴大理論在新聞研究上的應用〉。《新聞學研究》,110:85-124。DOI:10.30386/MCR
    張郁敏(2015)。〈跨世代行動上網與電視並用行為與動機〉。《新聞學研究》,124:83-116。DOI:10.30386/MCR
    張翠月(2016)。〈以使用與滿足理論探討國內新聞App使用者的行為研究〉。國立臺灣藝術大學圖文傳播藝術學系碩士論文,新北市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/6e5d8v
    梁永煌(2022年3月23日)。〈新聞創新與永續營運模式〉,「2022台大新聞所三十週年研討會中」,台北市大安區。
    郭文平(2014)。〈新聞文本與科技型式的雙重連結:日常生活中網路新聞消費實踐的類型研究〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,27:27-63。
    郭文平(2018)。〈當新聞遇見社群媒介:瀰漫媒介場域中的新聞實踐研究〉。《中華傳播學刊》,34:35-80。
    郭姿辰(2019)。傳統媒體轉型為「新新媒體」的商業模式——以紐約時報公司為例〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。取自臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統https://hdl.handle.net/11296/vfnd76。
    陳芸芸、劉慧雯譯(2010)。《大眾傳播理論》。臺北市:韋伯文化國際出版。(原書McQuail(2000). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory .NewYork,NY:SAGE Publications.)
    陳韋宗(2012)。網路新聞閱聽人付費意願及其影響因素之研究。中國文化大學新聞學系碩士論文,台北市。
    陳順孝(2013)。〈網路新聞敘事的實踐與反思〉。《傳播管理學刊》,14(1):1-23。
    陳順孝(2015)。《新聞創業相對論》。臺北市:優質新聞發展協會出版。
    陳順孝(2021年6月26日)。〈台灣媒體創業的五個模式〉。【medium貼文】。上網日期:2022年10月14日,取自陳順孝網誌:https://axiao.tw/台灣媒體創業的五個模式-a97c379dfb83
    陳順孝(2023)。〈新聞人創業突圍:五種媒體模式的開創〉。《中華傳播學刊》,43:57-92。
    陳憶寧、羅文輝、魏然、徐小鴿、張國良(2014)。〈手機使用動機與手機新聞收視的關聯性研究:上海、香港、台北與新加坡的比較分析〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,27:207-237。
    創市際市場研究股份有限公司(2022年2月15日)。〈臺灣上網追蹤率調查〉。《創市際雙週刊》,193:1-11。
    報導者(2022年6月9日)。〈新聞自由重創、民主派媒體接連關停,香港人還看什麼新聞?〉,財團法人報導者文化基金會。上網日期:2022年10月14日,取自:https://www.twreporter.org/a/hong-kong-media-after-national-security-law-audience
    彭芸(2017)。《數位時代新聞學》。臺北市:雙葉書廊出版。
    馮建三(2015)。〈公共政策與(新)媒介財政〉。《傳播文化與政治》,1:101-141。
    黃建豪、馬立懿(2014)。〈臺灣電子報收費可行性研究〉。《中華印刷科技年報》,307-315。
    黃哲斌(2020年7月1日)。〈《蘋果》收費為何失敗?〉。【medium貼文】。上網日期:2022年10月14日,取自:黃哲斌網誌https://puppydad.medium.com/蘋果-收費為何失敗-ce743f74a51
    黃哲斌(2021年11月19日)。〈從Disney+到新聞app:訂閱經濟及其疲勞〉。《獨立評論》。取自https://reurl.cc/EGEdLa
    黃家茹(2020年6月25日)。〈數位訂閱制的趨勢與挑戰〉。《卓越新聞獎電子報》。取自財團法人卓越新聞獎基金會:https://www.feja.org.tw/53617
    楊舜慧、張哲豪、林玉凡(2014年11月15日)。〈新媒體閱聽行為效果指標之建構與行銷效益評估〉。「創新研究國際學術研討會」。取自國立政治大學邁向頂尖大學計畫創新研究團隊:http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/80443
    楊意菁(1998)。〈新科技、新滿足?網際網路媒體使用與滿足研究〉。「中華傳播學會1998年學術研討會」年會論文。取自中華傳播學會官網:http://ccstaiwan.org/paperdetail.asp?HP_ID=935
    經濟日報(2022年5月20日)。〈平台、新聞分潤學者聲聲喚〉。上網日期:2022年10月14日,取自:聯合新聞網:https://udn.com/news/story/7238/6326484
    熊迺群(2022)。《聯合報數位版訂閱制付費意願之研究》。國立臺中科技大學資訊管理系碩士班碩士論文。取自華藝線上圖書館系統https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0061-1608202221061800
    臺灣傳播調查資料庫(2022年12月29日)。〈您也被『網』住了嗎?全臺民眾上網行為概況〉,《TCS電子報》。取自https://crctaiwan.dcat.nycu.edu.tw/ResultsShow_detail.asp?RS_ID=155
    趙雅麗(2002)。〈從台灣明日報的停刊看中文電子報之前景〉。《傳播與管理研究》,1(2):73-187。
    劉昌德(2020)。〈小編新聞學:社群媒體與通訊軟體如何轉化新聞專業〉。《新聞學研究》,142:1-58。DOI:10.30386/MCR.202001_(142).0001
    劉昌德、洪貞玲、蔡惠如、張春炎、周宇修、馮建三、張時健(2023年1月13日)。〈數位平台對出版業新聞媒體之影響〉〔專題演講〕。2023年臺北雜誌年會暨第九屆第三次會員大會,臺北市,臺灣。https://www.magazine.org.tw/others/47
    劉蕙苓(2018)。〈台灣記者的3L人生:數位時代的工作狀況與趕工儀式〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,43:39-71。
    劉蕙苓(2020)。〈自新聞業出走的抉擇:數位時代的記者離職歷程研究〉。《新聞學研究》,144:49-96。DOI:10.30386/MCR.202007_(144).0002
    蔡榮豐(2018)。《網路廣告模式下的台灣新聞網站:新聞生產流程影響探究》。國立臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
    鄭夙芬(2005)。〈焦點團體研究法的理論與應用〉。《選舉研究》,12(1):211-239。
    鄭自隆(2015)。《傳播研究與效果評估》。臺北市:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
    蕭維傑、王維菁(2018)。〈動態消息演算法、能見度、與新聞經營:以Facebook平台為例〉。《資訊社會研究》,34:63-104。
    賴禹安(2021年4月21日)。〈「殭屍讀者」訂了不看,新聞媒體下一步該怎麼做?〉。《卓越新聞獎電子報》。取自財團法人卓越新聞獎基金會:https://www.feja.org.tw/58448 (上網日期:2022年12月9日)
    聯合報系(2021年9月)。〈聯合報數位轉型報告〉。《聯合報》,台北市。
    鍾布、黃煜、周一凝(2014)。〈新媒體時代的網路新聞研究前沿〉。《傳播與社會學刊》,29:235-265。
    魏玓(1999)。〈全球化脈絡下的閱聽人研究-理論的檢視與批判〉。《新聞學研究》,60:93-114。https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.199907_(60).0003
    羅文輝、李郁青、施盈廷、楊秀娟(2005)。〈網路採用使用與獲得之滿足〉。《新聞學研究》,83:127-165。
    羅世宏(2021年10月12日)。〈付費訂閱數位新聞是無可避免的趨勢–從兩份百年大爆談起〉,《鏡週刊》。上網日期:2023年11月17日,取自:https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20211012web004/?fbclid=IwAR2GjorZ-V-YHsCAgaJW1TAvEQ6jaPNVzYfPFAp_WYUR1POp9xE0KsWeEtg
    羅彥傑(2018)。〈競爭或合作?:聚合服務使用新聞媒體內容的法律與實務分析〉。《資訊社會研究》,34:1-31。
    關鍵評論網媒體集團(2017年6月9日)。〈媒體要生存,在廣告和訂閱制以外有第三條路嗎?〉,《關鍵評論網》。上網日期:2023年11月17日,取自https://www.thenewslens.com/article/70414
    關鍵評論網媒體集團(2020年10月12日)。〈聯合報數位版上線!70週年前夕推訂閱制網路報紙月費69元〉,《INSIDE》。上網日期:2023年11月17日,取自https://www.inside.com.tw/article/21200-udn-vip
    關鍵評論網媒體集團(2023年8月29日)。〈數位部新聞議價報告出爐,國際立法採議價協商與著作鄰接權2大方向,4立委提草案版〉,《關鍵評論網》。上網日期:2023年11月17日,取自https://www.thenewslens.com/article/191043
    蘇蘅、吳淑俊(1997)。電腦網路問卷調查可行性及回覆者特質的研究。新聞學研究,54:75-100。https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.199701_(54).0007
    蘇鑰機(2011)。〈什麼是新聞?〉。《傳播研究與實踐》,1(1):1-24。
    蘋果日報(2021年5月14日)。〈《台灣蘋果日報》給讀者的一封信:忍痛決定本月18日起停刊〉,《蘋果日報》。取自:https://tw.appledaily.com/property/20210514/C7SRK6HJQZGZJEJAAGHZMAF6JY/
    Abercrombie, N., & Longhurst, B. J. (1998). Audiences: A sociological theory of performance and imagination. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    Althaus, S. L., & Tewksbury, D. (2000). Patterns of Internet and traditional news media use in a networked community. Political Communication, 17(1), 21-45.
    Anderson, C. W. (2011). Deliberative, agonistic, and algorithmic audiences: Journalism's vision of its public in an age of audience transparency. International Journal of Communication, 5, 19.
    Arrese, Á. (2016). From Gratis to Paywalls. Journalism Studies, 17(8), 1051-1067.
    Ananny, M., & Bighash, L. (2016). Why drop a paywall? Mapping industry accounts of online news decommodification. International Journal of Communication, 10, 22.
    Antunovic, D., Parsons, P., & Cooke, T. R. (2018). ‘Checking’ and googling: Stages of news consumption among young adults. Journalism, 19(5), 632-648.
    Aral, S., & Dhillon, P. S. (2021). Digital paywall design: Implications for content demand and subscriptions. Management Science, 67(4), 2381-2402.
    Berelson, B. (1949). ‘What ‘Missing the Newspaper means’, in P.F. Lazarsfeld and F.M. Stanton (eds), Communication Research 1948-9(pp.111-129).New York, NY: Harper and Brothers.
    Blumler, J. G. (1979). The Role of Theory in Uses and Gratifications Studies. Communication Research, 6(1), 9-36.
    Bantz, C. R. (1982). Exploring Uses and Gratification::A Comparison of Reported Uses of Television and Reported Uses of Favorite Program Type. Communication Research, 9(3), 352-379.
    Biocca, F. A. (1988). The pursuit of sound: Radio, perception and utopia in the early twentieth century. Media, Culture & Society, 10(1), 61-79.
    Bjur, J., Schrøder, K., Hasebrink, U., Courtois, C., Adoni, H., & Nossek, H. (2014). Cross-media use: unfolding complexities in contemporary audiencehood. In N. Carpentier, K. Schrøder, & L. Hallet (Eds.), Audience transformations : shifting audience positions in late modernity (pp. 15–29). London, UK: Routledge.
    Buschow, C., & Wellbrock, C.-M. (2019). Money for nothing and content for free? Willingness to pay for digital journalism. Düsseldorf: Landesanstalt für Medien NRW. Retrieved from https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-65275-7
    Brandstetter, B., & Schmalhofer, J. (2014). Paid Content. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 499-507.
    Berger, B., Matt, C., Steininger, D. M., & Hess, T. (2015). It Is Not Just About Competition with “Free”: Differences Between Content Formats in Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay. Journal of Management Information Systems, 32(3), 105-128.
    Barthel, M., Mitchell, A., Asare-Marfo, D., K. C., & Worden, K. (2020). Measuring news consumption in a digital era. Retrieved from Pew Research Center https://www.journalism.org/2020/12/08/measuring-news-consumption-in-a-digital-era/.
    Clapp, S. L. C. (1931). The Beginnings of Subscription Publication in the Seventeenth Century. Modern Philology, 29(2), 199-224.
    Chyi, H. (2005). Willingness to Pay for Online News: An Empirical Study on the Viability of the Subscription Model. Journal of Media Economics, 18, 131-142.
    Chyi, H. I., & Yang, M. J. (2009). Is Online News an Inferior Good? Examining the Economic Nature of Online News among Users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(3), 594-612.
    Chyi, H. I., & Huang, J. S. (2011). Demystifying the demand relationship between online and print products under one newspaper brand: The case of Taiwan and the emergence of a universal pattern. Asian Journal of Communication, 21(3), 243-261.
    Chyi, H. I. (2012). Paying for What? How Much? And Why (Not)? Predictors of Paying Intent for Multiplatform Newspapers. International Journal on Media Management, 14(3), 227-250.
    Chyi, H. I., & Lee, A. M. (2013). ONLINE NEWS CONSUMPTION. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 194-211.
    Chiou, L., & Tucker, C. (2013). Paywalls and the demand for news. Information Economics and Policy, 25(2), 61-69.
    Carson, A. (2015). Behind the newspaper paywall – lessons in charging for online content: a comparative analysis of why Australian newspapers are stuck in the purgatorial space between digital and print. Media, Culture & Society, 37(7), 1022-1041.
    Cornia, A., Sehl, A., Simon, F., & Nielsen, R. (2017). Pay models in European news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
    Cederberg, M. (2019, September 2). The Anatomy of a Paywall : Insights and recommendations on charging for online news (Dissertation).Master Thesis Reporter. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163363
    Chyi, H. I., & Tenenboim, O. (2019). Charging more and wondering why readership declined? A longitudinal study of US newspapers’ price hikes, 2008–2016. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2113-2129.
    Chyi, H. I., & Ng, Y. M. M. (2020). Still Unwilling to Pay: An Empirical Analysis of 50 U.S. Newspapers’ Digital Subscription Results. Digital Journalism, 8(4), 526-547.
    Deuze, M. (2003). The Web and its Journalisms: Considering the Consequences of Different Types of Newsmedia Online. New Media & Society, 5(2), 203-230.
    Estok, D. (2012). Paywalls. Journal of Professional Communication, 1(1),23-26.
    Dwivedi, A. (2018). Brand experience and consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) a price premium: Mediating role of brand credibility and perceived uniqueness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 44.
    Elliot, P. (1974) .Uses and gratifications research: a critique and sociological alternative, in J. Blumler and E. Katz (eds.) The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives in Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
    Evens, T., & Van Damme, K. (2016). Consumers’ Willingness to Share Personal Data: Implications for Newspapers’ Business Models. International Journal on Media Management, 18(1), 25-41.
    Edo, C., Yunquera, J., & Bastos, H. (2019). Content syndication in news aggregators. Towards devaluation of professional journalistic criterio. Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal, 27(1).
    Franklin, B. (2014). The Future of Journalism. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 481-499.
    Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Paying for Online News. Digital Journalism, 5(9), 1173-1191. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1246373
    Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017). The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1281-1299.
    Goyanes, M. (2014). An empirical study of factors that influence the willingness to pay for online news. Journalism practice, 8(6), 742-757.
    Goyanes, M. (2015). The Value of Proximity: Examining the Willingness to Pay for Online Local News. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1505-1522.
    Grosser, K. M., Hase, V., & Blöbaum, B. (2016). Trust in Online Journalism. In B. Blöbaum (Ed.), Trust and Communication in a Digitized World: Models and Concepts of Trust Research (pp. 53-73). Springer International Publishing.
    Grosser, K. M., Hase, V., & Wintterlin, F. (2019). Trustworthy Or Shady? Journalism Studies, 20(4), 500-522.
    Herbert, J., & Thurman, N. (2007). Paid Content Strategies for News Websites. Journalism Practice, 1(2), 208-226.
    Halbheer, D., Stahl, F., Koenigsberg, O., & Lehmann, D. (2013). Choosing a Digital Content Strategy: How Much Should be Free? International Journal of Research in Marketing, 2(31),192-206.
    Huang, J. S., & Wang, W.-C. (2014). Application of the long tail economy to the online news market: examining predictors of market performance. Journal of Media Economics, 27(3), 158-176.
    Huang, J. S. (2020). Feedback effect of online brand extension: an empirical analysis of newspapers in Taiwan. Chinese journal of communication, 13(4), 389-406.
    Jones, S., Wilikens, M., Morris, P., & Masera, M. (2000). Trust requirements in e-business. Communication. ACM, 43(12), 81–87.
    Jarvis, J. (2015). Geeks Bearing Gifts: Imagining new futures for news. New York. NY: CUNY Journalism Press.
    Klapper, J. T. (1963). Mass communication research: An old road resurveyed. Public Opinion Quarterly, 27(4), 515-527.
    Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of Mass Communication by the Individual. In J. G. Blumler, & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (pp. 19-31). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
    Kumari, A. (2012). Increasing Trend of Paid News in Media. Asian Review of Social Sciences, 1(1), 31-35.
    Kammer, A., Boeck, M., Hansen, J. V., & Hauschildt, L. J. H. (2015). The free-to-fee transition: audiences’ attitudes toward paying for online news. Journal of Media Business Studies, 12(2), 107-120.
    Ksiazek, T. B., Peer, L., & Lessard, K. (2016). User engagement with online news: Conceptualizing interactivity and exploring the relationship between online news videos and user comments. New Media & Society, 18(3), 502-520.
    Kaur, P., Dhir, A., Chen, S., Malibari, A., & Almotairi, M. (2020). Why do people purchase virtual goods? A uses and gratification (U &G) theory perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 53, 101-376.
    Kim, S. J., Wang, X., & Malthouse, E. C. (2021). Digital News Readership and Subscription in the United States during COVID-19: A Longitudinal Analysis of Clickstream and Subscription Data from a Local News Site. Digital Journalism, 1-22.
    Kim, S. J., Zhou, Y., Malthouse, E. C., & Kamyab Hessary, Y. (2021). In Search for an Audience-Supported Business Model for Local Newspapers: Findings from Clickstream and Subscriber Data. Digital Journalism, 1-21.
    Kim, Y., Collier, J., & Stroud, N. J. (2021). The effectiveness of gain and loss frames in news subscription appeals. Digital Journalism, 9(3), 300-318.
    Levy, M. R., & Windahl, S. (1984). Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. Communication Research, 11(1), 51-78.
    Lin, C. A. (1993). Modeling the Gratification-Seeking Process of Television Viewing. Human Communication Research, 20(2), 224-244.
    Lin, C. A. (1996). Standpoint: Looking back: The contribution of Blumler and Katz's uses of mass communication to communication research. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40(4), 574-581.
    Liu, S.H., Liao, H.L., Zeng, Y.T. (2007). Why people blog: an Expectancy Theory analysis. Issues in Information Systems Issues in Information Systems 8, 232–237.
    Lenhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., & Zickuhr, K. (2010, February). Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Pew internet & American life project. Retrieved from Pew Research Center https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED525056.pdf
    Leberecht, T. (2013). Back to the future: why retro-innovation is the next big thing. Retrieved from Fast Company Website: https://www.fastcompany.com/1672508/back-to-the-future-why-retro-innovation-is-the-next-big-thing
    Luo, M. M., & Remus, W. (2014). Uses and gratifications and acceptance of Web-based information services: An integrated model. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 281-295.
    Lee, A. M., & Chyi, H. I. (2015). The Rise of Online News Aggregators: Consumption and Competition. International Journal on Media Management, 17(1), 3-24.
    Lang, G. E., & Lang, K. (2016). Watergate: An exploration of the agenda-building process. In Protess, D., & McCombs, M. E, (Eds.) Agenda setting. Readings on media, public opinion and policymaking. p.277-289. London, UK: Routledge.
    Ladson, N., & Lee, A. M. (2017). Persuading to Pay: Exploring the What and Why in Crowdfunded Journalism. International Journal on Media Management, 19(2), 144-163.
    Lewis, S. C. (2020). The Objects and Objectives of Journalism Research During the Coronavirus Pandemic and Beyond. Digital Journalism, 8(5), 681-689.
    Leroch, M. (2022). Market power and journalistic quality. European Journal of Law and Economics, 53(1), 109-124.
    McQuail, D., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Explaining audience behavior: Three approaches considered. The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research, 3(287). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
    McLeod, J. M., & Becker, L. B. (1981). The uses and gratifications approach. Handbook of political communication, 67-99.
    Massey, B. L., & Levy, M. R. (1999). Interactivity, online journalism, and English-language web newspapers in Asia. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 138-151.
    Mitchell,B.(2005, September).The Wall Street Journal Weekend Edition: Expectations, Surprises, Disappointments. Retrieved from Poynter Online website:https://web.archive.org/web/20060816134815/http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=89351
    McQuail, D., De Bens, E., & Golding, P. (2005). Communication theory and research. Communication Theory and Research, 1-320.
    McMillan, S. (2006). Exploring models of interactivity from multiple research traditions: users, documents, and systems. In L. A. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone (eds.), Handbook of New Media: Social shaping and consequences of ICTs (pp. 205–229). London: Sage.
    Myllylahti, M. (2014). Newspaper paywalls—the hype and the reality: A study of how paid news content impacts on media corporation revenues. Digital journalism, 2(2), 179-194.
    Myllylahti, M. (2017). What content is worth locking behind a paywall? Digital news commodification in leading Australasian financial newspapers. Digital Journalism, 5(4), 460-471.
    Myllylahti, M. (2018). Paywalls and Payment Systems. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
    Michael Yeon.(2019, October). What Are the Different Kinds of Paywalls (and Do They Work?). Retrieved from admonsters. Website : https://www.admonsters.com/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-paywalls/
    Myllylahti, M. (2020). Paying attention to attention: A conceptual framework for studying news reader revenue models related to platforms. Digital Journalism, 8(5), 567-575.
    Michael & Barthel.(2021, June).Newspapers Fact Sheet. Retrieved from Pew Research Center webiste: https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/newspapers/
    Nick Rockwell(2020, April 5).Looking Back on Four Years at The New York Times. [Medium status upgrade] Retrieved from: https://medium.com/swlh/looking-back-on-four-years-at-the-times-e158ec3a5936
    Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andı, S., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 202110TH EDITION. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
    Nelson, J. L., & Kim, S. J. (2021). Improve Trust, Increase Loyalty? Analyzing the Relationship Between News Credibility and Consumption. Journalism Practice, 15(3), 348-365.
    Olsen, R. K., & Solvoll, M. K. (2018). Reinventing the business model for local newspapers by building walls. Journal of media business studies, 15(1), 24-41.
    Olsen, R. K., Kammer, A., & Solvoll, M. K. (2020). Paywalls’ impact on local news websites’ traffic and their civic and business implications. Journalism Studies, 21(2), 197-216. DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2019.1633946
    O’Brien, D., Wellbrock, C. M., & Kleer, N. (2020). Content for free? Drivers of past payment, paying intent and willingness to pay for digital journalism–a systematic literature review. Digital Journalism, 8(5), 643-672.
    Olsen, R. K., Kalsnes, B., & Barland, J. (2021). Do Small Streams Make a Big River? Detailing the Diversification of Revenue Streams in Newspapers’ Transition to Digital Journalism Businesses. Digital Journalism, 1-22.
    Olsen, R. K. (2021). The value of local news in the digital realm–introducing the integrated value creation model. Digital Journalism, 9(6), 810-834.
    Onofrei, G., Filieri, R., & Kennedy, L. (2022). Social media interactions, purchase intention, and behavioural engagement: The mediating role of source and content factors. Journal of Business Research, 142, 100-112.
    Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rayburn, J. D. (1980). Relations Between Gratifications Sought and Obtained:A Study of Television News. Communication Research, 7(2), 161-192.
    Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L.A., & Rosengren, K.E. (1985). Uses and gratifications research: the past ten years. In K.E. Rosengren, L.A. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media gratifications research: current perspectives (pp. 11-37). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage publications.
    Picard, R. G. (2000). Changing business models of online content services: Their implications for multimedia and other content producers. International Journal on Media Management, 2(2), 60-68.
    Pornsakulvanich, V., Haridakis, P., & Rubin, A. M. (2008). The influence of dispositions and Internet motivation on online communication satisfaction and relationship closeness. Computers in human behavior, 24(5), 2292-2310.
    Picard, R. G. (2008). Shifts in Newspaper Advertising Expenditures and Their Implications for the Future of Newspapers. Journalism Studies, 9(5), 704-716.
    Picard, R. G. (2010). The future of the news industry. Media and society, 5, 365-379.
    Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage publications.
    Pickard, V., & Williams, A. T. (2014). Salvation or folly? The promises and perils of digital paywalls. Digital journalism, 2(2), 195-213.
    Picard, R. G. (2014). New approaches to paid digital content. Reuters institute digital news report, 80-82.
    Pongpaew, W. (2020). The Use and Gratification of Social Media on Purchase Intention via Customer Brand Engagement of Gen X and Millennials. Executive Journal, 40(2), 34-50.
    Pew Research Center. (2023, November 23). Digital News Fact Sheet : state of news media, Retrieved from Pew Research Center Website: https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/digital-news/
    Rosenberg, M. J., Hovland, C. I., McGuire, W. J., Abelson, R. P., & Brehm, J. W. (1960). Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components. (Yales studies in attitude and communication.), Vol. III. Yale Univer. Press.
    Rosengren, K.E. (1974) "Uses and gratifications: a paradigm outlined," in J. G. Blumler and E. Katz (eds.) The Uses of Mass Communications: Perspectives on Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, CA and London: Sage.
    Rubin, A. M. (1984). Ritualized and Instrumental Television Viewing. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 67-77.
    Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience Activity and Television News Gratifications. Communication Research, 14(1), 58-84.
    Rosengren, K. (1991). Media use in childhood and adolescence: Invariant change? Some results from a Swedish research program. Annals of the International Communication Association, 14(1), 48-90.
    Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3-37.
    Rubin, A. M. (2002). The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects. In Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 2nd ed. (pp. 525-548). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
    Rußell, R., Berger, B., Stich, L., Hess, T., & Spann, M. (2020). Monetizing Online Content: Digital Paywall Design and Configuration. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 62(3), 253-260.
    Sharma, R.K., Sidel, P., & Bainbridge, W.H. (1990). Survey Research: A Computer-Assisted Introduction. Teaching Sociology, 18, 406.
    Schrøder, K. C., & Steeg Larsen, B. (2010). The shifting cross-media news landscape: Challenges for news producers. Journalism Studies, 11(4), 524-534.
    Schrøder, K. C. (2011). Audiences are inherently cross-media: Audience studies and thecross-media challenge. Communication Management Quarterly, 18(6), 5-27.
    Sjøvaag, H. (2014). Homogenisation or Differentiation?: The effects of consolidation in the regional newspaper market. Journalism Studies, 15.
    Schrøder, K. C. (2015). News Media Old and New. Journalism Studies, 16(1), 60-78.
    Sjøvaag, H. (2016). Introducing the Paywall. Journalism Practice, 10(3), 304-322.
    Stulberg, A. (2017, May 23). Testing news paywalls: Which are leaky, and which are airtight? Retrieved from Columbia Journalism Review Website: https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/news-paywalls-new-york-times-wall-street-journal.php
    Starbucks Corporation.(2019,October). Starbucks offers complimentary digital access to news for a limited time. Retrieved from Starbucks Stories and News. https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2019/starbucks-offers-complimentary-digital-access-to-news-for-a-limited-time/
    Vara-Miguel, A., Martín, E., & Diaz-Espina, C. (2014). Paid news vs free news: Evolution of the WSJ.com business model from a content perspective (2010-2012). Comunicacion y Sociedad , 27(2), 147-167.
    Webster, J. G., & Wakshlag, J. J. (1983). A Theory of Television Program Choice. Communication Research, 10(4), 430-446.
    Weibull, L. (1985). Structural factors in gratifications research. In K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (eds.) Media gratifications research: Current perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 123-147.
    Wu, J.-H., Wang, S.-C., & Tsai, H.-H. (2010). Falling in love with online games: The uses and gratifications perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1862-1871.
    Wang, C. L., Zhang, Y., Ye, L. R., & Nguyen, D. D. (2005). Subscription to fee-based online services: What makes consumer pay for online content?. Journal of electronic commerce research, 6(4), 304.
    Wimmer, R., & Dominick, J. (2013). Mass media research methods: An introduction (10th ed.). Boston,CM:Delmar.Webster, J. G. (2014). The marketplace of attention: How audiences take shape in a digital age.Cambridge,UK:Mit Press.
    Wu, F., Qiao, Y., Chen, J. H., Wu, C., Qi, T., Lian, J., & Zhou, M. (2020, July). Mind: A large-scale dataset for news recommendation. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 3597-3606).
    Wadbring, I., & Bergström, L. (2021). Audiences behind the Paywall: News Navigation among Established versus Newly Added Subscribers. Digital Journalism, 9(3), 319-335.
    Walker, M. (2021). US newsroom employment has fallen 26% since 2008. Pew Research Center, 13. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/13/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-fallen-26-since-2008/
    Yoo, C. (2011). Modeling Audience Interactivity as the Gratification‐Seeking Process in Online Newspapers. Communication Theory, 21, 67-89.
    Yuan, E. (2011). News Consumption Across Multiple Media Platforms. Information, Communication & Society, 14(7), 998-1016.
    Zimmer, F., Scheibe, K., & Stock, W. G. (2018). A Model for Information Behavior Research on Social Live Streaming Services (SLSSs). Social Computing and Social Media. Technologies and Analytics, 429-448.
    Zhou, Y., Calder, B. J., Malthouse, E. C., & Hessary, Y. K. (2022). Not all clicks are equal: detecting engagement with digital content. Journal of Media Business Studies, 19(2), 90-107.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE